This document discusses plate tectonics and related landforms, earthquakes, and volcanoes. It begins by describing the four main types of plate boundaries and associated landforms such as mid-oceanic ridges, trenches, and island arcs. It then covers causes of earthquakes including sudden stress release along faults, and factors that influence earthquake damage such as magnitude, building design, and population density. Prediction methods like elastic rebound theory and seismic gaps are also mentioned. Finally, it discusses volcanoes, noting where they form at plate boundaries and hotspots, how scientists monitor and predict eruptions, associated hazards from lava to tsunamis, and ways to reduce risks like controlling lava flows and using hazard maps.

1. PLATE TECTONICS PLATE BOUNDARIES LANDFORMS EARTHQUAKES VOLCANOES

4. LABEL THE DIAGRAM: ( oceanic crust, magma from mantle, ocean, mid-oceanic ridge with volcano) 1 4 3 2

5. LABEL THE DIAGRAM : (oceanic crust, continental crust, subduction zone, earthquake foci, volcano, ocean) 3 4 2 1 5 6

6. Collision zones

7. LABEL THE DIAGRAM (continental crust, oceanic crust, transform fault) 3 1 2

8. LANDFORMS AT BOUNDARIES Can you describe how each landforms are formed, give examples. (mid-oceanic ridge, trench, fold mountain, rift valleys, island arcs) 1 4 3 2 5

9. EARTHQUAKE WHAT & WHERE? FACTORS CAUSES CASE STUDIES PREDICTION

33. Lava flows Lava flows extend beyond 10 km from volcanic crater. Their speed of flow is determined by silica content of lava. Silica poor lava is very fluid and flows faster and much thicker A lava flow may destroy farmland, buildings and lines of communications, but rarely love of live.

44. Case studies MT. ST HELENS, 1980 (HAZARD, NAGLE, G, P:27) NEVADO DEL RUIZ, COLUBIA 1985 (HAZARD, NAGLE, G. P:31-32)