Elements of space making

ELEMENTS OF SPACE MAKING
Yatin Pandya
 Floor
 Column
 Wall
 Door
 Window
 Stair
 Roof
 Definition
 Anatomy
 Evolution
 Attributes
 Spatial Roles
 Applications
 Design Considerations
K E T H E E S W A R A N M . A R C H
THEORY OF ARCHITECTURE -II
Sem II.

FLOOR
The floor is essentially a horizontal plane, providing a firm
Datum, a resting plane for all objects in that space.
As the base plane, the floor is a single entity with references
only to the gravity, the ‘downward’ force.
Where levels are involved, the relative positions of other
base planes get perceived as above or below the reference plane
KETHEESWARAN M.ARCH

FLOOR
TYPOLOGICALVARIATIONS
With respect to FORM With respect to MATERIALTREATMENT
UNMODULATED
MODULATED
NATURAL
MAN-MADE
KETHEESWARAN M.ARCH

FLOOR
SINCE HUMAN STARTED LOCOMOTION, BALANCE OF BODY BECAME A CRITERION
DEVELOPMENT HAPPENED ON PLAINS
DEMARCATION OF DOMAIN
CREATION OF PLINTH
(Horizontal surface provides the most secure and stable surface for habitation)
Mythology, in most cultures, refer to a time when the world was completely
covered with water- a flat plate or a swirling sphere.
The land emerged from this primordial ocean, generating life.
Allusion to this is seen in the metaphorical depictions in buildings throughout history.
Aquatic creatures symbolic of the sea
Imitation of water, temples of Greek
Golden temple,Amritsar
KETHEESWARAN M.ARCH

FLOOR
1. HORIZONTALITY
2. SUPPORT AND STABILITY
The floor distinctly defined in two dimensional plane as in x-axis and y-axis
The Zen Garden, China
Acropolis of Athens, Greece
Floor giving gravity control for solid footing and a stabilized plane for movement
KETHEESWARAN M.ARCH

FLOOR
1. FLOOR FOR DEFINITION OF SPACE
2. DATUM AND REFERENCE
3. FLOORING AS MOVEMENT GUIDE
4. FLOOR TO EXPRESSTHRESHOLD
5. FLOOR FOR COMMUNICATION
KETHEESWARAN M.ARCH

FLOOR
1. FLOOR FOR DEFINITION OF SPACE
floor modulated to satisfy different utilitarian
Functions within the unit,
part section of Bhunga house
Spaces made conspicuous by various expressions
Carved marble flooring, Lotus fountain
Red fort, Delhi
A perceptible change in
the flooring strongly
delineates and demarcates
a difference in the zone.
Eg- colours, textures,
materials, elevations and
depressions, accessories
such as rugs and carpets.
KETHEESWARAN M.ARCH

Tholos at Delphi, Greece
FLOOR
2. DATUM AND REFERENCE
Nehru pavilion, New Delhi
Floor becomes an ultimate reference node,
Ensembling the spaces together
enhanced in different ways
Due to its flatness floor
automatically provides a
reference to all the
elements that come above
it or below it.This aspect
of common reference
makes it the datum, the
unifying factor in the
organization of space.
•Floor emerges from beneath
•Floor as plinth
KETHEESWARAN M.ARCH

FLOOR
3. FLOORING AS MOVEMENT GUIDE
Mughal garden, Red fort, New Delhi
The floor being the datum
upon which all movement
of both persons and goods
take place, it can be
effectively used to
accentuate movement
patterns
By variations in level and surface of the
horizontal plane, movement pattern is generated
Katsura palace, Kyoto
KETHEESWARAN M.ARCH

FLOOR
4. FLOOR TO EXPRESSTHRESHOLD
Traditional tatami flooring in house interior, KyotoThe floor beyond being a
plinth, signifies a threshold
and offers a transition
from ambiguous
surrounding to contained
volumes. It is often hinted
by raising the floor plane
by a small interval and
lowering it again.
•A transition into different realms is distinctly
identified in the floor
•Texture and level change denote threshold
Series of flat stepping-stones in a house, Osaka
KETHEESWARAN M.ARCH

