Principal of planning is basic need for planning of any type of building. It gives basic understanding for planning any type of building or building component.

1. Building & Town Planning
Principal Of Planning
Prepared by:
S.K.Thaiyam
Assistant professor
Darshan Institute of Engineering & Technology
Rajkot.

2. Section-A(building planning)
1. Principal of planning
2. Building bye-lawas
3. Planning of building
4. Earthquake resistant building
5. Building drawing
6. Perspective view
7. Building service

3. What Is Planning & Building Planning ?
• It is the process of thinking about and organization the activities
required to achieve a desired goal.
• Building planning is the arrangement of various component or unit of
a building in a systematic manner so as to form a meaningful and
homogeneous structure to meet its functional purpose.

4. Factors Affect Planning Of Building
• Function of building (residential ,public, commercial ,industrial etc.)
• Shape and size of the plot
• Topography
• Climatic condition
• Building bye-lawas
etc.

5. Orientation
• Orientation means placing so as to face East.
• Proper placement of component of building with respect to sun ,
wind and rain which enables the inmates to enjoy the desirable
feature of nature.
• Factor affecting orientation are:
• Temperature
• Wind
• Humidity

6. C.B.R.I Suggestion For Orientation
• The building should receive maximum solar radiation in winter and
minimum in summer.
• In hot climates living rooms on the south and west sides should be
protected by verandah , bathroom, store etc.
• For hot and humid zones the orientation is governed by the direction of the
breeze.
• Exposure to sun can be reduced by shady trees on sunny side and also be
keeping the shorter walls on east and west.
• All the rooms which are occupied in the day time should preferably be
placed on north and east side.
• The bed rooms should be placed in the direction of prevailing wind and at
the same time protected by verandah from the heat of afternoon sun.

7. Room Location in house
Bed room North or NW
Verandah South or West
Store room, study room North
Kitchen East
Rooms mostly used during day North or East
Staircase and garage West
Direction of longer outer walls North-South direction
Direction of shorter outer walls East –West direction
South side wall Must have chhajja
West side wall No chhajja but verandah
Window Towards East and South
Best facing of the house Towards North

8. Principal Of Planning
• Aspect
• Prospect
• Privacy
• Circulation
• Roominess
• Grouping
• Elegance
• Sanitation
• Flexibility
• Economy
• Practical consideration

9. Aspect
• Placement of different rooms of house in accordance with our activities at
different hours of day.
• Rooms should get enough sunlight and air, which gives,
• Great environment
• Comfort
• etc
• A room which receives light & air from particular direction is said to have
‘aspect’ of that direction.

10. Type of room Suggested Aspect
Living room, drawing
room
S, SE
Bed room SW, NW
Dining room South ,SE
Kitchen East , NE
Verandah West , SW
Study room N

11. Aspect

12. Prospect
• Prospect is the view from outside of a house.
• The house should have a proper prospect so that it can give a feeling
of cheerfulness to the people living in it.
• It should create a good impression on a person who views it from
outside.
• It must also possess good qualities like comfort, cheerfulness,
security, labour saving and modern outlook.
• For e.g. Small Projections or bay window can have a good out-look as
well as helps in providing breeze, light and sunlight to the room.

14. Privacy
• It is an important
principle while planning
a residential building.
• Privacy can be
maintained in ways:
1. External
2. Internal

15. External Privacy
• The privacy from sides can
be secured by providing
planned entrance and
pathways.
• This can achieved by
screening the front and
rear entrance.

16. Internal Privacy
• Privacy in internal rooms can be
easily obtain by proper planning
of diff. areas and location of doors
and windows.
• The shutter when opened should
give the minimum view of room
for an entering persons.

17. Circulation
• Circulation is movement within the premises and includes both
horizontal and vertical circulation.
• Horizontal circulation ( room to room)
• Passage
• Corridors
• Lobbies etc.
• Vertical circulation (floor to floor)
• Stairs

18. Roominess
• Roominess means getting maximum advantage from the minimum
dimension of the room.
• The effect of roominess depend on the relative dimension of length,
width and height of room.
• The shape and size of the room are also very important for
roominess. A rectangular room has more roominess then square
room in same area.

19. Grouping
• Grouping means the arrangement of various rooms in the building for
the convenience of user.
• It minimizes the circulation and at the same time improves the
comfort.
• A dinning room should be close to kitchen ,while sanitary be away
from kitchen, but convenient to bed rooms.

20. Elegance
• Elegance is grand appearance of a building attained mainly owing to
the elevation which in turn depends on the plan.
• It depends upon proper positioning/selection of doors, windows,
balcony, roofs, staircase etc.
• For better elegance
• Selecting superior building material for facing as polished stone- granite,
marble or mosaic.
• Providing projection like sunshades, balconies, porch with or without pergola
opening.
• Providing bay window, corner window, etc.

22. Sanitation
• It includes providing light ,ventilation, cleanliness, water supply and
sanitary amenities.
• For residential building window area should not less then 1/10th of
floor area.
• In school not less than 1/5th of the floor area.

23. Flexibility
• Flexibility means that a
room which is planned for
one function be used for
other, if required.
• Like study room may be
planned for using guest
room. Etc..

