This document provides guidance on writing a scientific manuscript. It discusses the typical sections of a manuscript including the introduction, methods, results, and discussion. It provides tips for writing each section effectively, such as keeping the introduction and conclusion concise, clearly describing the methodology, and interpreting the results and relating them to prior work in the discussion. The document also reviews best practices for other manuscript elements including the abstract, keywords, tables and figures, acknowledgments, and references. The overall guidance emphasizes structuring the manuscript clearly and concisely to communicate the purpose and key findings of the research.
Scientific writing is not just writing about science; it is the technical writing that scientists do to communicate their research to others. Scientific writing is predicated on the rigors of scientific inquiry, so it must reflect the same precision as that demanded in the research process.
Scientific writing is not just writing about science; it is the technical writing that scientists do to communicate their research to others. Scientific writing is predicated on the rigors of scientific inquiry, so it must reflect the same precision as that demanded in the research process.
The aim of the journal article is to communicate your research effectively and help readers understand the issues at hand. Structure your manuscript so that readers take away the most important messages.
How to write a good Dissertation/ Thesis
Thesis refers to a written work on a particular domain resulting from original research. You should introduce your subject area and explain research topic by referring latest published materials instead of old published materials. The objective is to present a simple, clear and complete account of the results of your research.
• Brainstorm or generate ideas for your topic.
• Conduct a thorough literature search before designing your methodology and collecting your data.
Relate your findings to your original statement of the problem and your literature review.
Https://www.ThesisScientist.com
No need to worry about your pending thesis anymore, here are detailed method and tips included in this presentation to understand how to write a good dissertation. Everyone must go through it before starting his/her thesis. It should be very helpful.
Writing the results section for scientific publicationAshok Pandey
To introduce participants to the details of communication and writing scientific papers.
To guide researchers in the writing of scientific paper to increase its acceptability for publication in a journal; and
To upgrade the pre-existing knowledge of writing skills in a scientific manner.
The aim of the journal article is to communicate your research effectively and help readers understand the issues at hand. Structure your manuscript so that readers take away the most important messages.
How to write a good Dissertation/ Thesis
Thesis refers to a written work on a particular domain resulting from original research. You should introduce your subject area and explain research topic by referring latest published materials instead of old published materials. The objective is to present a simple, clear and complete account of the results of your research.
• Brainstorm or generate ideas for your topic.
• Conduct a thorough literature search before designing your methodology and collecting your data.
Relate your findings to your original statement of the problem and your literature review.
Https://www.ThesisScientist.com
No need to worry about your pending thesis anymore, here are detailed method and tips included in this presentation to understand how to write a good dissertation. Everyone must go through it before starting his/her thesis. It should be very helpful.
Writing the results section for scientific publicationAshok Pandey
To introduce participants to the details of communication and writing scientific papers.
To guide researchers in the writing of scientific paper to increase its acceptability for publication in a journal; and
To upgrade the pre-existing knowledge of writing skills in a scientific manner.
How to write a scientific paper for publicationAnisur Rahman
I am Dr Md Anisur Rahman Anjum passed MBBS from Dhaka Medical College in 1987. Diploma in Ophthalmology (DO) from the then IPGM&R (now it is Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University BSMMU) in 1993. Felllowship in Ophthalmology FCPS from Bangladesh College of Physician and surgeon in 1997. Now I am working as associate professor in General Ophthalmology in National Institute of Ophthalmology Dhaka Bangladesh which is the tertiary centre in eye care in Bangladesh.
When I was secretary of Bangladesh Academy in 2011-2012. During my tenure I had pulblished four academic journal. The ISSN of the journal is 1818-9423. I have seen that the format of original article was not maintained. though there was "GENERAL INFORMATION FOR CONTRIBUTORS" but many of the author did not follow that guideline. From that time I am trying to build up "HOW TO WRITE THE SCIENTIFIC MANUSCRIPT" among my students, colleague and senior fellows. and do two workshop about this topic.
