Theory of architecture

THEORY OF ARCHITECTURE B.Arch, First Year
THEORY OF ARCHITECTURE | PRESENTATION BY: AR. GEEVA CHANDANA 1

OVERVIEW OF THE COURSE
Unit01:INTRODUCTION
DEFINITION
ORIGIN
ARCHITECTURE
SATISFYING HUMAN
NEEDS
FUNCTIONAL,
AESTHETIC AND
PSYCHOLOGICAL
ASPECTS OF
ARCHITECTURAL
FORM-SITE,
STRUCTURE,
MATERIALS, SERVICES,
USE, CIRCULATION,
EXPRESSION,
CHARACTER,
EXPERIENCE
FORMAL
VOCABULARY OF
ARCHITECTURE
GESTALT IDEAS OF
VISUAL PERCEPTION
Unit02:ELEMENTSOFARCHITECTURE
POINT
LINE
PLANE
FORM
SPACE
SHAPE
PATTERN
LIGHT
COLOR
SURFACE
TEXTURE
Unit03:ELEMENTSOFARCHITECTURE–
FORM
SPHERE
CUBE
PYRAMID
CYLINDER
CONE AND ITS
SECTIONS
Unit04:ELEMENTSOFARCHITECTURE–
SPACE
ENCLOSURE –
INTERNAL AND
EXTERNAL
CONTINUOUS SPACES
– SPATIAL
RELATIONSHIP AND ITS
TYPES
SPATIAL
ORGANIZATION:
CENTRALIZED, LINEAR,
RADIAL CLUSTERED,
GRID – BUILT FORM
AND OPEN SPACE
RELATIONSHIPS
Unit05:PRINCIPLESOFARCHITECTURE
PROPORTION
SCALE
BALANCE
SYMMETRY/ASYMMETRY
RHYTHM
AXIS
HIERARCHY
DATUM
UNITY
HARMONY
DOMINANCE
CLIMAX
MOVEMENT
CIRCULATION
BUILDING APPROACH
ENTRANCE – PATH
CONFIGURATION FORM
ORIENTATION

THE TERM : ARCHITECTURE
§Originated from the Greek word “Architekton”
§[ Archi – great / chief, Tekton – builder / creator ]
§Architecture is the art and science of building
§It is the conscious creation of utilitarian spaces with the
deliberate use of material
§Architecture should be technically efficient and
aesthetically pleasing.

ARCHITECTURE : as a discipline
ARCHITECTURE – an ability to
organize, manipulate and articulate
the constant and variable component
parts of size, shape, and treatment.
ARCHITECTURE - a language of
sequential path, place, and transition
spaces in relationship to site,
location, and orientation.
ARCHITECTURE

ARCHITECTURE : satisfying human needs
Food, Shelter,
Clothing
Education, Science,
Government Religion, Art
Recreation

ARCHITECTURE : functional
The architect
should have a
comprehensive
understanding of
the client activities
before beginning
to design.
[ [
FUNCTIONALAESTHETICSPSYCHOLOGICAL

POMPIDOU CENTRE, RICHARD ROGERS AND RENZO PIANO

THE INTERLACE, OMA, OLE SCHEEREN

SCHOOL OF ART, DESIGN AND MEDIA AT NANYANG TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY, CPG CONSULTANTS

BOSCO VERTICALE, STEFANO BOERI, GIOVANNI LA VARRA & GIANANDREA BARRECA

ARCHITECTURE : aesthetics
Elements of aesthetics:
Mass & space
proportion
symmetry
balance
contrast
decoration
massing
[ [

HEYDAR ALIYEV CENTER, ZAHA HADID

GUGGENHEIM MUSEUM BILBAO, FRANK GEHRY

THE BUND FINANCE CENTER, NORMAN FOSTER & HEATHERWICK

GARDENS BY THE BAY, GRANT ASSOCIATES AND ARCHITECTS, WILKINSON EYRE ARCHITECTS

ARCHITECTURE : psychological
• Play with human mind
• mood and productivity
• affect health and wellbeing
• expression of cultural pride,
• societal passion, or national esteem
• Space, form, and light
[ [

• Physical structure has a significant effect on human behavior.
As humans find themselves spending more time enclosed within the walls of structure, it becomes valuable
to design structures integrating features of the natural environment and structural landscape features into
the human-made environment (Joye, 2007).
• Research suggests the design of residential and commercial space has pervasive effects on its
inhabitants and is an important consideration in architectural design.
• Space, form, and light are elements that are often incorporated either purposefully or
unconsciously for aesthetic or practical reasons but more pointedly give people meaning, purpose
and stability amidst an ever changing physical universe of seeming chaos.
[ [

THE JEWEL, CHANGI AIRPORT, MOSHE SAFDIE

GOOGLE HEADQUARTERS

ARCHITECTURE : components & aspects of form
SITESTRUCTURE
Site
Structure
Materials
Services
Use
Circulation
Expression
Character
Experience
[
[
MATERIALSSERVICESUSECIRCULATIONEXPRESSIONCHARACTER

SITESTRUCTUREMATERIALSSERVICESUSECIRCULATIONEXPRESSIONCHARACTER
SITE
Location (geography)a point or an area on the Earth's
surface or elsewhere.
Building site, a place where construction takes place.