FLOOR
5. FLOOR FOR COMMUNICATION
Water channel at Jahaz Mahal, Mandu
Floors are walked over
and this constant function
demands constant visual
reference to the plane
underfoot.This provides
the floor with a high
potential for
superimposing signs and
symbols as they effectively
get registered.
•Water channels serving dual purpose of supplying
water and aesthetic expression
Maze at Chartres Cathedral, France
•Superimposing signs and symbols to welcome and
reflect individual identification
KETHEESWARAN M.ARCH

FLOOR
FALLINGWATER, PENNSYLVANIA
The treatments of the floor reflect continuity between inside and outside
by dissolving the strong boundaries of these two realms
•Floor as planes
The floor planes become extension of the landscape elements
creating a homogeneity with the environment
•Floor becomes an element communicating its coherence with nature
KETHEESWARAN M.ARCH

FLOOR
FALLINGWATER, PENNSYLVANIA
Demarcation
•Floor as datum and reference
Floor enhancing the natural
richness of water and stone
•Floor defining spaces of myriad characteristics
•Floor as a movement guide
Sense of unity Defining spaces above & below
KETHEESWARAN M.ARCH

FLOOR
Floor modulating to make a visual impact
Floor for communication through textural variation
Floor adding to dignity of the space
Floor as backdrop for other elements
Floor defining different zones of circulation
KETHEESWARAN M.ARCH

COLUMN
KETHEESWARAN M.ARCH

COLUMN
A column is essentially a slender vertical supporting element,
Loaded from the top and transferring the load axially to the base.
It is free-standing except for the structure above it
and the anchorage at the base.
KETHEESWARAN M.ARCH

OBELISK COLUMN PIER PILASTER
COLUMN
Free-standing,
non-structural
Thick shaft,
structural
Series of vertical
Structural elements
Protruding from wall,
Structural elements
KETHEESWARAN M.ARCH

In early ages,
Connection between Man and God,
Columns of Sun, Peru
Column depicted as the charioteer of God,
Expressing strength, support and security,
VitthalTemple, Hampi
EARTH - a flat plane floating over water
SKY- a solid plane
MOUNTAINS- points on earth on which sky rested
COLUMN
The notional proximity to the celestial beings led to the practice of sages and wise men
going up the mountains for penance.These expressions of strength, celestial connection
and verticality were manifested as the column- the man-made equivalent of mountains.
KETHEESWARAN M.ARCH

COLUMN
Carved out support
Wooden column
Elaborate decoration
modern- RCC, steel
Piers, pillasters
monumentality and symbolism
KETHEESWARAN M.ARCH

Greek Doric
EUROPEAN ORDERS
Greek Ionic Greek Corinthian RomanTuscan Roman Composite
KETHEESWARAN M.ARCH

1. CENTRALITY
Commanding space with its off-centre placement
Qutub Minar, Delhi
St. Peter’s Bascilica,Vatican City
Commanding space with its central placement
COLUMN
A column marks a locus- a
central position in space.
Due to this, other
elements which form a
part of the ensemble
gravitate towards the
column.
KETHEESWARAN M.ARCH

2. VERTICALITY
Columns together adding visual composition to space
Eiffel tower, Paris
Ashok Stambh, Sarnath
Penetrating forcibly upwards with its dynamism
COLUMN
In principle, a point
extruded upwards, the
column assumes verticality
and guides vision upwards
from the horizontal plane,
lending it an upward
thrust and imparting
dynamism to the space.
KETHEESWARAN M.ARCH

3. DIRECTIONALITY
Single column
Diwan-i-Khas, Fatehpur Sikri
Church of St. Lorenzo, Italy
Multiple columns
COLUMN
As with points generating
a line, columns placed
linearly guide direction.
Two columns
Jami masjid, Champaner
KETHEESWARAN M.ARCH

4. RHYTHM
Columns stipulating Rhythm through their placement
City Palace, Udaipur
COLUMN
Linear repetition of
columns with changing
distances give rise to a
rhythm, a sense of
continuity and consistency
determined by their
spacing and frequency of
occurrence.
Diwan-i-am, Fatehpur Sikri
KETHEESWARAN M.ARCH

1. COLUMNS AS FOCUS OF SPACE
Columns creating focus, as a point in space
The Jaipur Column, Delhi
A free-standing column, as
a point in space,
commands centrality and
as a graphical element
adds vitality to the
composition.
COLUMNKETHEESWARAN M.ARCH

