Theory of architecture unit 02

THEORY OF ARCHITECTURE B.Arch, First Year
THEORY OF ARCHITECTURE | PRESENTATION BY: AR. GEEVA CHANDANA 1

UNIT 02: ELEMENTS OF ARCHITECTURE
Understanding fundamental elements such as point, line, plane, form and space,
shape, pattern, light, color, surface and texture with reference to the evolution of
architectural form and space.

POINT
§Marks a position in space
§Conceptually, it has no length, width or depth
§It is static, centralized and directionless
A point can serve to mark:
§The two ends of a line.
§The intersection of two lines.
§The meeting of lines at the corner of a plane or volume.
§The center of a field.

POINT
A point has no dimension. To visibly mark a position in
space or on the ground plane, a point must be projected
vertically into a linear form, as a column, obelisk, or tower.
Any such columnar element is seen in plan as a point and
therefore retains the visual characteristics of a point.

POINT

POINT
Other point-generated forms that share these
same visual attributes are the:
• Circle
• Cylinder
• Sphere
CIRCLE CYLINDER SPHERE

POINT
THOLOS AT EPIDAURUS : CIRCLE BAPTISTERY AT PISA, ITALY: CYLINDER CENOTAPH FOR SIR ISAAC NEWTON: SPHERE

LINE
§Two points describe a line that connects them.
§Although the points give this line finite length, the
line can also be considered a segment of an
infinitely longer path.
§A point extended becomes a line. Conceptually, a
line has length, but no width or depth. Whereas a
point is by nature static, a line in describing the
path of a point in motion, is capable of visually
expressing direction, movement and growth.

§Two points further suggest an axis
perpendicular to the line they describe and
about which they are symmetrical. Because this
axis may be infinite in length, it can be at times
more dominant than the described line.
§A line is a critical element in the formation of
any visual composition.
It can serve to:
1. Join, link, support, surround or intersect other
visual elements.
2. Describe the edges of and give shape to
planes.
3. Articulate the surface of planes.
LINE

LINEAR ELEMENTS
CARYATID PORCH, ATHENS
SALGINATOBEL BRIDGE
§A line can be an imagined element rather
than a visible one in architecture.

LINEAR ELEMENTS
HOUSE 10, JOHN HEJDUK
SEAGRAM BUILDING, MIES VAN DER
ROHE & PHILIP JOHNSON

LINEAR ELEMENTS
CROWN HALL, IIT, CHICAGO, MIES VAN DER ROHE

PLANE
§A line extended in a direction other than its intrinsic
direction becomes a plane.
§Conceptually, a plane has length and width, but no
depth.
§The properties of a plane – its surface colour,
pattern, texture – affects its visual weight and
stability.
PLANE
PLANE

PLANE
§Planes in architecture define three-dimensional
volumes of mass and space.
§The properties of each plane – size, shape, color,
texture as well their spatial relationship to one
another ultimately determine the visual attributes
of the form they define and the qualities of the
space they enclose.
§In architectural design, we manipulate three
generic types of planes.
1. Overhead Plane
2. Wall Plane
3. Base Plane.
Wall Plane
Overhead Plane
Base Plane

PLANE
1. OVERHEAD PLANE: The overhead plane can be either
the roof plane that spans and shelters the interior
spaces of a building form, the climatic elements, or the
ceiling plane that forms the upper enclosing surface of
a room.
2. WALL PLANE: The Wall Plane, because of its vertical
orientation, is active in our normal field of vision and
vital to the shaping and enclosure of architectural
space.
3. BASE PLANE: The base plane can be either the ground
plane that serves as the physical foundation and visual
base for building forms, or the floor plane that forms
the lower enclosing surface of a room upon which we
walk.
Wall Plane
Overhead Plane
Base Plane

PLANAR ELEMENTS
ROBIE HOUSE, FRANK LLOYD WRIGHT

PLANAR ELEMENTS
FALLING WATER, FRANK LLOYD WRIGHT

PLANAR ELEMENTS
SHODHAN HOUSE, LE CORBUSIER
SCHRODER HOUSE, GERRIT THOMAS RIETVELD

VOLUME
§A Plane extended in a direction other than its
intrinsic direction becomes a volume.
§Conceptually, a volume has three dimensions :
length, width and depth.
§A volume can be either a solid – space displaced
by mass – or a void – space contained or enclosed
by planes.
All volumes consists of:
Points or vertices
Lines or edges
Planes or surfaces.

