The document discusses earthquakes, including what causes them, how they are measured, their effects, and statistics on major earthquakes around the world. Specifically, it defines an earthquake as rapid shaking caused by the sudden release of energy along fault lines. It describes the movement of tectonic plates and how this results in earthquakes. Key points covered include earthquake magnitude scales, the different types of seismic waves generated, and data on some of the largest earthquakes by magnitude and their impacts.

1. Group 8
Department of water resource engineering Faculty of engineering Kasetsart university

2. What is Earthquake?
An earthquake is the
sudden, rapid shaking or
rolling of the Earth.
Earthquakes happen
when rocks break or slip
along fault lines in the
Earth’s crust, releasing
energy that causes the
ground to move.

3. Earth

4. Large plates include.
• The Africa: the continent of Africa as a continent.
• Antarctic Plate, covering Antarctica is a continent.
• Australian Plate, covering Australia (To pages linked to
India, about 50-55 million years ago) was the continents.
• Eurasian plate, covering Asia and Europe as a continent.
• North American plate, covering North America and
northeastern Siberia, is inserted continent.
• South American plate, a sheet covering North America.
• The Pacific: the Pacific Ocean. As the ocean.
• There are also smaller than the plate, including the
Indian, the S series, the Caribbean, in the Juan de Fu, in
a nice car, the Philippines and the Scotia.

5. plates
Thailand

7. What Causes Earthquake
http://www.il.mahidol.ac.th/e-media/earth-
science/chapter1_3.html
The sudden slip at the fault causes
the earthquake a violent shaking of the
Earth when large elastic strain energy
released spreads out through seismic
waves that travel through the body and
along the surface of the Earth.

8. WHAT IS A FAULT?
Earthquakes occur on faults.
A fault is a thin zone of crushed rock
between two blocks of rock , and
can be any length, from centimeters
to thousands of kilometers. When
an earthquake occurs on one of
these faults, the rock on one side of
the fault slips with respect to the
other. The fault surface can be
vertical, horizontal, or at some
angle to the surface of the earth.
The slip direction can also be at any
angle. We classify these into two
basic cases: strike slip and dip-slip
motion.

13. Measuring the shaking
Magnitude is a measurement of the energy
produced by the earthquake and is not what you feel
during the event. What you feel is very complex-- hard
or gentle, long or short, jerky or rolling--and not
describable with one number.

14. The world's first earthquake
detector ;science museum

18. Wave Equation
M = earthquake magnitude (Richter).
A = the height of seismic waves as high as possible.
A0 = height of seismic waves at the center.

20. Aspects of the motion are described by the
peak velocity (how fast the ground is moving),
peak acceleration (how quickly the speed of the
ground is changing), the frequency (energy is
released in waves and these waves vibrate at
different frequencies just like sound waves), and
the duration (how long the strong shaking lasts).
Three factors primarily determine what you feel in
an earthquake. These are:
1) magnitude
2) distance from the fault
3) local soil conditions

22. MAGNITUDE
When scientists refer to a “Great“
earthquake, they do not mean the
earthquake was fabulous, they mean it was
huge. Informally, earthquakes are classified
according to their magnitude
size: under 5 small
5 - 6 moderate 6 - 7 large
7 - 7.8 major 7.8 or above great

23. Intensity
Intensity is a qualitative measure of the actual
shaking at a location during an earthquake, and is
assigned as Roman Capital Numerals. There are
many intensity scales. Two commonly used ones are
the Modified Marcella Intensity (MMI) Scale and the
MSK
Scale. Both scales are quite similar and range
from I- (least perceptive) to XII- (most severe). The
intensity scales are
based on three features of shaking.
• perception by people and animals,
• performance of buildings, and
• changes to natural surroundings.

24. How the Ground Shakes?
Seismic Waves
Large strain energy released during an
earthquake travels as seismic waves in all
directions through the Earth’s layers, reflecting
and refracting at each interface. These waves
are of two types -body waves and surface
waves; the latter are restricted to near the
Earth’s surface Body waves consist of Primary
Waves (P-waves)
and Secondary Waves (S-waves), and surface
waves consist of Love waves and Rayleigh
waves.

