This document discusses principles of architectural planning and design. It outlines key concepts like contrast, balance, emphasis, repetition, alternation, transition, and transformation that guide good architectural composition. Contrast involves differences in size, shape, character or direction to create interest. Balance can be symmetrical or asymmetrical. Emphasis draws the eye through exceptional size, unique shapes, or strategic locations. Secondary principles like repetition, alternation between similar elements, smooth transitions, and transformations that change forms also influence effective architectural planning.

1. Theory of Architecture
Arch. Maribel C. Tubera

2. Good planning is not the placing of areas together in an
aimless way.
A logical planning have a reason behind it – “a parti”,
or scheme.
A good plan should be organic, that is, it should be
organized that the composition will be disturbed if one
element is moved.
A plan may be simple or complex, depending upon the
use of the building.
PLAN
A guide to be a good planner

3. The principles of plan composition are:
A.Primary principles
1. Contrast (size, shape, character, direction)
2. Balance (Symmetrical & unsymmetrical)
3. Emphasis
B. Secondary Principles
1. Repetition
2. Alternation
3. Transition
4. Transformation

4. CONTRAST
Is used to give interest or emphasis by
producing
a. Difference in sizes of areas
b. Variation of shapes
c. Contrast in character
d. Contrast in direction

5. Sizes

6. Shapes

7. Character
OPEN
CLOSED
CLOSED

8. Major Axis
Minor Axis
90
˚
Direction

9. Direction
R O A D
MAJOR AXIS
TRANSVERSE
R O A D
MAJOR AXIS
LONGITUDINAL

10. BALANCE
2 Types of balance
1. Symmetrical
a. Bilateral symmetry
b. Radial symmetry
2. Unsymmetrical

11. EMPHASIS
The visual emphasis can be achieved by endowing a
form or shape with:
a. Exceptional
size
b. A unique
shape
c. Strategic
location

12. EMPHASIS

13. Secondary Principles
Repetition
Sydney Opera House
PLAN
Floor Plan of a Row house

14. Alternation – a synonym for contrast.

15. Transition
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16. L'Hemisfèric (Planetarium) (1991)
Valencia Science Centre, Spain
The eye with its emphasis on the pupil intrigues Calatrava and is
a prominent motif in his drawings and design. The pool alongside
the building reflects the semi-elliptical Planetarium, completing
its form to the full shape of the eye.
Transformation

17. SANTIAGO CALATRAVA
Turning Torso, Malmö, Sweden
The 190 meter tall concrete and steel
tower turns 90 degrees from bottom to
top.

18. Transformation
The Milwaukee Art Museum, Milwaukee,
Wisconsin
Calatrava's designs are often inspired by nature, featuring a
combination of organic forms and technological innovation. The
Milwaukee Art Museum expansion incorporates multiple elements
inspired by the Museum's lakefront location. Among the many
maritime elements in Calatrava's design are: movable steel
louvers inspired by the wings of a bird; a cabled pedestrian
bridge with a soaring mast inspired by the form or a sailboat and
a curving single-storey galleria reminiscent of a wave.