2. COLUMN FOR SPACE DEFINITION
Stonehenge, Great Britain
DEFINITION BYVOLUME
Three or more columns
not placed along the same
line, act as vertices of an
invisible polygon.
SUB-DIVISION OF SPACE
Amdavad ni Gufa,Ahmedabad
COLUMN
In composite arrangement,
columns sub-divide the
main volumes and also
help in defining them.
KETHEESWARAN M.ARCH

3. COLUMN AS MOVEMENT GUIDE
Free-standing column
A series of columns when
placed along a line, creates
an imaginary plane binding
them, setting up strong
perspectives and
establishing direction,
inviting movement along
them.
COLUMN
Enveloping space,
Creating enclosure
Sense of direction
Creating movement
KETHEESWARAN M.ARCH

4. COLUMNS AS MODULATOR OF FACADE
Palazzetto dello Sport, Rome
Columns when exposed
as an elevational element,
compose and modulate
the façade due to their
rhythm, verticality as well
as sculptural quality.
COLUMN
Lion Guard, Mahabalipuram
KETHEESWARAN M.ARCH

JOHNSON WAX HEADQUARTERS,WISCONSIN by Frank LloydWright
Columns creating significantly individual sub-units harmonize the overall
Volume by strong presence in their form and position
•Column as an image-maker
Designed as a flower, columns create a jungle of concrete trees
COLUMNKETHEESWARAN M.ARCH

•Expression of verticality
COLUMN
•Column as a focus of space •Column defining spaces and sub-spaces
•Intercolumniation creating rythm
KETHEESWARAN M.ARCH

Placement of column forming sub-spaces
Colunms help to define the space within
Diverse patterns created by various rhythms
Various forms of column according to
Transformation of load
COLUMN
Column with aura, creating verticality
KETHEESWARAN M.ARCH

WALL
KETHEESWARAN M.ARCH

WALL
The wall is a vertical plane, which defines an enclosure.
One of its primary purposes through time, even before the column,
is that of taking structural load of the roof
KETHEESWARAN M.ARCH

STRAIGHT CURVED LINEAR
WALLKETHEESWARAN M.ARCH

Cave dwelling
Bushmen Skerm
Tower dwelling
Right- angled
dwellings
Cluster dwelling, Sudan
•Living spaces scooped from
living rocks
•Free-standing strcutures
•Circular planning
•Technological development
resolved corners
•Technology further lead to
rectilinear load-bearing
masonry walls.

1. VERTICALITY
2. PLANARITY
Wall is essentially an extrusion of the line along z-axis, enclosing volumes
Wall demarcating spaces with its planarity

1. WALL FOR DEMARCATINGTERRITORY
2. ENCLOSINGVOLUME
3. SUBDIVISION OF SPACE
4. DISPLAY AND STORAGE ELEMENT
5. PROTECTIVE BARRIER
6. MOVEMENT GUIDE
WALL
7. FORM GIVER AND FAÇADE MODULATOR
8. COMMUNICATOR AND ENCODER OF MESSAGES
KETHEESWARAN M.ARCH

1. WALL FOR DEMARCATINGTERRITORY
Citadel, Zincirli
Wall as an element defining extent
The wall, as a vertical
plane, defines and
delineates extent of the
horizontal surface.With
opacity, it becomes a
termination of realms

Colosseum, Rome
2. ENCLOSINGVOLUME
Textile Mill Owners’Association,Ahmedabad
The inherent verticality of
the wall makes it
command volume and the
attribute of planarity helps
contain this in.
•Wall creates a sensual quality to the space within
•Wall creating a sense of inside/ outside

3. SUBDIVISION OF SPACE
Textile Mill Owners’Association,Ahmedabad
Based on different kinds of
activity patterns, uses and
requirements, large spaces
need to be subdivided into
smaller pockets,
performing specific roles.
Katsura palace, Kyoto

4. DISPLAY AND STORAGE ELEMENT
Wall as niche
Though walls convey the
idea of planes, their
construction technique
and material used requires
them to possess some
thickness.This depth
affords the provision of
small niches, alcoves and
shelves within the wall. Interior wall of Kutch house
WALL
Wall as display element
KETHEESWARAN M.ARCH

5. PROTECTIVE BARRIER
Fort wall of Jaisalmer, Rajasthan
As planes possessing
height, walls entrap space
when they close in on
themselves.This,
combined with the
property of being a
physical barrier bestows
upon it the responsibility
of protection.
•Walls serving the purpose of defense
Anthill Mosque, Central Africa

