This document provides details of the structural analysis and design of a commercial and residential building using STAAD.Pro, AutoCAD, and STAAD.Foundation software. The building is located in Trivandrum, Kerala and consists of a basement, ground plus three floors. The document describes the site details, building plans, load calculations, modeling in STAAD.Pro, design of structural elements like beams, columns, foundation, and reinforcement details. Pile foundation is adopted based on the bore log details. The analysis helps gain knowledge of designing various components using structural analysis and design software.

1. Structural Analysis and Design of
Commercial cum Residential
Building
1

2. OBJECTIVE
• To analyse and design a multi-storey R C
building.
• Analysis and design is done with the aid of
Staad.Pro software.
• To gain design knowledge on various structural
elements like beam, column, slab, foundation etc.
2

3. SCOPE
• Design using software can be useful if any
additional modification has to be done in the
structure during its future life.
• To study how analysis and design is to be carried
out in Staad.Pro
3

4. SOFTWARE’S USED
–AUTOCAD 2016
–STAAD.Pro
–STAAD.Foundation
4

5. STAAD.Pro - Software used for the analysis and
design of the building
AUTOCAD 2016- Used for drafting and detailing
of the designed structural elements.
STAAD.foundation - It enables engineers to
analyze and design the underlying foundation for
the structure that are created in STAAD.Pro.
5

6. STAAD.Pro
• It allows structural engineers to analyze and design
virtually any type of structure through its flexible
modeling environment, advanced features and fluent
data collaboration.
• The main advantages are advanced automatic load
generation facilities for wind, area and moving loads.
• Isometric and perspective views with 3D shapes,
joint, member or elements can be obtained.
6

7. AUTOCAD 2016
• Computer Aided Design which are computer
based tools used to assist designers,
engineers, architects in their design activities.
• CAD is used as preparing architectural
drawings and interior design and modelling.
7

8. SITE DETAILS
• Site is located at NCC road, Ambalakunnu, in
Trivandrum District.
• Plot Area : 1214.4m²
• Plinth area
• Basement Floor: 200.06 m²
• First Floor
• Residential Area: 152.64m²
• Commercial Area: 73.3m²
• Parking Area : 95.4 m2
• First and second Floor area : 239.75m²
8

9. • The basement floor is designed for parking
and as well as for the residence of the
caretaker of the building .
• Ground floor are exclusively for commercial
and for residential purpose.
• 1st
, 2nd
and 3rd
floors are for residential use
only.
BUILDING DETAILS
9

10. • Total height : 14.2m
• Each Floor Height : 3m
• Roof Height : 2.2m
• No. of Columns: 19
• No. of Beams : 98 (per floor)
• Seismic Zone : Zone 3
10

11. SITE PLAN
11

12. BASEMENT FLOOR PLAN
12

13. GROUND FLOOR PLAN
13

14. FIRST AND SECOND FLOOR
14

15. TOWER ROOM 15

16. TERRACE PLAN 16

17. ELEVATION 17

18. SECTION - A A 18

19. 19

20. 20

21. BORE LOG DETAILS
• Four holes were taken at the site by auger boring.
• SPT was conducted at regular intervals of depth and soil
samples were collected for identification and tests.
• BH1 and BH2 were at the rear side of the plot.
• Loose gravelly fill soil was found upto 2.3m depth was
found below upto about 5.5m depth.
• SPT values in it at 3m and 4.5m depth were 8 and 7 in
BH1, and less than 1 and 4 in BH2.
21

22. • Very hard weathered soil was found below.
•In BH3 at the middle region, fill soil and loose sandy layer
below gave SPT values 3, 15 and 5 at 1.5m, 3m and 4.5m
depths respectively.
•Very hard soil below gave SPT value more than 80 at 5.8m
depth.
•In BH4 at the front region also loose soil was upto 5.5m
depth and hard weathered soil was found below.
•Water table was at less than 2m depth.
•Pile foundation is recommended for the building.
22