24. Economy
• The building should have minimum floor area with maximum utility.it
will reduce cost of the building .hence, it will be economical.
• Economy can achieved by:
• Providing simple elevation.
• Reducing the storey height.
• Dispensing of porches, lobbies and balconies.

25. Practical Consideration
• After the all fundamental some practical points should be additionally
considered:
• Provision for future extensions without dismantling should be made while
planning.
• Strength, stability, convenience and comfort of occupants, should be the
first consideration while planning.
• As far as possible sizes of rooms should be kept large.Large room can be
shortened by providing movable partition but smaller room cannot be
enlarge easily.
• The number of door and window should be minimum provisions for built in
furniture at proper places are useful from point of view of utility.

26. Principles Of Architect
• Axis
• Symmetry
• Hierarchy
• Rhythm
• Datum
• Transformation

27. Axis
• “A line established by two
points in space, about
which forms and spaces can
be arranged in a
symmetrical or balanced
manner.”

28. Symmetry
“The balanced distribution
and arrangement of
equipment of equivalent
forms and spaces on opposite
sides of a dividing line or
plane, or about a center or
axis.”

29. Hierarchy
“The articulation of the
importance or significance of a
form or space by its size, shape,
or placement relative to the
other forms and spaces of the
organization.”

30. Rhythm
“A unifying movement
characterized by a patterned
repetition or alteration of formal
elements or motifs in the same
or modified form.”

31. Datum
“A line, plane, or a volume
that, by its continuity and
regularity, serves to gather,
measure, and organize a
pattern of forms and spaces.”

32. Transformation
“The principle that an architectural
concept, structure, or organization
can be altered through a series of
discrete manipulations and
permutations in response to a
specific context or set of conditions
without a loss of identity or
concept.”

33. Principles Of Architectural Composition
• Unity
• Mass composition
• Contrast
• Proportion
• Scale
• Accentuation and rhythm
• Character
• Balance and symmetry

34. Unity
• The of unity is oneness. but here it means harmony among elements
which can not be split from each other.
• A rectangle with longer side is twice the shorter is divided into two
equal parts gives a two square on joint position. its destroyed the
unity of original rectangle and has generate “duality”.
• To maintain unity and architectural composition, some central or focal
idea providing an interesting accent should be clearly apparent to
establish relationship.

35. unity
• The focal idea may be a
major mass placed either
centrally.
• It may be a lavishly treated
main entrance, a tower or
vertical element
dominating the rest of the
sublime composition

36. Mass composition
• Mass is three dimensional shape having definite width, length and
height.
• Masses may be small or big, horizontal and vertical when viewed in
relation of one another.
• The arrangement of these masses in a building are made as per
function requirement.
• however the mass arrangement is to be done in such a way that
harmonious unity of structure is maintained.
• This is possible by proper balance in compositional harmony among
different masses and weighted adjustment of masses.

37. Horizontal mass composition Horizontal and vertical mass composition

38. Contrast
• Contrast means absence of monotony.
• Perception through five senses by human is also a matter of contrast.
There contrast between sound and silence, shade and light, smooth
and rough, sweet and sore and smell and scent.
• Contrast is required not only for achieving proportion without
monotony but for creating interest and exhibiting variety.

39. Contrast Of Form

40. Contrast Of Line

41. Contrast Of Size

42. Contrast Of Tone

43. Proportion
• The length and width constitute the area whereas length , width
and height will constitute the mass.
• The dimension of length , width and height with respect to one
another will give the pleasing effect due to proportion
maintained among them. The sense of proportion felt by just
viewing the area or mass.
• A child is easily distinguished from a man though the
photograph of a child photograph.

45. Scale
• In architecture scale means the proper relation of several parts to one
onther and to the whole from the aspect of size. Proper scale is not
only essential for better result of proportion but is considered as a
desirable quality in architecture and better means towards unity.
• This scaled relationship is established because of the comparison of
the size of building and object near the building about which we have
definite conception of their actual size.

47. Accentuation And Rhythm
• Accentuation literally means emphasis and is created by different
combination element in the architectural composition.
• The element are classified as positive and negative elements. The
element which create the impression of decision, rigidity and function
are called positive elements. Ex. Column in building
• The elements which create the effect of hesitation, flexibility and
decoration are called negative elements. Ex. Arch or lintel

49. Character
• Character is sometime, referred as a style.
• The character in architecture may be divided into three categories:
1. Functional
2. Associated
3. Personal

50. Functional Character
• A building having no
window and arrangements
for sky lighting indicates
the building as a museum.
• Very tall and wide are
suggestive of a library.
• A long wall having
numerous windows in
particular order indicates it
to be some institutional
building.

51. Associated Character
• The character develop from
the influence of ideas and
impression related to or
growing out of past
experience .
• A spire on a tower by the
sides of a spacious building
is indicative of the church.

52. Personal Character
• Window opening with
vertical proportion often
produce an effect of grace
and elegance.
• Even more taller windows
may develop an expression
of aspiration.

53. Balance and symmetry
• Balance is equality of mass about the axis of reference. There must be
balance about the axis of reference.
• The balance may be either symmetrical, nearly symmetrical and
unsymmetrical.

54. Balance and symmetry Balance and un-symmetry