Earthquakes
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Earthquakes occur along plate boundaries due to the buildup and sudden release of energy from shifting tectonic plates. When plates lock, potential energy builds until released as seismic waves that propagate outward from the earthquake focus. Most earthquakes occur along oceanic and continental plate edges or along faults like normal, reverse, and transform boundaries. P and S waves are the primary seismic waves, with P waves traveling faster and S waves causing the shaking felt during quakes. Earthquake magnitude measures the energy released using the Richter scale, while intensity qualitatively describes the shaking effects on a place using the Mercalli scale.
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1) An earthquake is intense ground shaking caused by a sudden release of energy, often due to movement along faults within the Earth.
2) Earthquake magnitude is measured by the Richter Scale, where each whole number increase means the amplitude of shaking is 10 times greater. Magnitude 2.5 or less quakes are usually not felt, while anything above 8 can totally destroy communities near the epicenter.
3) Intensity refers to the amount of damage at a location and is measured by scales like Modified Mercalli, depending on factors like distance from the quake and duration of shaking.
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This document discusses seismic waves, earthquakes, and seismology. It begins by listing the objectives of describing seismic wave types, finding earthquake epicenters, earthquake magnitude scales, and challenges predicting earthquakes. It then defines earthquakes and seismology, the study of earthquakes. It describes how seismographs are used to record seismic waves from earthquakes. It discusses elastic rebound theory, earthquake focus and epicenter, where earthquakes occur, and the different types of seismic waves. The document concludes by covering earthquake classification, damage causes, challenges predicting earthquakes, earthquake prone areas, and safety tips before, during, and after an earthquake.
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An earthquake is caused by the sudden release of stored energy in the Earth's crust that creates seismic waves. Faults in the Earth's surface develop from movement or displacement of rock and are zones of weakness where earthquakes can occur. There are three main types of faults - strike-slip, normal, and reverse - which are defined by the movement of the rock on either side. Seismographs use a pendulum that remains fixed while the ground moves beneath it to record the intensity and duration of seismic waves, including primary P waves, secondary S waves, and surface L waves, generated by earthquakes.
Earthquake ppt
1) Earthquakes are caused by the sudden release of energy from movement along geological faults in the earth's crust, generating seismic waves.
2) Larger earthquakes can trigger tsunamis if located offshore by displacing seabed, as well as landslides and volcanic eruptions.
3) Earthquake shaking causes loss of life and property destruction from building collapse and landslides burying infrastructure.
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1. The document discusses causes and predictions of earthquakes, summarizing their occurrence throughout history and defining key terms like focus, epicenter, magnitude, and intensity.
2. Major factors that cause earthquakes are the movement of tectonic plates and release of energy from within the Earth. Earthquakes typically occur along plate boundaries and faults in the lithosphere.
3. While long term earthquake predictions are possible based on historical patterns of activity, short term reliable prediction remains elusive given the unpredictability of the natural world. Preparedness through building codes, emergency planning, and public education can help mitigate damage from earthquakes.
Earthquakes
The document discusses earthquakes and related topics in three main sections. Section one describes how earthquakes are caused by movement along tectonic plate boundaries and outlines the different types of seismic waves generated by earthquakes. Section two explains how earthquakes are measured, located and recorded using seismographs. Section three discusses the damage earthquakes can cause to buildings and properties from ground shaking and liquefaction. It also describes tsunamis and provides safety tips for earthquake preparedness.
Earth quakes
An earthquake is caused by a sudden release of energy in the Earth's crust that creates seismic waves. The focus is the point of origin underground, while the epicenter is where it breaks the surface. Different types of seismic waves like P, S, and L waves propagate outward. Earthquakes can be classified by depth, cause, and location. Areas prone to quakes are along plate boundaries like the Circum-Pacific belt. Proper engineering can help make structures earthquake resistant.
