This document discusses theories and concepts related to leadership. It begins by defining leadership as the process of influencing others toward achieving group goals. It notes that leadership involves both rational and emotional aspects, and touches on both the science and art of leadership. The document distinguishes between the roles of managers and leaders, and notes that both are important for organizational success. It also discusses the relationship between leaders and followers, stating that there is no clear division and the roles merge. Several myths about leadership are debunked, including that leadership is only common sense or that leaders are solely born rather than made. The document concludes by noting that effective leadership depends on factors related to the leader, the followers, and the situation.

1. LEADERSHIP
ADVANCED LEADERSHIP THEORY AND PRACTICE:
CREATING TRANSFORMATIONAL LEADERDS
Maribel C. Tubera
DBA Student - UEGS

2. Leadership
The process of influencing others toward achieving
group goals.
The art of leadership concerns the skill of
understanding leadership situations and influencing
others to accomplish group goals.

3. Leadership
BOTH A SCIENCE AND AN ART
It emphasizes the subject of leadership as a
field of scholarly inquiry, as well as certain
aspects of the practice of leadership.
BOTH RATIONAL AND EMOTIONAL
Leadership involves the two sides of human
experience.
It involves touching others’ feelings.
Leaders need to consider both the rational
and emotional consequences of their
actions.

4. Leadership
LEADERSHIP AND MANAGEMENT
Distinction between managers and leaders
LEADERS MANAGERS
-Thought to do the right things - Thought to do things right
- Innovate - Administers
- Develop - Maintain
- Inspire - Control
- long-term view - short-term view
- Ask what and why - Ask how and when
- Originate - Initiate
- Challenge the status quo - Accept the status quo
Leadership and management complement each other,
and both are vital to organizational success

5. Leadership
LEADERSHIP AND FOLLOWERSHIP
Leadership cannot be separated from
followership.
There is no simple line dividing them; they
merge.
LEADERSHIP ON STAGE LARGE AND SMALL
Great leaders sometimes seem larger than
life.

6. Myths that hinder Leadership Development
Good leadership is all common sense
Leaders are born, not made
The only school you learn leadership is
the school of hard knocks

7. A Few Women Leaders throughout History

8. Cleopatra, Queen of Egypt
(69 B.C. -30 B.C.)
Cleopatra came to power in Egypt at the age of 17. She
reigned from 51-30 B.C. As a Ptolemy, Cleopatra was
Macedonian, but even though her ancestry was
Macedonian, she was still an Egyptian queen and
worshipped as a god.

9. Joan of Arcs
Jehanne d'Arc (1412-1431)
"One life is all we have and we live it as we
believe in living it. But to sacrifice what you are
and to live without belief, that is a fate more
terrible than dying." - Joan of Arc
• Under Charles de Ponthieu the French were without direction
and without a real leader.
• When Joan of Arc came to the court she overwhelmed Charles
with her passion and conviction.
• It is quite remarkable that this 17 year old peasant girl was, as a
consequence, given control over an army and allowed to lead
them into battle. Within a year Joan of Arc had led the French
army to victories at Orleans, Patay and Troyes.

10. Queen Isabella of Spain
(1451-1504)
• In 1492, Isabella was convinced by Christopher Columbus to
sponsor his voyage of discovery.
• The lasting effects of this were many: by the traditions of the
time, when Columbus discovered lands in the New World, they
were given to Castile.
• Isabella took a special interest in the Native Americans of the
new lands; when some were brought back to Spain as slaves
she insisted they be returned and freed, and her will expressed
her wish that the "Indians" be treated with justice and

11. Queen Elizabeth I, England
(1533-1603)
• Elizabeth I was queen regnant of England and Ireland from 17
November 1558 until her death. Sometimes called "The Virgin
Queen", "Gloriana" or "Good Queen Bess", Elizabeth was the
fifth and last monarch of the Tudor dynasty.
Establishes England as a dominant sea power
and defeats the Spanish Armada

12. Anne Hutchinson (1591-1643)
Anne Hutchinson, born Anne Marbury, was a
Puritan spiritual adviser, mother of 15, and
important participant in the Antinomian
Controversy that shook the infant Massachusetts
Bay Colony from 1636 to 1638.
•Anne Hutchinson is a woman to be admired by any of us who
believe in the rights of the individual to freedom of thought,
freedom of speech, and freedom to worship.
•It may be difficult for us to imagine exactly how it must have
been like living under Puritan rule in the newly established
American colonies, especially if you were a woman, as at this
point in our history, women weren't even allowed to think for
themselves.