VOLUME : space displaced by mass
NOTRE DAME DU HAUT, RONCHAMP, FRANCE, AR. LE CORBUSIER

VOLUME : space displaced by void
ST. PETERS SQUARE, ROME, ITALY

VOLUME : space displaced by void
ST. MARKS SQUARE, VENICE, ITALY

FORM
§Form is the primary identifying characteristic of a
volume.
§It is established by the shapes and
interrelationships of planes that describe the
boundaries of the volume.

FORM
§Form may refer to an external appearance that
can be recognized.
§It often denotes the formal structure of a work –
the manner of arranging and coordinating the
elements and parts of a composition so as to
produce a coherent image.

FORM : properties
SHAPESIZE
Shape
Size
Colour
Texture
Position
Orientation
Visual inertia
[ [
COLOURTEXTUREPOSITIONORIENTATIONVISUALINERTIASURFACE

FORM : SHAPE
SHAPESIZECOLOURTEXTUREPOSITIONORIENTATIONVISUALINERTIA
§The characteristic outline or surface configuration
of a particular form.
§Shape is the principal aspect by which we identify
and categorize forms.
SURFACE

FORM : SHAPE
PYRAMID OF GIZA, EGYPT
SEAGRAM BUILDING, MIES VAN DER
ROHE & PHILIP JOHNSON
SURFACE

FORM : SHAPE
LOUVRE MUSEUM, AR. I.M. PEI
SURFACE

FORM : SHAPE
VILLA SAVOYE, AR. LE CORBUSIER
SURFACE

FORM : SHAPE
MATRI MANDIR, AUROVILLE, AR. ROGER ANGER
SURFACE

FORM : SHAPE
THE ATOMIUM, BRUSSELS, AR. ANDRÉ AND JEAN POLAK
SURFACE

FORM : SIZE
§The Physical dimensions of length, width and depth
of a form.
§While these dimensions determine the proportions
of a form, its scale is determined by its size
relative to other forms in its context.
SURFACE

FORM : SIZE
SHAPESIZECOLOURTEXTUREPOSITIONORIENTATIONVISUALINERTIASURFACE
BURJ KHALIFA, AR. ADRIAN SMITH

FORM : SIZE
MARINA BAY SANDS, AR. MOSHE SAFIDIE

FORM : COLOUR
§A phenomenon of light and visual perception that
may be described in terms of an individual’s
perception of hue, saturation, and tonal value.
§Colour is the attribute that most clearly
distinguishes a form from its environment. It also
affects the visual weight of a form.
SURFACE

FORM : COLOUR
THE CROWN, AR. DANIEL LIBESKIND

FORM : COLOUR
VANKE PAVILION - MILAN EXPO 2015, AR. DANIEL LIBESKIND

FORM : COLOUR
PARC DE LA VILLETTE, AR. BERNARD TSCHUMI

FORM : TEXTURE
§The visual and especially tactile quality given to a
surface by the size, shape, arrangement, and
proportions of the parts.
§Texture also determines the degree to which the
surfaces of a form reflect or absorb incident light.
SURFACE

FORM : TEXTURE
GALAXY SOHO, BEIJING, AR.ZAHA HADID

FORM : TEXTURE

FORM : TEXTURE
MORPHEUS, CITY OF DREAMS, MACAU, AR.ZAHA HADID

FORM : TEXTURE
NEUER ZOLLHOF, DUSSELDORF, GERMANY, AR. FRANK GEHRY

FORM : TEXTURE
GEHRY HOUSE, SANTA MONICA, CALIFORNIA, AR. FRANK GEHRY

FORM : TEXTURE
THE OVAL, JAPAN, AR. TADAO ANDO

FORM : TEXTURE
CENTRE FOR DEVELOPMENT STUDIES, TRIVANDRUM, AR. LAURIE BAKER

FORM : POSITION
§The location of a form relative to its environment
or the visual field within which it is seen.
SURFACE

