The document summarizes information about the composition of air and air pollution. It states that air is a mixture of 78% nitrogen and 21% oxygen along with trace amounts of other gases like carbon dioxide and water vapor. It also lists some of the minor components in air like sulfur dioxide, methane, and ozone, and their concentrations. The document then discusses how air is separated into its components through fractional distillation of liquefied air. It also explains that poorly maintained scrubbers can spread bacteria and cause diseases like Legionnaires' disease. Finally, it defines air pollution and lists some common air pollutants and gases that can cause suffocation by displacing oxygen in the air.
AIR POLLUTION CONTROL course material by Prof S S JAHAGIRDAR,NKOCET,SOLAPUR for BE (CIVIL ) students of Solapur university. Content will be also useful for SHIVAJI and PUNE university students
Desulphur - A new Desulphurisation TechniqueTecnoVeritas
This Presentations intends to present a new technique of Desulphurisation, a revolutionary product to help the environment and the marine/ shore industry.
AIR POLLUTION CONTROL course material by Prof S S JAHAGIRDAR,NKOCET,SOLAPUR for BE (CIVIL ) students of Solapur university. Content will be also useful for SHIVAJI and PUNE university students
Desulphur - A new Desulphurisation TechniqueTecnoVeritas
This Presentations intends to present a new technique of Desulphurisation, a revolutionary product to help the environment and the marine/ shore industry.
Modern Sewage Treatment Plant from IndusSuresh Kumar
Ultra modern Sewage Treatment Plants from Indus Ecowater. Sewage Treatment Plants built to re-use treated sewage. Compact with small foot print- smallest civil works
SSL8 Mass & Energy Analysis of Control SystemsKeith Vaugh
Conservation of mass
Mass and volume flow rates
Mass balance for a steady flow process
Mass balance for incompressible flow
Flow work and the energy of a flowing fluid
Energy transport by mass
Energy analysis of steady flow systems
Steady flow engineering devices
Nozzles and diffusers
Turbines and compressors
Throttling valves
Mixing chambers and heat exchangers
Pipe and duct flow
Energy analysis of unsteady flow processes
Moving boundary work
Boundary work for an isothermal process
Boundary work for a constant-pressure process
Boundary work for a polytropic process
Energy balance for closed systems
Energy balance for a constant-pressure expansion or compression process
Specific heats
Constant-pressure specific heat, cp
Constant-volume specific heat, cv
Internal energy, enthalpy and specific heats of ideal gases
Energy balance for a constant-pressure expansion or compression process
Internal energy, enthalpy and specific heats of incompressible substances (Solids and liquids)
Pure substance
Phases of a pure substance
Phase change processes of pure substances
Compressed liquid, Saturated liquid, Saturated vapor, Superheated vapor Saturated temperature and Satuated pressure
Property diagrams for phase change processes
The T-v diagram, The P-v diagram, The P-T diagram, The P-v-T diagram
Property tables
Enthalpy
Saturated liquid, Saturated vapor, Saturated liquid vapor mixture, Superheated vapor, compressed liquid
Reference state and Reference values
The ideal gas equation of state
Is water vapor an ideal gas?
The commonly used oxygen delivery systems available for use in children/adults are described with pictures. Indications and side effects of oxygen therapy are also outlined.
Modern Sewage Treatment Plant from IndusSuresh Kumar
Ultra modern Sewage Treatment Plants from Indus Ecowater. Sewage Treatment Plants built to re-use treated sewage. Compact with small foot print- smallest civil works
SSL8 Mass & Energy Analysis of Control SystemsKeith Vaugh
Conservation of mass
Mass and volume flow rates
Mass balance for a steady flow process
Mass balance for incompressible flow
Flow work and the energy of a flowing fluid
Energy transport by mass
Energy analysis of steady flow systems
Steady flow engineering devices
Nozzles and diffusers
Turbines and compressors
Throttling valves
Mixing chambers and heat exchangers
Pipe and duct flow
Energy analysis of unsteady flow processes
Moving boundary work
Boundary work for an isothermal process
Boundary work for a constant-pressure process
Boundary work for a polytropic process
Energy balance for closed systems
Energy balance for a constant-pressure expansion or compression process
Specific heats
Constant-pressure specific heat, cp
Constant-volume specific heat, cv
Internal energy, enthalpy and specific heats of ideal gases
Energy balance for a constant-pressure expansion or compression process
Internal energy, enthalpy and specific heats of incompressible substances (Solids and liquids)
Pure substance
Phases of a pure substance
Phase change processes of pure substances
Compressed liquid, Saturated liquid, Saturated vapor, Superheated vapor Saturated temperature and Satuated pressure
Property diagrams for phase change processes
The T-v diagram, The P-v diagram, The P-T diagram, The P-v-T diagram
Property tables
Enthalpy
Saturated liquid, Saturated vapor, Saturated liquid vapor mixture, Superheated vapor, compressed liquid
Reference state and Reference values
The ideal gas equation of state
Is water vapor an ideal gas?