13. Catherine the Great of Russia
(1729-1796)
“All or nothing. If I commit myself to you,
you must commit yourself to me!“
“I praise loudly. I blame softly.”
Yekaterina Alexeevna or Catherine II, also known
as Catherine the Great, was the most renowned
and the longest-ruling female leader of Russia,
reigning from 9 July [O.S. 28 June] 1762 until her
death on 17 November 1796 at the age of sixty-
seven.

14. Sacajawea
(1788-1812)
Sacagawea, also Sakakawea or Sacajawea, was a
Lemhi Shoshone woman, who accompanied the
Lewis and Clark Expedition, acting as an interpreter
and guide, in their exploration of the Western
United States.

15. Mary Lyons
(1797-1849)
Mary Lyon opened Mount Holyoke Seminary for Women in
eighteen thirty-seven. It was in the town of South Hadley,
Massachusetts. She had raised more than twelve thousand
dollars. It was enough to build a five-story building.
Her efforts led to the spread of higher education for women in
the United States. Historians say she was the strongest influence
on the education of American young people during the middle of
the nineteenth century. Her influence lasted as the many
students from Mary Lyon's schools went out to teach others.
She opened the first independent school
for the higher education of women.

16. Dorothea Lynde Dix
(1802-1887)
By 1880, Dix had had a direct hand in founding 32 of 123 mental hospitals
in the country—an increase of 110 since the fateful year of 1843.
She also was a staunch critic of cruel and neglectful practices toward
the mentally ill, such as caging, incarceration without clothing, and
painful physical restraint.
Dorothea Dix was not only a voice for the mad, but also one who helped
to heal many of the wounds of the War Between the States. Her tireless
work to help the helpless reminded all who came in contact with her
that we do have a responsibility to those who cannot speak for
themselves.
A "voice for the mad," Dorothea Dix did
more than anyone else of her generation
to improve the lives of mentally ill people
in America.

17. Harriet Tubman
(Araminta Ross 1820-1913)
Tubman made 19 trips to Maryland and helped 300 people to
freedom. During these dangerous journeys she helped rescue
members of her own family, including her 70-year-old parents.
At one point, rewards for Tubman's capture totaled $40,000.
Yet, she was never captured and never failed to deliver her
"passengers" to safety.
As Tubman herself said, "On my Underground Railroad I
[never] run my train off [the] track [and] I never [lost] a
passenger."
she became so well known for leading
slaves to freedom that Tubman became
known as the "Moses of Her People."

18. Florence Nightingale
(1820-1910)
Florence Nightingale, OM, RRC was a celebrated British social
reformer and statistician, and the founder of modern nursing.
She came to prominence while serving as a nurse during the
Crimean War, where she tended to wounded soldiers.
Nightingale held strong opinions on women’s rights. In her
book Suggestions for Thought to Searchers after Religious
Truths (1859) she argued strongly for the removal of
restrictions that prevented women having careers.
Famous for her work in the military hospitals
of the Crimea, Nightingale for women.
established nursing as a respectable
profession

19. Susan B. Anthony (1820-1906)
"I do not demand equal pay for any women
save those who do equal work in value.
Scorn to be coddled by your employers;
make them understand that you are in their
service as workers, not as women.” – Susan
B. Anthony
Anthony never gave up on her fight for women's
suffrage. In 1905, she met with Pres. Theodore Roosevelt
in Washington, D.C. to lobby for an amendment to give
women the right to vote. she died the following year at
the age of 86.
According to her obituary in The New York Times, shortly
before her death, Anthony told friend Anna Shaw, "To think I
have had more than 60 years of hard struggle for a little liberty,
and then to die without it seems so cruel.”