I am hopeful if any of you write a scientific manuscript according to this format with correct statistics power and language it will be no longer rejected.
A Beginner's Guide to Writing a Research Article , For Post Graduate Trainees and Senior Registrars , defining basic structure of an article or a publication. Describes different components of a publication or a Research
An attempt to highlight the most common needs for writing a research article, this include the structure of research articles and the highly important parts needed to publish in a high level indexed journals (Clarivate ISI & Scopus).
How to write a research paper: How to write a research paper?
The research paper can be considered as the living thing which grows and changes as the student explores, interprets and evaluates sources related to a specific topic. Steps to write a research paper:
• Choose your topic.
• Begin your search.
• Making an outline.
• Write your paper.
These were slides I was not able to use during the lecture I gave for the weekend POGS research workshop because of a mix up in assigned topics. Nevertheless, I think OBGYN residents may find these slides useful in crafting their research proposals.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
This is a presentation by Dada Robert in a Your Skill Boost masterclass organised by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan (EFSS) on Saturday, the 25th and Sunday, the 26th of May 2024.
He discussed the concept of quality improvement, emphasizing its applicability to various aspects of life, including personal, project, and program improvements. He defined quality as doing the right thing at the right time in the right way to achieve the best possible results and discussed the concept of the "gap" between what we know and what we do, and how this gap represents the areas we need to improve. He explained the scientific approach to quality improvement, which involves systematic performance analysis, testing and learning, and implementing change ideas. He also highlighted the importance of client focus and a team approach to quality improvement.
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
We all have good and bad thoughts from time to time and situation to situation. We are bombarded daily with spiraling thoughts(both negative and positive) creating all-consuming feel , making us difficult to manage with associated suffering. Good thoughts are like our Mob Signal (Positive thought) amidst noise(negative thought) in the atmosphere. Negative thoughts like noise outweigh positive thoughts. These thoughts often create unwanted confusion, trouble, stress and frustration in our mind as well as chaos in our physical world. Negative thoughts are also known as “distorted thinking”.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
The Art Pastor's Guide to Sabbath | Steve ThomasonSteve Thomason
What is the purpose of the Sabbath Law in the Torah. It is interesting to compare how the context of the law shifts from Exodus to Deuteronomy. Who gets to rest, and why?
The Art Pastor's Guide to Sabbath | Steve Thomason
How to write a manuscript 2019
1. H O W T O W R I T E A
M A N U S C R I P T
A S S O C . P R O F . D R . H A S A N A I N F A I S A L G H A Z I
M . B . C H . B , M . S C . , I P F P H , P H D
P U B L I C H E A L T H M E D I C I N E S P E C I A L I S T
@Dr.Hasanain Faisal Ghazi15/08/2019
2. TYPES OF SCIENTIFIC PAPERS
Research papers (original research)
• The typical paper
• Propose new concepts, problems, approaches to known problems,
algorithms, devices, experiments.
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4. Case Description Papers
• Common in areas such as medicine
• Authors describe a number of clinical cases and the followed
approaches
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5. • Manuscripts are to be typed double-spaced.
• A manuscript should not exceed 3000 words
(20 textual pages) in length.
• Font: Times New Roman- Size 12
• COMMON INSTRUCTIONS
@Dr.Hasanain Faisal Ghazi15/08/2019
6. MANUSCRIPT DESIGN
• Most journals follow the following design:
IMRAD Format
• Introduction
• Methods
• Results
• And
• Discussion
@Dr.Hasanain Faisal Ghazi15/08/2019
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TITLE
(Should be less than 20 words and contain the 3W (What, Who, Where)
Author Names and Affiliations
ABSTRACT (less than 250 words)
•Introduction / Background (Must contain aim or objective of the study)
•Methods
•Results
•Conclusion
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KEYWORDS
a list of 3−5 key words is to be provided directly below the abstract. key words
should express the precise content of the manuscript, as they are used for
indexing purposes.