The commonly used oxygen delivery systems available for use in children/adults are described with pictures. Indications and side effects of oxygen therapy are also outlined.
Forms of energy
Energy transfer by heat
Energy transfer by work
Mechanical forms of work
The first law of thermodynamics
Energy balance
Energy change of a system
Mechanisms of energy transfer (heat, work, mass flow)
Energy conversion efficiencies
Efficiencies of mechanical and electrical devices (turbines, pumps, etc...)
Introduction to the second law
Thermal energy reservoirs
Heat engines
Thermal efficiency
The 2nd law: Kelvin-Planck statement
Refrigerators and heat pumps
Coefficient of performance (COP)
The 2nd law: Clasius statement
Perpetual motion machines
Reversible and irreversible processes
Irreversibility's, Internal and externally reversible processes
The Carnot cycle
The reversed Carnot cycle
The Carnot principles
The thermodynamic temperature scale
The Carnot heat engine
The quality of energy
The Carnot refrigerator and heat pump
THIS PPT IS A VERY INFORMING PRESENTATION ON MOTION
TOPIC WITH THE EXAMPLE OF DAILY LIFE:.........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................AAAAANNNNNDDDD MMMMMAAAAANNNNNYYYYY MMMMMMMOOOOOORRRRREEEE
this ppt contains:
*CELLS are the fundamental structural units of living organisms and basic units of life. It performs all life functions like nutrition, excretion, metabolism, respiration, etc. It is a
tiny mass of protoplasm which is surrounded by a membrane and is capable of performing all functions of life
*In 1665, Robert Hooke-an English scientist ,saw
cells for the first time in a thin slice of cork. He
observed them as “Honey Comb” like structures
and named them “cellulae” or “cells”(little room).
In 1674, A. Van Leeuwenhoek- a Dutch scientist,
studied living cells(bacteria, protozoa, etc.) for
the first time.
In 1831, a Scottish botanist, Robert Brown,
discovered and named the nucleus in the cell.
J.E. Purkinje, in 1839, used the term protoplasm for
the living substance present inside the cell
*and many more...................................................................................................................................................................
Artificial Reefs by Kuddle Life Foundation - May 2024punit537210
Situated in Pondicherry, India, Kuddle Life Foundation is a charitable, non-profit and non-governmental organization (NGO) dedicated to improving the living standards of coastal communities and simultaneously placing a strong emphasis on the protection of marine ecosystems.
One of the key areas we work in is Artificial Reefs. This presentation captures our journey so far and our learnings. We hope you get as excited about marine conservation and artificial reefs as we are.
Please visit our website: https://kuddlelife.org
Our Instagram channel:
@kuddlelifefoundation
Our Linkedin Page:
https://www.linkedin.com/company/kuddlelifefoundation/
and write to us if you have any questions:
info@kuddlelife.org
Characterization and the Kinetics of drying at the drying oven and with micro...Open Access Research Paper
The objective of this work is to contribute to valorization de Nephelium lappaceum by the characterization of kinetics of drying of seeds of Nephelium lappaceum. The seeds were dehydrated until a constant mass respectively in a drying oven and a microwawe oven. The temperatures and the powers of drying are respectively: 50, 60 and 70°C and 140, 280 and 420 W. The results show that the curves of drying of seeds of Nephelium lappaceum do not present a phase of constant kinetics. The coefficients of diffusion vary between 2.09.10-8 to 2.98. 10-8m-2/s in the interval of 50°C at 70°C and between 4.83×10-07 at 9.04×10-07 m-8/s for the powers going of 140 W with 420 W the relation between Arrhenius and a value of energy of activation of 16.49 kJ. mol-1 expressed the effect of the temperature on effective diffusivity.