20. Carry A. Nation
(1846-1911)
• American temperance advocate famous for using
hatchet to demolish barrooms.
• Carrie Amelia Moore Nation was an American
woman who was a radical member of the
temperance movement, which opposed alcohol
before the advent of Prohibition. She is particularly
noteworthy for promoting her viewpoint through
vandalism.
Nation established "The Prohibition Federation," for which her The Hatchet was the
official publication. She wrote into its preamble that "We exclude from our
organization any person who will not vote for the total annihilation of intoxicating
liquors for any purpose. We co-operate with the Prohibition Party, but go a step
further, making it a crime to manufacture or sell intoxicating liquors for any
purpose."32 That is, she opposed the use of alcohol for religious or medicinal purposes.
It failed -- Nation was apparently more skillful at destroying than at creating.

21. Mary Pickford(1882-1979)
Throughout the 1910s and 1920s, Pickford was believed to
be the most famous woman in the world, or, as a silent-film
journalist described her, "the best known woman who has
ever lived, the woman who was known to more people
and loved by more people than any other woman that has
been in all history."
a Canadian motion picture actress, co-founder of the film studio United Artists and one
of the original 36 founders of the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. Though
Canadian-born, she was a powerful symbol of Americana, kissing the American flag for
cameras and auctioning one of her world-famous curls for $15,000.
Pickford's most profound influence (beyond her acting) was to help reshape the film
industry itself. When she entered features, Hollywood believed that the movies' future
lay in reproducing Broadway plays for a mass audience. Pickford, who entered feature
film with two Broadway credits but a far greater following among fans of nickelodeon
flickers, became the world's most popular actress in a matter of months.
In response to her popularity, Hollywood rethought its vision of features as "canned
theatre," and focused instead on actors and material that were uniquely suited to film,
not stage performances.

22. Margaret Chase Smith (1897-1995)
Every human being is entitled to courtesy and
consideration. Constructive criticism is not only to be
expected but sought. – Margaret Chase Smith
Margaret Madeline Chase Smith was an American politician. A member
of the Republican Party, she served as a U.S Representative and a U.S.
Senator from Maine.
“Those of us who shout the loudest about Americanism in making
character assassinations are all too frequently those who, by our own
words and acts, ignore some of the basic principles of Americanism—
The right to criticize; The right to hold unpopular beliefs; The right to
protest; The right of independent thought. The exercise of these rights
should not cost one single American citizen his reputation or his right to
a livelihood nor should he be in danger of losing his reputation or
livelihood merely because he happens to know some one who holds
unpopular beliefs.”

23. Betty Friedan (1921-2006)
was considered by many to be the “mother” of
the second wave of modern feminism. Her
struggles against the "Feminine Mystique" and
in favor of gender equality led to a
fundamental transformation, not only in the
way American society views women, but in the
way American women view themselves.
she published The Feminine Mystique, which explores the
idea of women finding fulfillment beyond traditional roles.
Friedan co-founded the National Organization for Women in
1966, and served as its first president. She published The
Second Stage in 1982and The Fountain of Age in 1993.

24. Golda Meir (1898-1978)
•Golda Meir was an Israeli teacher, kibbutznik and politician who
became the fourth Prime Minister of Israel. Meir was elected
Prime Minister of Israel on March 17, 1969, after serving as
Minister of Labour and Foreign Minister.
Golda Mabovitch (born as), Golda
Meyerson, "Iron Lady of Israel"

25. Mother Teresa
(1910-1997)
Mother Teresa was the founder of the Order of the
Missionaries of Charity, a Roman Catholic congregation of
women dedicated to helping the poor.
The Blessed Teresa of Calcutta,
M.C., commonly known as
Mother Teresa, was an Albanian
born, Indian Roman Catholic
Religious Sister.

26. Margaret Thatcher
(1925-2013)
The first female prime minister of Britain, Margaret Thatcher
was a controversial figurehead of conservative ideology during
her time in office.
"In politics, if you want anything said, ask a man. If you want
anything done, ask a woman."
– Margaret Thatcher
Margaret Hilda Thatcher, Baroness
Thatcher, LG OM PC FRS was a British
politician who was the Prime Minister of
the United Kingdom from 1979 to 1990
and the Leader of the Conservative Party
from 1975 to 1990.

27. Jeane Kirkpatrick
(1926-2006)
The first female prime minister of Britain, Margaret Thatcher
was a controversial figurehead of conservative ideology during
her time in office.
"In politics, if you want anything said, ask a man. If you want
anything done, ask a woman."
– Margaret Thatcher
Jeane Kirkpatrick was a professor and
diplomat who was a close adviser to
President Ronald Reagan and the first
woman to be U.S. ambassador to the U.N.