23. Description of soil Depth
(m)
Thickness of
soil layer
Standard Penetration
Test
Depth N
BH 1
Gravel Fill
Fine sand and silt, yellow
Fine sand, Gray
Fine sand size, hard white
2
4
6
2.3
1.5
3.0
4.5
6.0
04
08
07
>80
BH 2
Gravelly soil, loose
Sandy loam, Gray
Hard soil, Gray and Yellow
2
4
6
1.5
3.0
4.5
6.0
02
<01
04
>100
BH 3
Gravelly soil
Fine sand
Fine sand and clay, Gray
Hard soil, Fine sand size, Gray
2
4
6
1.5
3.0
4.5
6.0
03
15
05
>80
BH 4
Gravelly filled, loose
Fine sand
Sandy loam, Gray
Fine sand size, White hard
2
4
6
1.5
3.0
4.5
6.0
01
05
10
>80
23

24. Designing Features
• Slabs
• Beams
• Columns
• Retaining Wall
• Stair Case
• Foundation
24

25. Type of Support : Fixed Support
• Size of beam :
B1- 0.4 x 0.45
B2 - 0.5 x 0.3
• Size of column :
C1 -0.4 x 0.6
C2 - 0.45 x 0.6
• The material used : Concrete
• M25 concrete is used
Fe415 steel is used 25

26. Codes Used
• IS 456 : 2000 (Plain and reinforced concrete)
• IS 875 : 1987 (Design loads)
 Part 1 - dead loads -Unit Weights of Building Materials
and Stored Materials
 Part 2 – Imposed Loads
 Part 3 – Wind Loads
 Part 5 - Load Combination
• IS 1893(part 1) : 2002( Earthquake resistant design of
structures)
• IS 13920 : 1993 ( RC Structures subjected to seismic force)
• Design aids for IS 456 (SP16)
26

27. Load Calculation
27

28. DEAD LOAD
• Dead load of wall = Unit weight x Wall thickness x height
= 18 x 0.2 x3
= 10.8 kN/m
• Dead load of Slab = Unit weight x Slab thickness
= 25 x .15
= 3.75kN/m²
• Floor Finish = 1kN/m²
• Total Dead Load of Slab = Dead load of Slab + Floor Finish
= 3.75 + 1
= 4.75kN/m²
28

29. • Dead load of Parapet = Unit weight x Parapet thickness
= 19 x 0.1 x 1
= 1.9 kN/m
• Dead load of Staircase = 15 kN/m
29

30. Sl. No OCCUPANCY CLASSIFICATION UNIFORMLY
DISTRIBUTED LOAD
kN/m2
1 Living rooms, bed rooms 2.0
2 Dining rooms, Cafeterias and Restaurants 4.0
3 Kitchen and laundries 3.0
4 Corridors, Passages, but not less than 3.0
5 Staircase 3.0
6 Toilets and Bathrooms 2.0
7 Balconies
Same as rooms to which they
give access but with a
minimum of 4.0
LIVE LOAD
Live Load for Residential Building
30

31. Live Load for Commercial Building
Sl. No OCCUPANCY CLASSIFICATION
UNIFORMLY
DISTRIBUTED LOAD
kN/m2
1 Retail shops 2.0
31

32. SEISMIC DEFINITION & CALCULATION
• The impact of earthquake on structures depends on the
stiffness of the structure, stiffness of the soil media, height
and location of the structure, etc.
According to IS 1893 -2002, Seismic Parameters
• According to Annex E, IS 1893(Part 1): 2002, Trivandrum
belongs Zone III.
• Zone Factor, Z = 0.16 ( Annex E,1893(Part 1))
• Time period in x, T =
= 0.459sec
• Time period in z, T = = 0.459sec 32

33. Seismic Parameters
33

34. WIND ANALYSIS
• Wind loads depend on the velocity of the wind at the
location of the structure,
permeability of the structure,
height of the structure etc.
• Wind analysis is done based on recommendations given in
IS 875(Part 3), 1987
The design wind speed can be calculated as:
Vz = Vb k k k (clause 5.3.1)₁ ₂ ₃
34

35. where,
Vb - Basic Wind speed in m/s
Vz – Design wind speed at any height z in m/s
k - probability factor( from table 1,clause 5.3)₁
k -Terrain, height and structure size factor(from₂
table 2, clause
5.3.2)
k – Topography factor(clause 5.3.3)₃
35