INTRODUCTION
• Maximum 3-4 paragraphs
• 100-200 words to introduce your topic
• 500-1000 words of literature review
• Last paragraph should be the aim of the study (general objective)
METHODS
200-400 words
• Describe study population and location
• Study design & Sampling methods
• List of questionnaires used and from where adopted?
• Any pretest done? Validation?
• State ethics approval from which institute
• Did all participants sign the consent form?
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RESULTS
• 500 – 1000 words
• No need to explain each table in detail, only headlines
• First paragraph describes the characteristics of the sample
DISCUSSION
• Maximum 3-4 paragraphs
• 500-1000 words
• 1ST
paragraph the study main findings
• 2ND
paragraph: the study limitations
• 3RD and 4th paragraph: compare your results with previous studies
CONCLUSION
• 200 words
• 1 paragraph
• Maximum 3-4 sentences
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ACKNOWLEDGMENT
• 1 or 2 sentences
COMPETING OF INTEREST
• Authors need to declare if they have any competing of interest
REFERENCES
• Depend on each journal style
TABLES
• Maximum of 4-5 tables
• Title of each table must be self-explanatory
• Include confidence interval and p value where possible
• Table should not be large (maximum 6 columns and 12 rows)
• Table 1: Socio-demographic characteristics
• Table 2: Dependent variable (outcome)
• Table 3: Association table (Socio-demographic and dependent)
• Table 4: Association table (other factors and dependent)
• Table 5: Multivariable table
12. • Key findings should be placed in key
sections
vAbstract
vIntroduction
vConclusions
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13. HOW TO START
• Start with methods.
• Then tables and figures.
• Then results section.
• Write introduction.
• Write discussion.
• State keywords.
• Last things to write is abstract .
@Dr.Hasanain Faisal Ghazi15/08/2019
14. TITLE
• Usually Journals will ask for 2 titles
• The full title and short running title
• Tips for good title:
• Used attractive words , put place of study and some journals will ask
to put study design in the title, like cross-sectional study.
@Dr.Hasanain Faisal Ghazi15/08/2019
15. • Use the minimum number of words that adequately
summarize the content of the paper
• Avoid titles with more than 20 words
• Sometimes the title may contain the conclusion of the
paper
• Rewrite the title in the final version of the paper
15/08/2019 @Dr.Hasanain Faisal Ghazi
16. • Don’t use acronyms and abbreviations in the title
• Avoid waste words (studies on, investigations on,
a, an, the, etc)
• Review the title again and again
15/08/2019 @Dr.Hasanain Faisal Ghazi
17. ABSTRACT
• The most important part of the Manuscript
• Most of the time when you send paper to a journal, the Editor-In-Chief
will read the abstract to see if you paper can be send to external
reviewer.
@Dr.Hasanain Faisal Ghazi15/08/2019
18. Abstract
• An abstract is to be provided, preferably no longer than 250
words.
• Keywords: a list of 4−5 key words is to be provided directly
below the abstract. key words should express the precise
content of the manuscript, as they are used for indexing
purposes.
@Dr.Hasanain Faisal Ghazi15/08/2019
19. • The abstract is often the most important part of the paper
• Most readers only read that
• Readers use the abstract to decide weather or not to read and
cite the paper
• May be reproduced in publications that list abstracts
• The abstract is not an introduction to the paper
• It is a brief summary of each of the main IMRAD sections
of the paper
• Brief description of the whole paper, so that diagonal
readers understand it without reading the other parts of the
manuscript.