27. Seismic Waves Equation
Primary wave equation
Secondary wave equation

28. Primary wave equation

29. Primary wave equation

30. Secondary wave equation

31. Secondary wave equation

32. Focal Pont
The point on the fault where slip starts is
the Focus or Hypocenter, and the point
vertically above this on the surface of the
Earth is the Epicenter. The depth of focus from
the epicenter, called as Focal Depth, is an
important parameter in determining the
damaging

34. What are the Seismic effects on
structures?

36. How Building Twist during the Earthquake?

38. Hazard Vulnerability in Gujarat
100% of land vulnerable to Earthquakes
11 % of Land liable to severe earthquake( Intensity
MSK VIIXmore)-Kachchh Area
9 % of Land liable to severe earthquake(Intensity
MSK V-VIII)Banaskantha, jam nagar,Surendranagar
79.2 % of Land liable to severe earthquake( Intensity
MSK III-VI)

39. The formula to calculate earthquakes.
Standards used to design buildings to resist
earthquakes (Design Code) is an American UBC Code
(Uniform Building Code), which are many ways to
calculate earthquakes. But how convenient and
widely used in building work is to Lateral Load
Analysis or Base Shear Analysis by converting seismic
(Dynamic Load) in the form of shear forces acting at
the base of the building Static Load, which can be
obtained from formula

40. Design Code
V = Z I K C S Wd V = a Wt
V= Total base shear
Z = Seismic zoning factor
I = Occupancy important factor (1.0 - 1.5)
K = Frame factor
C = Coefficient that depends on the period
(Period), the swing of the building.
S = Soil factor (1.0 - 1.5)
Wd = Total dead loads of structure
WT = Total dead loads and live loads of
structure
a = Base shear coefficient
http://microfeap.com/DrSomporn/Engineer/Eng003doc_Earthquake.htm

42. The earthquake

43. power fault or Active Fault current is as follows.
Chang san fault. The length of the
channel, about 130 kilometers from Mae
Chan to the east. The Mae Chan. It cuts
across the south of the district County to the
east along the north side of Chiang Khong
Navy ships.
Mae Chan fault length of about 130 km
from the years 2521 and> 3 on the Richter
scale occurred along the fault is 10 times / 3
times the size of> 4.5 on the Richter scale was
only on September 1, 2521 are> 4.9 on the
Richter scale.

44. power fault or Active Fault current is as follows.
Mae Tha fault. Is curved along the Mae Wang
River. And the river in Mae Tha, Chiang Mai and
Lamphun. The total length is about 55 kilometers of
intensive studies in the year 2521, there were several
small earthquakes.
http://blog.eduzones.com/anisada/80016

45. Statistics of earthquakes felt in the country
since 2550 - present.( in Thailand )
12 Sep 2550 in South Sumatra and 8.4 on the
Richter scale was felt on the high-rise building in
Bangkok.
13 Sep 2550 the area south of the Sumatra quake
of 7.1 on the Richter scale was felt in some of the
buildings.
12 May 2551 in Sichuan province of China, and
7.8 on the Richter scale shaking the feel of the tallest
building in Bangkok. And China has killed about 20,000
people.
30 Sep 2552 in the middle of the island of Sumatra
was 7.9 on the Richter scale was the tallest building in
Bangkok. Indonesia has killed about 1,000 people.

46. Statistics of earthquakes
(world Record)
9.5 Richter scale earthquake on 5 May 1960
on the southern coast of Chile. As a result,
more than 1,600 people have died and 2
million homeless.
9.2 Richter scale earthquake on 27 Mar
1964 Alaska to the United States, the tsunami
claimed 128 lives and destroyed "in the neck,
Anchorage" (Anchorage), the largest city in
the state.

47. Statistics of earthquakes
(world Record)
9.1 Richter scale earthquake that we all
remember well. I was born on 26 Dec 2004 at
sea in Indonesia. As a result, the tsunami is
widespread in many coastal countries in the
Indian Ocean. More than 220,000 people lost
their lives.
9.0 Richter scale earthquake on 4 Nov 1952
at the Russian coast of the peninsula to the
Income Support values ​(Kamchatka) Russia's Far
East. As a result, a large tsunami in the Pacific
Rim. However, no reports of damage.

48. Statistics of earthquakes
(world Record)
9.0 Richter scale earthquake on 13 Aug 1868
in North America, the port area. We are part of
Peru. But as of Chillicothe. When an earthquake
occurs. Feel the vibration as far as 1,400 miles.
9.0 Richter scale earthquake on 26 Jan 1700
in North America. Along the west coast. Tsunami
across the Pacific. Destruction of villages along
the coast of Japan.

49. Statistics of earthquakes
(world Record)
8.9 Richter scale earthquake that occurred
just recently on 11 Mar 2011 earthquake under
the sea to the southeast coast of Japan. Result in
a 10-meter high tsunami swept into the flood. The
damage is being reported to the periodic
8.8 Richter scale earthquake on 27 Feb 2010
at the coast of Chile. Earthquakes along the
beach to play in the U (Maule) away from the
capital Santiago, only 500 km in the tsunami that
has killed about 500.

50. Statistics of earthquakes
(world Record)
8.8 Richter scale earthquake on 31 Jan 1906
in Ecuador, shaking the central coast of South
America to Ecuador and Colombia. I feel
almost as far as the North American continent
at San Francisco.
8.7 Richter scale earthquake on 4 Feb 1965
at Ballarat Island (Rat Islands) miles away from
Alaska. The tsunami wave height of 10 meters.
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