36. from Appendix A, IS 875(Part 3), 1987
Basic Wind speed, Vb - 39m/s , for trivandrum
k - 1.06 ( for important building)₁
k - 1.042₂
k - 1₃
Since the length and width of the structure is less than 20m,
according to IS 875(3: 1987) the structure falls under class A,
category 2.
Vz = 39 x 1.06 x 1.042 x 1
= 43.07 m/s
The design wind pressure at any height above mean ground
level shall be obtained by,
Pz = 0.6 Vz2
( clause.5.4)
= 0.6 x 43.072
= 1.11 kN/m2
36

37. LOAD COMBINATION
1. 1.5(DL+LL)
2. 1.2(DL+LL+WLX)
3. 1.2(DL+LL+WL-X)
4. 1.2(DL+LL+WLY)
5. 1.2(DL+LL+WL-Y)
6. 1.5(DL+WLX)
7. 1.5(DL+WL-X)
8. 1.5(DL+WLY)
9. 1.5(DL+WL-Y)
10. 0.9DL+1.5WLX
11. 0.9DL+1.5WL-X
37
• The load combination between dead load, live load,
seismic load and wind load are auto generated in
Staad.Pro.
• As per IS 875(Part 5), 1987, the load combination are

38. 16. 1.2(DL+LL+EQY)
17. 1.2(DL+LL+EQ-Y)
18. 1.5(DL+EQX)
19. 1.5(DL+EQ-X)
20. 1.5(DL+EQY)
21. 1.5(DL+EQ-Y)
22. 0.9DL+1.5EQX
23. 0.9DL+1.5EQ-X
24. 0.9DL+1.5EQY
25. 0.9DL+1.5EQ-Y
26. DL+0.5LL
27. 1.5DL+0.75LL
38
12. 0.9DL+1.5WLY
13. 0.9DL+1.5WL-Y
14. 1.2(DL+LL+EQX)
15. 1.2(DL+LL+EQ-X)

39. Where,
DL – dead load
LL – live load
EQX – earthquake load in X-direction
EQ-X – earthquake load in (-X)-direction
EQZ – earthquake load in Z-direction
EQ-Z – earthquake load in (–Z)-direction
WLX – wind load in X direction
WLZ – wind load in Z direction
39

40. SOIL PRESSURE
• The pressure exerted by the retaining material is
proportional to its density and to the distance below the
earth surface.
• Rankine's equation for active earth pressure is given as
p = Kₐ
where,
- density of retained material
= 18kN/m³
h - depth of the earth
K - coefficient of active pressureₐ
K =ₐ 40

41. - Angle of repose
= 30˚
K = = 0.33ₐ
h = total height of the floor - thickness of base slab
thickness of base slab = = 3/12
= 0.25
h = 3 - 0.25 = 2.75m
p = Kₐ
= 0.33 x 18 x 2.75
= 16.335kN
41

42. MODEL GEOMETRY
42

43. 43
• The nodes were assigned and the corresponding beams
were added.
• The columns were produced by translational repeat.
• The section properties and support details were added.
• Load case details were assigned and analysis were
done.

44. 3D VIEW
44

45. Bending Moment Diagram
45

46. Shear Force Diagram & Deflected Shape
46

47. DESIGN DETAILS
47

48. FOUNDATION
• Pile foundation is provided.
• Design of pile cap was done using STAAD.foundation.
• Pile of diameter 50cm is used in the building.
• M 35 concrete and Fe 415 steel are adopted for design.
The support reactions from analysis results are used for the
design.
48

49. • The support reactions from STAAD.Pro software was
imported to STAAD.foundation and the pile cap was
designed by entering the pile diameter and load bearing
capacity of pile.
• Piles having 2 and 3 pile caps are provided on supports,
based on support reaction.
• Foundation design is done on STAAD.foundation.
49

50. 50Pile cap detailing (2 piles)
In X direction- 25mm dia bars @ 290mm c/c
In Z direction- 12mm dia bars @ 130mm c/c

51. 51
Pile cap detailing (3 piles)
In X direction- 25mm dia bars @ 135mm c/c
In Z direction- 25mm dia bars @ 130mm c/c

52. 52
General Arrangement of Pile Caps

53. CONCRETE DESIGN
• IS 456 is used for concrete design
Fc = 25000kN/m²
clear cover = 0.04m for column
= 0.03m for beams
Fymain = 415000kN/m²
Max main reinforcement = 25mm
Max sec reinforcement = 16mm
Min main reinforcement = 12mm
Min sec reinforcement = 10mm 53