6. MOVEMENT GUIDE
Hindusthan Lever Pavillion, New Delhi
Being a physical barrier,
walll does not allow
penetration through it.
Combined with its
planarity through
stretched planes, it guides
movement along its length.
•Wall modulated to form movement guide
Indian Institute of Management,Ahmedabad
•Massing of the wall defines the movement zone

Uniersity of Jodhpur, Rajasthan
The wall plane- as the
external envelope of
interior space,
perpendicular to the line
of sight becomes the
single most conspicuous
element forming the
façade of any structure.
National Diary Development Board, New Delhi
WALL
7. FORM GIVER AND FAÇADE MODULATOR
KETHEESWARAN M.ARCH

Bhunga house, KutchAs a vertical plane, most
evident in the cone of
vision, walls as barriers
became the most potent
communication elements
capable of encoding
communication.
Temple Plinth
WALL
8. COMMUNICATOR AND ENCODER OF MESSAGES
KETHEESWARAN M.ARCH

•Enclosing volume •Unifying and Sub-dividing spaces
WALL
BARCELONA PAVILION by MiesVan Der Rohe
•Wall element demarcating spaces •Pattern of movement path
KETHEESWARAN M.ARCH

BARCELONA PAVILION by MiesVan Der Rohe
•Barrier protecting interior from exterior environment
Plan- walls creating a spatial hierarchy
•Element communicating the overall spatial quality

Inclined walls also contain volume
Shapes create sense of attraction and repulsion
Texture defining interior and exterior spacesModifying wall for utilitarian needs
Variation in heights explores sense of separation
WALL
Wall defining movement
KETHEESWARAN M.ARCH

DOOR
KETHEESWARAN M.ARCH

DOOR
A door is essentially a puncture through a plane allowing
for a passage through it. Door acts as entry and exit.
Thus, door connotes as aspect of passage beween two realms
KETHEESWARAN M.ARCH

GATEWAY DOOR WITH SHUTTER DRAWBRIDGE
DOORKETHEESWARAN M.ARCH

Thorny plants, stones
Removable barriers
Automated glazed doors
Defense & grandeur
Solid door tied to frame
Evolution of domestic doors
essentially for security and
defense with changing forms
and functions of shutters and
openings. Further they were
elaborated to mark entry
point and visual composition.

1. PENETRABILITY
2. DIFFERENTIATION
DOOR
Vernacular dwelling,Africa Door with small inset
Door as puncture in the barrier
Differentiating indoor and outdoor
KETHEESWARAN M.ARCH

1. DOOR AS POINT OF ACCESS
2. DOOR ASTHRESHOLD
3. GUIDETO MOVEMENT
4. IMAGE-MAKER
5. MODULATOR OF FAÇADE

1. DOOR AS POINT OF ACCESS
Dwelling unit
Gateway to house
As a definite point
highlighting the
penetrability within the
wall, the door manifests a
puncture within a plane,
allowing physical
permeation perpendicular
to the wall plane.
Gateway to city
Gateway to country Gateway to sacred place
Toran,VadnagarGateway of India, Mumbai
Teen Darwaza,Ahmedabad

Brihadeeshwarar temple,Tanjore
2. DOOR ASTHRESHOLD
Being access points to one
realm from the other,
doors establish the sense
of transition of moving
from one to another
realm- from public to
private, in to out, sacred to
profane etc differentiated
by the wall plane
•Symbolic motifs
•Elements of door with variation in jamb or mass
DOOR
•Door on elevated plane
KETHEESWARAN M.ARCH

3. GUIDETO MOVEMENT
As the only nodes in
volume allowing
penetration, doors in a
room determine the
direction and scheme of
circulation within it.