FORM : POSITION
AUROVILLE MASTER PLAN, AR. ROGER ANGER

FORM : POSITION
BURJ KHALIFA MASTER PLAN, AR. ADRIAN SMITH

FORM : ORIENTATION
§The direction of a form relative to the ground
plane, the compass points, other forms, or to the
person viewing the form.
SURFACE

FORM : ORIENTATION
CLIMATIC ORIENTATION : ACCORDING TO SUN PATH CLIMATIC ORIENTATION : ACCORDING TO WIND DIRECTION

FORM : ORIENTATION
FALLING WATER, FRANK LLOYD WRIGHT

FORM : ORIENTATION
THE INTERLACE, OMA, OLE SCHEEREN

FORM : VISUAL INTERTIA
SHAPESIZECOLOURTEXTUREPOSITIONORIENTATIONSURFACE
§The degree of concentration and stability of a
form.
§The visual inertia of a form depends on its
geometry as well as its orientation relative to the
ground plane, the pull of gravity, and our line of
sight.
VISUALINERTIA

SHAPESIZECOLOURTEXTUREPOSITIONORIENTATIONSURFACEVISUALINERTIA
MICHAEL LEE-CHIN CRYSTAL, ROYAL ONTARIO MUSEUM, TORONTO, AR. DANIEL LIBESKIND

CONTEMPORARY JEWISH MUSEUM, SAN FRANCISCO, AR. DANIEL LIBESKIND

FORM : SURFACE
SHAPESIZECOLOURTEXTUREPOSITIONORIENTATIONSURFACE
§Surfaces refers to any figure having only two
dimensions, such as a flat plane.
§The term, however, can also allude to a curved
two-dimensional locus of points defining the
boundary of a three-dimensional solid.
VISUALINERTIA

FORM : SURFACE
WALT DISNEY CONCERT HALL, LOS ANGELES, CALIFORNIA, AR. FRANK GEHRY

FORM : SURFACE
GUGGENHEIM BILBAO, SPAIN, AR. FRANK GEHRY

ASSIGNMENT 02: CRITICAL ANALYSIS OF AN ARCHITECTURAL PROJECT

ASSIGNMENT 02 : CRITICAL ANALYSIS OF AN ARCHITECTURE PROJECT
§[ 10 - 15 Min Presentation + Sketches + Report ]
PRILIMINARY ANALYSIS:
A. Project Type
B. Project Location
C. Year Of Construction
D. Architecture Style
E. Design Concept
F. Planning
SECONDARY ANALYSIS:
A. Aesthetics & Psychological Context
B. Character
C. Circulation
D. Experience
E. Expression
F. Function
G. Materials
H. Services
I. Structure
J. Uses

ASSIGNMENT 02 : CRITICAL ANALYSIS OF AN ARCHITECTURE PROJECT
ELEMENTS OF ARCHITECTURE ANALYSIS:
Point, line, plane, form and space, shape, pattern, light, color, surface and texture with reference to the evolution of architectural form
and space.
FORM ANALYSIS:
Analysis of usage of geometric forms, sections and its derivatives. (Sphere, cube, pyramid, cylinder and cone)
SPATIAL CONFIGURATION ANALYSIS:
1. Enclosure
2. Internal And External Spaces
3. Continuous Spaces And Spatial Relationships
4. Spatial Organization : Centralized, Linear, Radial Clustered, Grid – built form
5. Open Space Relationships
ARCHITECTURE PRINCIPLES ANALYSIS:
Analysis of architectural principle used. ( Proportion, scale, balance, symmetry/asymmetry, rhythm, axis, hierarchy, datum, unity,
harmony, dominance, climax – Movement, Building approach and entrance, path configuration and form, path space relationship,
orientation. )

UNIT 03: ELEMENTS OF ARCHITECTURE – FORM
Understanding perceptual effects of specific geometric forms such as sphere, cube,
pyramid, cylinder and cone and its sections as well as their derivatives with respect to
the evolution of architectural form and space.