STRUCTURE
It is an arrangement and organization of interrelated
elements in a material object or system, or the object or
system so organized.
STMARYSAXE,NORMANFOSTER

THE OCULUS, SANTIAGO CALATRAVA OGDEN CENTER FOR FUNDAMENTAL PHYSICS AT DURHAM UNIVERSITY, DANIEL LIBESKIND

MATERIALS
It is used for construction process. Many
naturally occurring substances, such as clay,
rocks, sand, and wood, even twigs and leaves,
have been used to construct buildings. Apart
from naturally occurring materials, many man-
made products are in use, some more and
some less synthetic.
JEAN-MARIETJIBAOU,RENZOPIANO

CHURCH OF LIGHT, TADAO ANDO GLASS HOUSE, PHILIP JOHNSON

SERVICES
Building services are the systems installed in
buildings to make them comfortable,
functional, efficient and safe.
Structural
Plumbing
Electrical
Fire safety
Maintenance
POMPIDOUCENTRE,RICHARDROGERSANDRENZOPIANO
[
[

LLOYDS BUILDING, RICHARD ROGERS MILLENNIUM DOME, RICHARD ROGERS

CIRCULATION
It refers to the way people move through and
interact with a building.
• APPROACH: The Distant View
• ENTRANCE: From Outside to inside
• CONFIGURATION OF THE PATH: The
Sequences of Spaces
• PATH-SPACE RELATIONSHIPS: Edges, Nodes,
and Terminations of the Path
• FORM OF THE CIRCULATION SPACE:
Corridors, Halls, Galleries, Stairways and
Rooms
GUGGENHEIMMUSEUMINTERIOR,FRANKLLOYDWRIGHT

EXPRESSION
Expression in architecture implies a clear and
authentic displaying of the character or
personality of an individual (architect).
DANCINGHOUSE,FRANKGEHRY

CHARACTER
The Character and Style of a building is
based on its functional aspects,
associated aspects and personal aspect.
The character of some buildings is
expressed through elements associated
with certain influences.
TAJMAHAL

SITESTRUCTUREMATERIALSSERVICESUSECIRCULATIONCHARACTEREXPERIENCE
EXPERIENCE
Experience in architecture is the art of
articulating a clear user story/journey
through a design as intended by the
architect.
SAGRADAFAMILIA,ANTONIOGAUDI

GESTALT IDEAS OF VISUAL PERCEPTION
§The Gestalt Principles are a set of laws
arising from 1920s’ psychology,
describing how humans typically see
objects by grouping similar elements,
recognizing patterns and simplifying
complex images.
§Designers use these to engage users via
powerful -yet natural- “tricks” of
perspective and best practice design
standards.
§Gestalt theory focuses on the mind’s
perceptive processes

WHATDOYOUSEE

GESTALT THEORY : principles
Closure
Common Fate
Common Region
Continuation
Convexity
Figure-Ground
Proximity
Regularity
Similarity
Symmetry
Synchrony
[
[

Preferring complete shapes, we automatically fill in gaps between
elements to perceive a complete image; so, we see the whole first.
CLOSURE:

We group elements that move in the same direction.COMMON FATE:
We group elements that are in the same closed region.COMMON REGION:

We group closer-together elements, separating them from those farther apart.PROXIMITY :
We group elements that are in the same closed region.SYMMETRY :
We seek differences and similarities in an image and link similar elements.SIMILARITY :

We follow and “flow with” lines.CONTINUATION:
We perceive convex shapes ahead of concave ones.CONVEXITY:
Disliking uncertainty, we look for solid, stable items. Unless an image is
truly ambiguous, its foreground catches the eye first.
FIGURE/GROUND :

FIGURE/GROUND :

FIGURE/GROUND :
CHAMPSELYSEES,PARIS,FRANCE

GESTALT THEORY : architecture
SYMMETRY
We seek balance and order in designs, struggling
to do so if they aren’t readily apparent.

GESTALT THEORY : architecture – Ar. Tadao Ando
FIGURE/GROUND :structure of walls and negative
space create interesting figure/ground relationships
NARIWAMUSEUM,JAPAN
SIMILARITY : the degree of sameness to each other - two nearly identical buildings are placed next
to one another
4×4HOUSE,JAPAN

CONTINUANCE : grouping that results in a continuation of direction - reflection pool allows architectural structure to continue into the water
FORTWORTHMUSEUM,USA

PROXIMITY : the degree of distance between sensations - doors are placed at different distances away from each other, creating a visual rhythm around the pool
THEOVAL,JAPAN

CLOSURE : grouping into recognizable forms or shapes - negative space between walls create a cross that becomes illuminated with natural light
CHURCHOFTHELIGHT,JAPAN

Theory of architecture

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