There are three main types of seismic waves that travel through the Earth during an earthquake:
1. P-waves are compressional body waves that move through solid rock and fluids.
2. S-waves are slower shear body waves that only move through solid rock.
3. Surface waves like Rayleigh and Love waves move along the Earth's surface and can cause significant damage.
Seismographs are used to measure and record these seismic waves to determine the location and magnitude of earthquakes.
WHAT IS AN EARTHQUAKE?
Where Do Earthquakes Happen?
Why Do Earthquakes Happen?
How Are Earthquakes Studied?
How To Locate The Earthquake's Epicenter?
SCALES FOR EARTHQUAKE MEASUREMENT
What Are Earthquake Hazards?
WHAT IS AN EARTHQUAKE?
Where Do Earthquakes Happen?
Why Do Earthquakes Happen?
How Are Earthquakes Studied?
How To Locate The Earthquake's Epicenter?
SCALES FOR EARTHQUAKE MEASUREMENT
What Are Earthquake Hazards?
Describing earthquakes more in detail about what, how, why, when and from whom are these caused, affected and what makes it so important to study this in current spatial and geographical scenario taking in mind the historical events.
This presentation includes introduction to Earthquakes, Seismic Waves, Shallow Focus and Deep Focus Earthquakes, Aftershocks, Earthquake Storms, Effects/Impacts of Earthquakes, Earthquake Predictions.
Vaccine management system project report documentation..pdfKamal Acharya
The Division of Vaccine and Immunization is facing increasing difficulty monitoring vaccines and other commodities distribution once they have been distributed from the national stores. With the introduction of new vaccines, more challenges have been anticipated with this additions posing serious threat to the already over strained vaccine supply chain system in Kenya.
Describing earthquakes more in detail about what, how, why, when and from whom are these caused, affected and what makes it so important to study this in current spatial and geographical scenario taking in mind the historical events.
This presentation includes introduction to Earthquakes, Seismic Waves, Shallow Focus and Deep Focus Earthquakes, Aftershocks, Earthquake Storms, Effects/Impacts of Earthquakes, Earthquake Predictions.
Vaccine management system project report documentation..pdfKamal Acharya
The Division of Vaccine and Immunization is facing increasing difficulty monitoring vaccines and other commodities distribution once they have been distributed from the national stores. With the introduction of new vaccines, more challenges have been anticipated with this additions posing serious threat to the already over strained vaccine supply chain system in Kenya.
Forklift Classes Overview by Intella PartsIntella Parts
Discover the different forklift classes and their specific applications. Learn how to choose the right forklift for your needs to ensure safety, efficiency, and compliance in your operations.
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Explore the innovative world of trenchless pipe repair with our comprehensive guide, "The Benefits and Techniques of Trenchless Pipe Repair." This document delves into the modern methods of repairing underground pipes without the need for extensive excavation, highlighting the numerous advantages and the latest techniques used in the industry.
Learn about the cost savings, reduced environmental impact, and minimal disruption associated with trenchless technology. Discover detailed explanations of popular techniques such as pipe bursting, cured-in-place pipe (CIPP) lining, and directional drilling. Understand how these methods can be applied to various types of infrastructure, from residential plumbing to large-scale municipal systems.
Ideal for homeowners, contractors, engineers, and anyone interested in modern plumbing solutions, this guide provides valuable insights into why trenchless pipe repair is becoming the preferred choice for pipe rehabilitation. Stay informed about the latest advancements and best practices in the field.
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
CFD Simulation of By-pass Flow in a HRSG module by R&R Consult.pptxR&R Consult
CFD analysis is incredibly effective at solving mysteries and improving the performance of complex systems!
Here's a great example: At a large natural gas-fired power plant, where they use waste heat to generate steam and energy, they were puzzled that their boiler wasn't producing as much steam as expected.
R&R and Tetra Engineering Group Inc. were asked to solve the issue with reduced steam production.
An inspection had shown that a significant amount of hot flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes, where the heat was supposed to be transferred.
R&R Consult conducted a CFD analysis, which revealed that 6.3% of the flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes without transferring heat. The analysis also showed that the flue gas was instead being directed along the sides of the boiler and between the modules that were supposed to capture the heat. This was the cause of the reduced performance.
Based on our results, Tetra Engineering installed covering plates to reduce the bypass flow. This improved the boiler's performance and increased electricity production.
It is always satisfying when we can help solve complex challenges like this. Do your systems also need a check-up or optimization? Give us a call!
Work done in cooperation with James Malloy and David Moelling from Tetra Engineering.
More examples of our work https://www.r-r-consult.dk/en/cases-en/
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Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
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Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
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TECHNICAL TRAINING MANUAL GENERAL FAMILIARIZATION COURSE
Final earthquake ppt.ppt
1.