4. IMAGE-MAKER
Amdavad ni Gufa,AhmedabadThe main door, especially,
denoting the entry into a
built form from the
outside has, through time,
been accorded the highest
priority both by the
vernacular and the master-
builders.
Gopurams, Srirangam
Door embellishments

5. MODULATOR OF FAÇADE
Just as any void scooped
out of solid mass
automatically relates to
the mass, the door too
becomes an integral
element of the façade
aesthetics.
Barn,Wiltshire

•Modulator of façade
•Door as a penetrable plane
ASSEMBLY BUILDING, CHANDIGARH by Le Corbusier
•Door as image-maker •Door commanding space around

•Door depicting icons and symbols
•Door as a threshold
DOOR
KETHEESWARAN M.ARCH

Door emphasized by additional elements
Position creating movement zone
Node of differentiation between 2 realmsVisual access and circulation
Node for entry and exit
Play of transparency and opacity

WINDOW
KETHEESWARAN M.ARCH

WINDOW
The window is defined as an opening in the wall made to facilitate
ventilation, light and view. Windows to buildings, are as eyes to the face.
They act as visual links between the inside and the outside world.
KETHEESWARAN M.ARCH

PERFORATION (JALI)
BAYWINDOW
CASEMENT
DORMER
WINDOWKETHEESWARAN M.ARCH

Aperture on rocks
Shaft for air and light
Automated glazed doors
Decoration element
Narrow openings

1. APERTURE FOR LIGHT
2. PASSAGE FOR AIR
School of Architecture,Ahmedabad
Window illuminating & enlightening the space within
Air movement conditioning the space within

1. WINDOW AS COMMUNICATION LINK
2. SCALING ELEMENT
3. FAÇADE MODULATOR
4. IMAGE-MAKER

1. WINDOW AS COMMUNICATION LINK
In to out
Windows, as openings in
the wall, owing to their
transparency, form the
visual interface with the
exteriors communicating
with the outdoors.
Jali- one way communicationIndise- outside interaction

Coleshill house, Berkshire
2. SCALING ELEMENT
As a puncture in the
contiguous surface,
windows become visual
reference.They break the
surface continuity ans sub-
scale the mass.
•Windows scaling the space inside a built form
•Windows sub-scaling the space outside

3. FAÇADE MODULATOR
From the exterior, the
primary elements
constituting a buildings
façade are the roof and
the wall.Windows, as
elements, which adorn the
wall, play a significant role
in its modulation.
Centre for development studies,
Thiruvananthapuram

4. IMAGE-MAKER
Chaitya window,Ajantha cavesWindows frame views and
also gets framed within
the façade surface. Often
buildings get recognized
and identified through the
image portrayed by these
characteristic windows.
Newar window, Nepal
IIM,Ahmedabad

•Modulator of façade •Window as scaling element
INDIAN INSTITUTE OF MANAGEMENT,AHMEDABAD by Louis I. Khan
•Aperture for air, light and view •Window as an eye to the world

Alternative placement of window for easy air flow
Diffusing the light
Modulating facadeFraming of views
Scaling element

STAIR
KETHEESWARAN M.ARCH

STAIR
The stairway is a construction designed to bridge a large vertical distance
by dividing it into smaller vertical distances, called steps. Stairs may be straight, round,
or may consist of two or more straight pieces connected at angles.
KETHEESWARAN M.ARCH

Straight flight Dog- legged Stairwell Spiral Helical
Ladder Ramp Escalator Elevator
STAIRKETHEESWARAN M.ARCH

Climbing on ropes
ladders
Technology
ornamentation
Building as stair

1. MOVEMENT INVOLUME
Movement in space and orientation

1. STEP AS PEDESTAL
2. STEP AS SEAT
3. STEP ASTHRESHOLD
4. MOVEMENT GUIDE
5. PHYSICAL LINK
6. SPACE MODULATOR
7. DISPLAY AND STORAGE
8. VENTILATION SHAFT
9. STAIR AS DEVICES/ INSTRUMENT

1. STEP AS PEDESTAL
Asiatic Library, Mumbai
Step as an element to
negotiate tehh plinth
becomes the most
obvious feature of the
building.A series of steps
negotiates the plinth, a
pedestal upon which the
building rests, to reach up
to the building from the
base.
Rudabai stepwell,Adalaj

Theatre Aspendos,Turkey
2. STEP AS SEAT
Steps as seat
Stairs consist of
comfortable negotiable
small platforms for ascent.
These platforms if
modulated accordingly
also can double up as
seating since they recreate
the ambience of a theatre
at a smaller scale.