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20. • Avoid the classical “In this paper” starting
• Avoid bibliographical references in the abstract
• Avoid acronyms. If they must be used, their
definition should be repeated in the main text
• In general, write the abstract in one paragraph
• Tense: past or present tense may be used
15/08/2019 @Dr.Hasanain Faisal Ghazi
22. TIPS TO WRITE GOOD ABSTARCT
1. Write the abstract after you finish writing your paper
2. Choose main points from your introduction and
conclusion
3. Pick out key points from the methods section
4. Pick out the major findings from results section
5. Add a sentence or two as a conclusion
@Dr.Hasanain Faisal Ghazi15/08/2019
23. 6. Now write a paragraph of all points chosen in steps 1 to 5
7. Don’t add any new information or undefined abbreviations
8. Do not add any references in the abstract
9. Link your sentences so that the information flows clearly
10. Check if points presented in your paper and abstract are consistent
11. Ask your colleague to review your abstract
12. Check if your abstract meet journal format
@Dr.Hasanain Faisal Ghazi15/08/2019
25. KEYWORDS
• You must choose 3-5 keywords.
• These will decide whether your paper will be cited in the future or not.
• When academic researcher search for papers in online engines they will
enter keywords so if you put the right one your paper will appear to them
and they will cite your work .
@Dr.Hasanain Faisal Ghazi15/08/2019
26. • Select a number of words or terms that characterize the main domains
to which the paper pertains Some of the keywords should be present in
the title
• Use the same keywords that you use to find a paper
• similar to yours in a web browser
15/08/2019 @Dr.Hasanain Faisal Ghazi
27. INTRODUCTION
• maximum 3-4 paragraphs
• 100-200 words to introduce your topic
• 500-1000 words of literature review
• Last paragraph should be the aim of the study (general objective)
@Dr.Hasanain Faisal Ghazi15/08/2019
29. • Clearly state the importance of the paper to the
development of the field
• What are your contributions to the development of the
field?
• What’s new in your work?
• What current limitations does your work overtakes?
[Indirectly state why you think your paper deserves to
be published]
15/08/2019 @Dr.Hasanain Faisal Ghazi
30. What? (brief)
• Problem statement and main purpose
• Describe the problem you address in the paper
• As in the abstract, use the first sentence for that
purpose
• Only then give background information
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31. Why?
• Motivation and scope
• Why do you address that problem? Why is it relevant to
the field?
• What applications does this research problem have?
• What’s the scientific, social, economic, cultural, etc.
impact of addressing this problem?
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32. Meaningful and critical literature review
• How is the problem currently being addressed?
• Most relevant works / exhaustive review
• What limitations do you see in current approaches?
• Sometimes in a sub-section (Literature Review or
Related Work)
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33. What? (more detailed)
• Objectives
• Summarize the main and secondary objectives of
the paper.
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38. How?
• Provide full details: don’t leave “blanks” in the description of your
method
• It is useful if someone unfamiliar with your work reads it
• Make your paper as self-contained as possible (depending on the
space you have)
• Structure this section: use sub-sections according to the different
components of your method
15/08/2019 @Dr.Hasanain Faisal Ghazi
39. • Describe study population and location
• Study design
• List of questionnaires used and from where
adopted?
• Any pre test done? Validation?
• Sampling methods
@Dr.Hasanain Faisal Ghazi15/08/2019
40. • State ethics approval from which institute
• Did all participants signed the consent form?
• Statistics
• What test you used and type of your study variables
@Dr.Hasanain Faisal Ghazi15/08/2019
47. RESULTS
• NO NEED TO EXPLIN EACH TABLE IN DETAILS ONLY
HEADLINES
@Dr.Hasanain Faisal Ghazi15/08/2019
48. 500-1000 WORDS
• First paragraph describe the characteristics of the sample
• Response rate
@Dr.Hasanain Faisal Ghazi15/08/2019
49. TABLES
• Maximum of 4-5 tables
• Title of each table must be self explanatory
• Table should not be large (maximum 6 columns and 12
rows)
• Include confidence interval and p value where possible
@Dr.Hasanain Faisal Ghazi15/08/2019
50. • Table 1 : Socio-demographic characteristics
• Table 2: Dependent variable (outcome)
• Table 3: Association table (Socio-demographic and dependent)
• Table 4: Association table (other factors and dependent)
• Table 5: Multivariable table
@Dr.Hasanain Faisal Ghazi15/08/2019
51. WHEN REFERRING TO DATA
• As detailed in / from Fig. 1...