2. Elements of Engineering Seismology, Characterization
of ground motion, Earthquake intensity and
magnitude, Recording instruments and base line
correction, Predominant period and amplification
through soil, Earthquake spectra for elastic and
inelastic systems, Response Spectrum, Indian
Standard Codes on Earthquake Engineering, Seismic
Zoning Map of India.
3. It is the study and application of seismology for
engineering purposes. It generally applied to the
branch of seismology that deals with the assessment of
the seismic hazard of a
site or region for the purposes of earthquake
engineering
It is the scientific study of earthquakes and the
propagation of elastic waves through the Earth.
4. 1. Studying earthquake history and tectonics to
assess the earthquakes that could occur in a
region and their characteristics and frequency of
occurrence
2. Studying strong ground motions generated by
earthquakes to assess the expected shaking from
future earthquakes with similar characteristics.
These strong ground motions could either be
observations from accelerometers or
seismometers or those simulated by computers
using various techniques
10. The shaking or trembling caused by the
sudden release of energy
Usually associated with faulting or breaking
of rocks
Continuing adjustment of position results in
aftershocks
11.
12. Foreshock
◦ Foreshocks are relatively smaller earthquakes
that precede the largest earthquake in a series,
which is termed the mainshock. Not all
mainshocks have foreshocks.
Mainshock
◦ The mainshock is the largest earthquake in a
sequence, sometimes preceded by one or
more foreshocks, and almost always followed by
many aftershocks.
Aftershock
◦ Aftershocks are earthquakes that follow the
largest shock of an earthquake sequence. They
are smaller than the mainshock. Aftershocks can
continue over a period of weeks, months, or
years.
13. Largest earthquake in a sequence
Larger mainshocks strain larger volume of
rock, have more aftershocks
Foreshocks and aftershocks usually at least 1
magnitude unit smaller than mainshock
14. Smaller earthquakes that precede
the mainshock
◦ often by just hours
Few in number
◦ only half of mainshocks have even
one foreshock
Near mainshock hypocenter
◦ part of the nucleation process
15. smaller earthquakes following the largest
earthquake of a sequence (the mainshock)
near mainshock rupture zone
◦ follow almost all shallow earthquakes
◦ cover ruptured area
◦ can number in thousands
◦ can last for years or decades
aftershocks of Northridge M 6.7 are still occurring
◦ The most predictable (and therefore well-
studied) earthquakes
16. Every time there is an earthquake, the
volume of rock around the rupture is
strained, that is, twisted or squeezed.
Sometimes, the strained rock breaks.
Often, it takes a while for it to break, so
the aftershocks may appear seconds to
years after the causative quake.
But we don’t know for sure why there is a
delay.
◦ Static fatigue
◦ Visco-elastic relaxation
◦ Diffusion processes (fluids?)
17.
18. Seismic waves are the waves of energy
caused by the sudden breaking of
rock within the earth or an explosion.
They are the energy that travels
through the earth and is recorded on
seismographs
19. Explains how energy is
stored in rocks
◦ Rocks bend until the
strength of the rock
is exceeded
◦ Rupture occurs and
the rocks quickly
rebound to an
undeformed shape
◦ Energy is released in
waves that radiate
outward from the
fault
20. The Focus and Epicenter of an Earthquake
• The point within Earth
where faulting begins is
the focus, or hypocenter
• The point directly above
the focus on the surface is
the epicenter
21. ~80% of all earthquakes occur in the circum-Pacific belt
◦ most of these result from convergent margin activity
◦ ~15% occur in the Mediterranean-Asiatic belt
◦ remaining 5% occur in the interiors of plates and on spreading
ridge centers
◦ more than 150,000 quakes strong enough to be felt are
recorded each year
22. Seismic waves are caused by the
sudden movement of materials
within the Earth, such as slip
along a fault during an
earthquake. Volcanic eruptions,
explosions, landslides, avalanches,
and even rushing rivers can also
cause seismic waves.
23. Seismic waves are caused by the sudden movement of
materials within the Earth, such as slip along a fault
during an earthquake. Volcanic eruptions, explosions,
landslides, avalanches, and even rushing rivers can also
cause seismic waves.
24. Compression wave
Transverse Wave
Seismic Wave
◦ Body Waves
Primary or p-wave
Compression wave
Secondary or s-wave
Transverse wave
◦ Surface
Love wave
Rayleigh wave
25. Seismic waves are the waves of energy
caused by the sudden breaking of rock
within the earth or an explosion. They are
the energy that travels through the earth
and is recorded on seismographs.
There are several different kinds of seismic
waves, and they all move in different ways.
The two main types of waves are body
waves and surface waves.
26.
27. Body waves
◦ P or primary waves
fastest waves
travel through solids,
liquids, or gases
compressional wave,
material movement is in
the same direction as
wave movement
◦ S or secondary waves
slower than P waves
travel through solids
only
shear waves - move
material perpendicular
to wave movement
28. P Waves (Compression Wave)
The first kind of body wave is the P wave or primary wave.