54. BEAM DESIGN
54
Reinforcement Detail of Critical Section

55. Bending Moment Diagram of Critical Section
Shear Force Diagram of Critical Section
55

56. 56
Beam Detailing

57. COLUMN DESIGN
Design Details of Column C1
57

58. Bending Moment Diagram of Column
Axial force of Column 58

59. 59

60. SLAB DESIGN
• Slabs are plate elements having their depth much
smaller than other two dimensions.
• They usually carry a uniformly distributed load from
the floors and roof of the building.
• Slab of thickness 150 mm is used in the building
and were designed as two-way slab.
• Grade of concrete M 25 is assumed for slab design.
60

61. Longitudinal Reinforcement
Area obtained from STAAD.Pro, A= 279mm2
Provide 10mm dia bars
a= Пd2
/4
= 78.53mm2
Spacing of bars: 1000 280 mm
Provide 10mm dia bars at 280 mm c/c distance
Transverse Reinforcement
Area obtained from STAAD.Pro = 460 mm2
Provide 10mm dia bars
a= 78.53mm2
Spacing of bars: 1000 170mm
Hence provide 10mm dia bars at 170 mm c/c distance
61

62. 62
Two Way slab

63. STAIRCASE DESIGN
• The staircase comprises of flight of steps generally with
one or more intermediate landings provided between the
floor levels.
• Dog-Legged Staircase is designed.
• Grade of concrete = M25
• Unit weight of concrete = 25 kN/m2
• Rise = 150mm
• Thread = 300mm
• Width of landing = 2m
• Width of steps = 2m
63

64. Astmin= ( 0.12 x b x D)/100
= 210mm
Spacing = ast/Ast
Ast = 455.39mm²
Asumming 8mm dia bars
= 50.26/455.39
=110.03~ 110mm
Hence provide 8mm dia bars @ 110 mm c/c
64

65. 65

66. RETAINING WALL
• Retaining walls are structures used to retain earth or
loose material which would not be able to stand
vertically by itself.
Clear = 50mm
Emax = 25mm
Emin = 12mm
Fc = 25N/mm²
Fy = 415N/mm²
Hmax = 25mm
Hmin = 12mm
Vmax = 25mm
Vmin = 12mm 66

67. • Retaining wall was defined as surface with a thickness of
250 mm in STAAD.Pro. The results obtained from are:
Horizontal reinforcement – Provide 12 mm dia bars @
450 mm c/c
Vertical reinforcement – Provide 12 mm dia bars @ 450
mm c/c
Minimum spacing = 300mm
Therefore provide
Horizontal reinforcement – Provide 12 mm dia bars @ 300
mm c/c.
Vertical reinforcement – Provide 12 mm dia bars @ 300 mm
c/c. 67

68. CONCLUSION
• The project helped to gain knowledge about the
software package STAAD.Pro and AUTOCAD 2016.
• All the requirements of KBR was followed during the
execution of work.
• Detailing of each designed structural member was
done using AUTOCAD 2016.
• All the aspects of design was met while analysing and
designing of the structure was done using STAAD.Pro.
68

69. REFERENCE
• [1] “Design aids for reinforced concrete” SP 16-1980,
Bureau of Indian Standard, New Delhi.
• [2] “Structural Safety of Building – Loading Standard
Code of Practice”, IS 875-1964
• [3] IS 456:2000(Plain and Reinforced Concrete Code)
• [4] IS 875-Part-1(1987)-“Code of practice for design
loads(Dead load)”
• [5] IS 875-Part-2(1987)-“Code of practice for dead
load(Live load)” 69

70. • [6] IS 875-Part-3-“Wind loads on buildings and
Structures”
• [7] IS 875-Part-5- “Code of Practice for design
loads(Special loads and Combination)”
• [8] IS 1893-1(2002)-“Criteria foe earthquakeresistant
design of structures”
• [9] B.C Punmia, Ashok K. Jain; “Reinforced Concrete
Structures Volume I & II’, Standard publishers
Distributors, Delhi – 6”
• [10] Dr. N. Krishna Raju; “Design of RC Structures”,
CBS Publishers and Distributors, New Delhi, 2006
• [11] S. Ramamrutham and R. Narayan; “Design of
Reinforced Concrete Structures.” (conforming to IS
456). 70

71. Thank You
71