28. Sandra Day O’Connor (1930)
Former Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the
United States
Sandra Day O'Connor is a retired United States Supreme
Court justice. She served as an Associate Justice from her
appointment in 1981 by Ronald Reagan until her
retirement from the Court in 2006. She was the first
woman to be appointed to the Supreme Court and served
for 24 years.
"THE PURPOSE OF STRICT SCRUTINY IS TO 'SMOKE
OUT' ILLEGITIMATE USES OF RACE BY ASSURING
THAT THE LEGISLATIVE BODY IS PURSUING A GOAL
IMPORTANT ENOUGH TO WARRANT USE OF A
HIGHLY SUSPECT TOOL."
—SANDRA DAY O'CONNOR

29. Benazir Bhutto
(1953-2007)
Benazir Bhutto was a politician and stateswoman who
served as the 11th Prime Minister of Pakistan in two non-
consecutive terms from November 1988 until October
1990, and 1993 until her final dismissal on November 1996.
Her name means "one without equal."

30. Hilary Clinton
(1947)
When Hillary Clinton was elected to the U.S. Senate in
2001, she became the only American first lady to hold
national office. She became the 67th U.S. secretary of
state in 2009, serving until 2013.
"Don't confuse having a career with having a life. They are
not the same thing.”– Hillary Clinton
Hillary Diane Rodham Clinton was the
67th United States Secretary of State
from 2009 to 2013, serving under
President Barack Obama. She was
previously a U.S. Senator from New York.

31. Christine Todd Whitman(1946)
Governor Whitman also serves on the Board of Directors of
S.C. Johnson and Son, Inc., Texas Instruments Inc., and
United Technologies Corporation. She holds an Advanced
Professional Director Certification from the American
College of Corporate Directors, and she serves as an advisor
to the Aspen Rodel Fellowship program. She is a member of
the Advisory Board of the Corporate Eco Forum, a board
member for the 2014 NY/NJ Super Bowl Host Committee,
and a member of the board of trustees of Greener New
Jersey Productions.
Christine "Christie" Todd Whitman is an
American Republican politician and author who
served as the 50th Governor of New Jersey
from 1994 to 2001, and was the Administrator
of the Environmental Protection Agency.

32. FOLLOWER
LEADER
SITUATION
• personality
• position
• expertise
• etc.
• values
• norms
• cohesiveness
• etc.
• task
• stress
• environment
• etc.

33. LEADER – includes unique personal history,
interests, character traits and motivation; it is
forever moving outside the constraints of structure.
FOLLOWER – are critical part of the leadership
equation but their role has not always been
appreciated.
SITUATION – the 3rd critical part of leadership
equation; the most ambiguous aspect of the
leadership framework since it can refer to anything
from the specific task where a group is engaged.

34. Madeleine Albright
"I was taught to strive not because there were any
guarantees of success but because the act of striving is in
itself the only way to keep faith with life."
"Whatever job you are asked to do, at whatever level, do it
well because your reputation is your resume." Madeleine
K. Albright '59

35. Madeleine Albright
The first female Secretary of State and became the highest ranking woman in the
history of the U.S. government in 1997.
1993 to 1997- served as the U.S. Permanent Representative to the United Nations
and was a member of the President’s Cabinet.
1989 to 1992- served as President of the Center for National Policy.
She chairs both the National Democratic Institute for International Affairs and the
Pew Global Attitudes Project and serves as president of the Truman Scholarship
Foundation.
Dr. Albright serves on the Boards of the Council on Foreign Relations, the Aspen
Institute and the Center for a New American Security.
In 2009, Dr. Albright was asked by NATO Secretary General Anders Fogh
Rasmussen to Chair a Group of Experts focused on developing NATO’s New
Strategic Concept.

36. Konosuke Matsushita
Matsushita was the son of a landowner who lost all his money,
forcing Konosuke to go out to work in Osaka well before he
was 16.
He started as an electrician at Osaka Electrical Light Company
He invented a new sort of light socket and, at the age of 23, set
up a company with his brother-in-law, Toshio Iue, to
manufacture it.
He produced his electrical goods under the brand name
National, but later he introduced the name Panasonic, for which
the company is best-known today.
He ruled his companies with a considerable degree of
paternalism and offered his workers employment for life.