FORM : SPHERE
§A solid generated by the revolution of a semicircle
about its diameter, whose surface is at all points
equidistant from the center.
§A sphere is a centralized and highly concentrated
form.
§Like the circle from which it is generated, it is self-
centering and normally stable in its environment.
§It can be inclined toward a rotary motion when
placed on a sloping plane.
§From any viewpoint, it retains its circular shape.

FORM : SPHERE
MAUPERTIUS, PROJECT FOR AN AGRICULTURAL LODGE, 1775, CLAUDE-NICOLAS LEDOUX MATRI MANDIR, AUROVILLE, AR. ROGER ANGER

FORM : CIRCLE
§The Circle symbolizes unity, stability, rationality. It
is also the symbol of infinity, without beginning or
end, perfection, the ultimate geometric symbol.
§It represents a completeness which encompasses all
space and Time.

FORM : CIRCLE
GUANGZHOU CIRCLE, AR. JOSEPH DI PASQUALE

FORM : CIRCLE
AL DAR HEADQUARTERS, MZ ARCHITECTS

FORM : HEMISPHERE
§Cut horizontally in half.
§Cut portion forms an edge, circular in plan.
§The dome and the edge portion give the visual
character.

FORM : HEMISPHERE
CITY OF ARTS AND SCIENCES VALENCIA, SANTIAGO CALATRAVA

FORM : HEMISPHERE
NATIONAL CONGRESS, BRASILILA, AR. OSCAR NIEYMEYER

FORM : HEMISPHERE
NATIONAL MUSEUM OF THE REPUBLIC, AR. OSCAR NIEYMEYER

FORM : CYLINDER
§A solid generated by the revolution of a
rectangle about one of its sides.
§A cylinder is centralized about the axis passing
through the centers of its two circular faces.
§Along this axis, it can be easily extended.
§The cylinder is stable if it rests on one of its
circular faces; it becomes unstable when its central
axis is inclined from the vertical.

FORM : CYLINDER
CHAPEL, MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, EERO SAARINEN AND ASSOCIATES

FORM : CYLINDER
INDIAN COFFEE HOUSE, LAURIE BAKER

FORM : CONE
§A solid generated by the revolution of a right
triangle about one of its sides.
§Like the cylinder, the cone is a highly stable form
when resting on its circular base, and unstable
when its vertical axis is tipped or overturned.
§It can also rest on its apex in a precarious state of
balance.

FORM : CONE
PROJECT FOR A CONICAL CENOTAPH, 1784, ÉTIENNE-LOUIS BOULÉE

FORM : PYRAMID
§A polyhedron having a polygonal base and
triangular faces meeting at a common point or
vertex. The pyramid has properties similar to
those of the cone.
§Because all of its surfaces are flat planes, however,
the pyramid can rest in a stable manner on any of
its faces.
§While the cone is a soft form, the pyramid is
relatively hard and angular.

FORM : PYRAMID
PYRAMID OF GIZA, EGYPT

FORM : PYRAMID
LOUVRE MUSEUM, AR. I.M. PEI

FORM : CUBE
§A prismatic solid bounded by six equal square
sides, the angle between any two adjacent faces
being a right angle.
§Because of the equality of its dimensions, the cube
is a static form that lacks apparent movement or
direction.
§It is a stable form except when it stands on one
of its edges or corners.
§Even though its angular profile is affected by our
point of view, the cube remains a highly
recognizable form.

FORM : CUBE
HANSELMANN HOUSE, FORT WAYNE, MICHAEL GRAVES

FORM : CUBE
APPLE SHOWROOM, NEW YORK, AR.BOHLIN CYWINSKI JACKSON

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Theory of architecture unit 02

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