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Earthquakes
- 1. Earthquakes
- 5. Â
- 11. Longitudinal wave P-waves Sound waves Transverse wave S-waves Light waves
- 13. Â
- 15. Â
- 16. Â
- 19. Frequency of Occurrence of Earthquakes ¹ Based on observations since 1900. ² Based on observations since 1990. 1,300,000 (estimated) 2 - 2.9 Very Minor 130,000 (estimated) 3 - 3.9 Minor 13,000 (estimated) 4 - 4.9 Light 1319 ² 5 - 5.9 Moderate 134 ² 6 - 6.9 Strong 17 ² 7 - 7.9 Major 1 ¹ 8 and higher Great Average Annually Magnitude Descriptor
- 20. Recent Earthquake Activity in the World
- 22. Â
- 23. Most Destructive Known Earthquakes on Record in the World 166,836 injured, 600,000 homeless . 7.7 20,023 India 2001 Jan 26 Estimated death toll as high as 30,000 Old lake bed magnified shock waves by 500% 8.0  9500 (official) Mexico Michoacan Sept 19, 1985 Estimated death toll as high as 655,000. 7.5 255,000 (official) China, Tangshan July 27, 1976 $530,000,000 damage, great rock slide, floods. 7.9 66,000 Peru May 31, 1970 Deaths from earthquake and tsunami 9.0 283,106 Sumatra 2004 Dec 26 Comments Magnitude Deaths Location Date
- 25. Earthquakes and the San Andreas FaultÂ
- 26. Â
- 27. Â
- 28. Liquefaction
- 29. Collapse of elevated freeway in Kobe, Japan
- 32. The town of Huaraz flattened
- 33. India, Gujarat earthquake Jan 26, 2001
- 34. Jun 23, 2001 S.Peru earthquake Arequipa
- 37. Short-term predictions Precursor phenomena (<1 year to days) 1. Foreshocks: usually increase in magnitude 2. Ground deformation 3. Fluctuations in water well levels 4. Changes in local radio wave characteristics 5. Anomalous animal behavior???
- 38. Impacts of Earthquake Prediction
Editor's Notes
- Why do rock break? Review three types of stress: tension, compression, shear Three types of deformation resulting: elastic, plastic and brittle We’re concerned with the brittle deformation – causes faults, fractures through which energy, created by the friction, is released Define Focus, epicenter and seismic waves
- A drop of water – analogy between ripples in the water and seismic waves
- P-waves: the bell analogy: waves felt by both sound
- Earliest seismograph was invented in China ~ 2000 years ago (or 136 AD) Easy to make; can make your own at home
- Write Table 11-1 on the board, to help relate to Richter scale
- A large mass of ice and rock separated from a vertical face on Nevado Huascaran, the highest peak in Peru The slab fell 1000 m vertically, disintegrated, slid down the lateral slopes of the mountain, and then was launched off a 'ski jump'. Debris reached a velocity as high as 280 km/hr buried the towns of Yungay and Ranrahirca, having traveled 11 km horizontally in about 4 minutes at a mean velocity of 165 km/hr. The death toll in both villages was 20,000.
- Animals and earthquakes: On February 4, 1975 the Chinese successfully evacuated the city of Haicheng several hours before a 7.3 magnitude earthquake-- based primarily on observations of unusual animal behavior. Conventional science has never been able to adequately explain the phenomenon. Although the majority of accounts pertain to dogs and cats, there are also many stories about other types of animals in the wild, on farms, and in zoos; including horses, cows, deer, goats, possums, rats, chickens, and other birds. The behavior has been reported in many other animal species as well, including fish, reptiles, and even insects. Deep sea fish, for example, have been caught close to the surface of the ocean on numerous occasions around Japan prior to earthquakes (Tributsch, 1982). A number of theories have been proposed to explain this phenomenon, and what the precursory signals that the animals are picking up on might be. Because many animals possess auditory capacities beyond the human range, it has been suggested that some animals may be reacting to ultrasound emitted as microseisms from fracturing rock (Armstrong, 1969). Another candidate is fluctuations in the earth's magnetic field. Because some animals have a sensitivity to variations in the earth's magnetic field (usually as a means of orientation), and since variations in the magnetic field occur near the epicenters of earthquakes (Chapman and Bartels, 1940), it has been suggested that this is what the animals are picking up on.