This is the fastest kind of seismic wave. The P wave can move
through solid rock and fluids, like water or the liquid layers of
the earth. It pushes and pulls the rock it moves through just
like sound waves push and pull the air.
29. D. Earthquake Waves
1. Primary Waves or P-Waves
(Compressional Waves)
a. Travel through solids, liquids and gases.
b. They cause rock particles to
vibrate in the same direction as the
wave is traveling.
c. They are the fastest traveling EQ
waves.
30. S wave (transverse wave)
The second type of body wave is the S wave or
secondary wave, which is the second wave you feel
in an earthquake. An S wave is slower than a P
wave and can only move through solid rock. This
wave moves rock up and down, or side-to-side.
31. 2. Secondary Waves or S-Waves or Shear Waves
a. Travel through solids, only.
b. They cause rock particles to
vibrate at right angles to the
direction of travel of the wave.
c. They travel slower than P-waves.
32. Surface Waves
◦ Travel just below or along the ground’s surface
◦ Slower than body waves; rolling and side-to-side
movement
◦ Especially damaging to buildings
33. Love Waves
The first kind of surface wave is called a Love wave,
named after A.E.H. Love, a British mathematician
who worked out the mathematical model for this
kind of wave in 1911. It's the fastest surface wave
and moves the ground from side-to-side.
34. Rayleigh Waves
The other kind of surface wave is the Rayleigh wave, named for John
William Strutt, Lord Rayleigh, who mathematically predicted the existence
of this kind of wave in 1885. A Rayleigh wave rolls along the ground just
like a wave rolls across a lake or an ocean. Because it rolls, it moves the
ground up and down, and side-to-side in the same direction that the wave is
moving. Most of the shaking felt from an earthquake is due to the Rayleigh
wave, which can be much larger than the other waves.
35. Seismic wave behavior
◦ P waves arrive first, then S waves, then L and R
◦ Average speeds for all these waves is known
◦ After an earthquake, the difference in arrival times at a
seismograph station can be used to calculate the distance
from the seismograph to the epicenter.
36.
37. Seismographs are instruments used to record
the motion of the ground during an
earthquake. They are installed in the ground
throughout the world and operated as part of
a seismographic network
38. Modern Seismograph
Seismic waves cause the seismograph’s drum to
vibrate. But the suspended weight with the pen
attached moves very little. Therefore, the pen stays
in place and records the drum’s vibrations.
39.
40. Seismic wave behavior
◦ P waves arrive first, then S waves, then L and R
◦ Average speeds for all these waves is known
◦ After an earthquake, the difference in arrival times at a
seismograph station can be used to calculate the distance
from the seismograph to the epicenter.
41. Seismographs record earthquake events
At convergent boundaries,
focal depth increases
along a dipping seismic
zone called a Benioff
zone
42. Damage in Oakland, CA, 1989
• Building collapse
• Fire
• Tsunami
• Ground failure
43. Response of material to
the arrival of energy fronts
released by rupture
Two types:
◦ Body waves
P and S
◦ Surface waves
R and L
44. Time-distance graph
showing the average
travel times for P- and S-
waves. The farther away
a seismograph is from
the focus of an
earthquake, the longer
the interval between the
arrivals of the P- and S-
waves
45. Three seismograph
stations are needed to
locate the epicenter of an
earthquake
A circle where the radius
equals the distance to the
epicenter is drawn
The intersection of the
circles locates the
epicenter
46. Intensity
◦ subjective measure of the kind of damage done and people’s
reactions to it
◦ isoseismal lines identify areas of equal intensity
50. A seismograph is the the tool used to
measure the strength of an earthquakes
The seismograph prints out a seismogram
that scientists read to determine the strength
of the quake.
The data from the seismogram is translated
into a 1-10 rating on the Richter Scale. Each
step in the scale represents a tenfold increase
in the size of the quake!
51. Magnitude
◦ Richter scale measures
total amount of energy
released by an
earthquake;
independent of
intensity
◦ Amplitude of the largest
wave produced by an
event is corrected for
distance and assigned
a value on an open-
ended logarithmic scale
52. Earthquake Precursors
changes in elevation or tilting of land surface,
fluctuations in groundwater levels, magnetic
field, electrical resistance of the ground
seismic dilatancy model
seismic gaps
53. Earthquake Prediction Programs
include laboratory and field studies of rocks before, during,
and after earthquakes
monitor activity along major faults
produce risk assessments
54. Graph showing the
relationship between the
amount of waste injected
into wells per month and
the average number of
Denver earthquakes per
month
Some have suggested
that pumping fluids into
seismic gaps will cause
small earthquakes while
preventing large ones