37. 10 lessons from Konosuke Matsushita’s leadership :
1. Love your job if you wish to do it well
2. Do what commons sense dictates
3. Follow the laws of nature
4. A leader should have vision
5. Dreams should be shared
6. Management is perpetual creation
7. Don’t assume that something is “impossible”
8. Transparent management fosters growth
9. Employ “Dam Management” to ensure steady growth
10. Bad times have their bright side

38. ACTION-OBSERVATION-REFLECTION
(A-O-R) model
leadership development is enhanced
when the experience involves three
different processes: action,
observation, and reflection.

39. Action
What did you do?
ExperienceExperience
Experience
Observation
What happened?
• Results
• Impact on others
Reflection
How do you look at it now?
How do you feel about it now?

40. The Key Role of Perception in the Spiral of
Experience
Perception and Observation – both deal with with
attending to events around us; takes place spontaneously
and effortlessly, so this is regard as passive processes.
Perception and Reflection – Perceptual sets influence what
we attend to or do not attend to, what we observe or do
not observe; perception also influences the next stage of
the spiral of experience the reflection since it deals with
how we interpret our observations.
Perception and Action – perception also affect our action,
just having expectations (positive or negative) about
others may affect our action and in turn, our action can
affect the way others behave.

41. Single and Double-Loop Learning
Single-Loop learning – a kind of learning between the
individual and the environment in which learners
seek relatively little feedback that may significantly
confront their fundamental ideas or actions;
individual learn only about subjects within the
“comfort zone” of their belief system.
Double-Loop learning – involves a willingness to
confront one’s own views and an invitation to others
to do so ,too; can be thought of as learning how to
learn.

42. Developmental Factors of Managerial Growth

43. Character of Successful Leaders Character of Derailed Leaders
1. ability to develop or adapt 1. inability to develop or adapt
2. ability to establish collaborative
relations
2. poor working relations
3. ability to build and lead a team 3. Inability to build and lead a team
4. non-authoritarian 4. authoritarian
5. consistent exceptional
performance
5. poor performance
6. ambitious 6. too ambitious

44. Leadership Development Through Education
and Training
Formal education and training program can help one
become a better leader.
Not all programs are appropriate for all leaders.

45. Common Measures of Successful and
Unsuccessful Leadership
1. Superior’s effectiveness and performance rating.
2. Subordinates’ ratings of satisfaction, organizational
climate, morale motivation, and leadership
effectiveness.
3. Unit performance indices.

46. Power and Influence
Power – the capacity to produce effects on others on the
potential to influence others.
the capacity to cause change.
Influence – the change in a targets agent’s attitudes,
values, beliefs, or behaviors as the result of influence
tactics.
the degree of actual change in a target person’s attitudes
manifested by followers as the result of a leader’s influence
tactics.
Influence tactics – refer to the person’s actual behavior
designed to change another person’s attitudes, values,
beliefs, or behavior.

47. Sources of Leader Power
leaders have it
followers give it to them

48. Gestures of Power and Dominance
1. Staring – it is disrespectful for a person of lower
status to stare at a superior.
2. Pointing – it seems to be acceptable for high-status
figures or those attempting to assert dominance.
3. Touching – it’s acceptable for bosses or teachers to
put a hand on an employee’s or student’s shoulder
but not vice versa.
4. Interrupting – higher-power or –status persons
interrupt; lower-power or –status persons are
interrupted.

49. FOLLOWER
LEADER
SITUATION
• expert
• referent • coercive
• reward
• legitimate

50. Taxonomy of Social Power
(5 Sources/Bases of Power)
1. Expert power – power of knowledge (through relative
expertise).
2. Referent power – due to the strength of the relationship
between the leader and the followers; when people admire
a leader and see her as a role model, she has referent
power.
3. Legitimate power – one’s formal or official authority.
4. Reward power – involves the potential to influence others
due to one’s control over desired resources.
5. Coercive power – the opposite of reward power; potential
to influence others through the administration of negative
sanctions or the removal of positive events.

51. END