3. STEP ASTHRESHOLD
IIM,AhmedabadAs buildings are raised on
the plinth, steps form the
natural link to negotiate
these level differences.
Thus, steps become a
threshold in linking and
dissociating two realms.
Steps & Plinth, Jaisalmer

4. MOVEMENT GUIDE
Halisa Kuva, Gandhinagar
The stair assumes nodality
as the confluence of
horizontal and vertical
movements.This junctional
pause point attracts
movement towards it and
the space within which it
is located.
Guggenheim Museum, NewYork

5. PHYSICAL LINK
Sangath,AhmedabadThe stair physically
connects two different
horizontal planes and in
the process, it also
disciplines and directs
movement.
London Zoo

5. SPACE MODULATOR
School of architecture,Ahmedabad
The diagonal stretch
across the volume and its
influence upon the
horizontal as well as
vertical perspectives can
be exploited for enhancing
or delineating subspaces.
Mahabat Maqbara, Junagadh

Vertical surfaces adjacent
to the floors are generally
useful for storage.The
vertical surface stretching
from floor to ceiling culd
be used as storage or
display based on its
position in the overall
configuration of space
below it.
7. DISPLAY AND STORAGE

IIS, Infosys, Noida
IIM,Ahmedabad
The stair cuts across the
multiple levels of the
volume.As a result it
becomes a link
volumetrically connecting
the spaces.This aspect
inherent to any stair
combined with its
resolution as stackedcore
creates a vertical shaft
8. VENTILATION SHAFT

RamaYantra, Jantar Mantar, JaipurThe aspects of verticality,
simultaneous displacement
in vertical as well as
horizontal axis and the
stair being composed of
modular components has
made the stair as an
indispensable element to
take readings.
9. STAIR AS DEVICES/ INSTRUMENT
MishreYantra, Jantar Mantar, Jaipur

1. The ramp
3. Lift shaft
TEXTILE MILL OWNERS’ ASSOCIATION,AHMEDABAD by Le Corbusier
FIVE MODES OF TRANSITION 2. Dog- legged stair
4. Stair from second
floor to mezzanine
5. Stair from mezzanine
to terrace

Storage
External stair as extension of public realm
Stair as seats & landing extended for multi-useWidth varying according to use
Proportion
Stair being the node in a building

ROOF
KETHEESWARAN M.ARCH

ROOF
Basically, the term roof signifies a shelter, denoting space and implying volume.
The position of this element is such that it manifests as the first
effort to form a finite datum as enclosure.
KETHEESWARAN M.ARCH

FLAT CURVED FOLDED PLATE MEMBRANEINCLINED SPACE FRAME
ROOFKETHEESWARAN M.ARCH

Rock-cut dwellings
Temporary materials
Technology
ornamentation
Permanent materials

1. OVERHEAD PLANE
2. SHELTER
Open air theatre roof, Bad Herseld
Providing a tree like shelter for the space below

1. ROOF AS SPATIAL ENCLOSURE
2. MODULATOR OFVOLUME
3. ENCODER OF SYMBOLS
4. IMAGE MAKER

1. ROOF AS SPATIAL ENCLOSURE
Matri Mandir,Auroville
The roof, canopy ceiling
provides an enclosing
surface, which defines and
limits interior space
especially and demarcates
between the notions of ‘in’
and ‘out’.
Venkateshwara University Auditorium,Tirupati

Beehive, northern Syria
2. MODULATOR OFVOLUME
Mahadev Temple, KhajurahoThe plastic quality of the
roof form determines the
three-dimensional habitable
volume contained below.
Modulation of this roof
profile and height affords
posibility of getting diverse
volumes both in sizes and
shapes.

3. ENCODER OF SYMBOLS
Bahai Temple, Delhi
Being detached from the
ground(living zone) and
notionally unreachable,
inaccessibly nearer to the sky,
the roof form within and
without takes on
connotations and treatments
as befitting a celestial and
fantastic realm, of an
intangible metaphysical nature Shikara of Angkorvat temple

4. IMAGE MAKER
Pagoda, China
The roof being the
topmost part of the
edifice, forms the crown,
the most conspicuous
elements in the skyline of
a city and easily
recognizable from afar.
Inuit Igloo, Russia

1. Spatial enclosure
3. Modulator of volume
2. Image maker
4. Roof as symbol
5. Element of light & ventilation
6. Encoder of symbols

Volume and Scale
Roof providing shelter- its primary notion
Storage space or Mezzanine/Alcove
Image Maker
Roof as outer skin, structure
Public, semi-private and private spaces

Elements of space making

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