• X can be identified / is evident from Table 2.
• In Fig. 9, we compare / present…
• We observe / conclude / deduce from Fig. 8a that…
• Data in Fig. 10 indicate / illustrate / reveal / show…
• small volume changes are reported in Fig. 6
15/08/2019 @Dr.Hasanain Faisal Ghazi
55. DISCUSSION
• MAXIMUM 3-4 PARAGRAPHS
• 500-1000 words
• 1ST paragraph the study main findings
• 2ND paragraph: the study limitations
• 3RD and 4th paragraph: compare your results with previous studies
@Dr.Hasanain Faisal Ghazi15/08/2019
56. • Evaluate the data and discuss their implications
• Focus on the key findings
• Justify any assumptions you make (not already discussed in full in
the methods/results sections)
• The narrative should refer back to the introduction
• Consider and discuss alternative explanations
• Mention any limitations to the work
15/08/2019 @Dr.Hasanain Faisal Ghazi
57. • How does your work fit in with previous work?
• Agreement with other studies
• Contradictions/surprises —why?
• What do contradictions / surprises tell us?
• What does your paper add?
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58. MODAL VERBS IN DISCUSSION
• Modal verbs are important in the discussion
section
• The most commonly used modal verbs in
science writing are
• may, might, could, can, should, ought to,
need to, have to, must
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62. CONCLUSION
• 200 words
• 1 paragraph
• Maximum 3-4 sentences
Goals
• Summarize your contributions to the field
• Propose possibilities of future work
@Dr.Hasanain Faisal Ghazi15/08/2019
63. “The conclusion section is very easy to
write: all you have to do is to take your
abstract and change the tense from
present to past.” [Schulman, 1996]
15/08/2019 @Dr.Hasanain Faisal Ghazi
64. TIPS FOR SUMMARIZING
• Consider including your own perspective
• Do not be afraid to write a short conclusion —less is more
• Assume readers have either read the paper or know from the
title/abstract what it’s about
• only if necessary, add a brief summary of the key finding.
• Not more than one or two sentences.
• Without hype or undue speculation, discuss the impact of your results
and what this adds to the body of knowledge
• What could these results lead to?
15/08/2019 @Dr.Hasanain Faisal Ghazi
68. REFERENCES
• Use APA STYLE (6TH EDITION)
• Maximum 10 Years (latest 2005 or 2006)
• R e f e r e n c e s should be limited to the most relevant.
• You should not cite references they have not read. abstracts should not be
used as references. references are to be cited consecutively in the text in
brackets.
• In the text (John, 2009) or (John et al., 2009)
@Dr.Hasanain Faisal Ghazi15/08/2019
69. REFERENCE AT THE
END OF THE
MANUSCRIPT
• Journal Article
Smith, A. C., Jones, W. P., & Brown, B. P. (1996). Community Health Surveys. Archives of
Internal Medicine, 26(8), 201-207.
• Book
Imperato, P. J. (1983). The Administration Of A Public Health Agency. A Case Study Of The
New York City Department Of Health. New York, NY: Human Sciences Press.
• Article or Chapter in a Book
Imperato, P. J. (1983). The Administration Of A Public Health Agency. A Case Study Of The
New York City Department Of Health (Pp. 26-62). New York, NY: Human Sciences Press.
@Dr.Hasanain Faisal Ghazi15/08/2019
71. GENERAL RULES
• Introduction max 5 paragraph
• Max 10 references in introduction
• Last paragraph is research question
• In discussion not more than 2 references for each factors
@Dr.Hasanain Faisal Ghazi15/08/2019