"Understanding the Carbon Cycle: Processes, Human Impacts, and Strategies for...MMariSelvam4
The carbon cycle is a critical component of Earth's environmental system, governing the movement and transformation of carbon through various reservoirs, including the atmosphere, oceans, soil, and living organisms. This complex cycle involves several key processes such as photosynthesis, respiration, decomposition, and carbon sequestration, each contributing to the regulation of carbon levels on the planet.
Human activities, particularly fossil fuel combustion and deforestation, have significantly altered the natural carbon cycle, leading to increased atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations and driving climate change. Understanding the intricacies of the carbon cycle is essential for assessing the impacts of these changes and developing effective mitigation strategies.
By studying the carbon cycle, scientists can identify carbon sources and sinks, measure carbon fluxes, and predict future trends. This knowledge is crucial for crafting policies aimed at reducing carbon emissions, enhancing carbon storage, and promoting sustainable practices. The carbon cycle's interplay with climate systems, ecosystems, and human activities underscores its importance in maintaining a stable and healthy planet.
In-depth exploration of the carbon cycle reveals the delicate balance required to sustain life and the urgent need to address anthropogenic influences. Through research, education, and policy, we can work towards restoring equilibrium in the carbon cycle and ensuring a sustainable future for generations to come.
UNDERSTANDING WHAT GREEN WASHING IS!.pdfJulietMogola
Many companies today use green washing to lure the public into thinking they are conserving the environment but in real sense they are doing more harm. There have been such several cases from very big companies here in Kenya and also globally. This ranges from various sectors from manufacturing and goes to consumer products. Educating people on greenwashing will enable people to make better choices based on their analysis and not on what they see on marketing sites.
Willie Nelson Net Worth: A Journey Through Music, Movies, and Business Venturesgreendigital
Willie Nelson is a name that resonates within the world of music and entertainment. Known for his unique voice, and masterful guitar skills. and an extraordinary career spanning several decades. Nelson has become a legend in the country music scene. But, his influence extends far beyond the realm of music. with ventures in acting, writing, activism, and business. This comprehensive article delves into Willie Nelson net worth. exploring the various facets of his career that have contributed to his large fortune.
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Introduction
Willie Nelson net worth is a testament to his enduring influence and success in many fields. Born on April 29, 1933, in Abbott, Texas. Nelson's journey from a humble beginning to becoming one of the most iconic figures in American music is nothing short of inspirational. His net worth, which estimated to be around $25 million as of 2024. reflects a career that is as diverse as it is prolific.
Early Life and Musical Beginnings
Humble Origins
Willie Hugh Nelson was born during the Great Depression. a time of significant economic hardship in the United States. Raised by his grandparents. Nelson found solace and inspiration in music from an early age. His grandmother taught him to play the guitar. setting the stage for what would become an illustrious career.
First Steps in Music
Nelson's initial foray into the music industry was fraught with challenges. He moved to Nashville, Tennessee, to pursue his dreams, but success did not come . Working as a songwriter, Nelson penned hits for other artists. which helped him gain a foothold in the competitive music scene. His songwriting skills contributed to his early earnings. laying the foundation for his net worth.
Rise to Stardom
Breakthrough Albums
The 1970s marked a turning point in Willie Nelson's career. His albums "Shotgun Willie" (1973), "Red Headed Stranger" (1975). and "Stardust" (1978) received critical acclaim and commercial success. These albums not only solidified his position in the country music genre. but also introduced his music to a broader audience. The success of these albums played a crucial role in boosting Willie Nelson net worth.
Iconic Songs
Willie Nelson net worth is also attributed to his extensive catalog of hit songs. Tracks like "Blue Eyes Crying in the Rain," "On the Road Again," and "Always on My Mind" have become timeless classics. These songs have not only earned Nelson large royalties but have also ensured his continued relevance in the music industry.
Acting and Film Career
Hollywood Ventures
In addition to his music career, Willie Nelson has also made a mark in Hollywood. His distinctive personality and on-screen presence have landed him roles in several films and television shows. Notable appearances include roles in "The Electric Horseman" (1979), "Honeysuckle Rose" (1980), and "Barbarosa" (1982). These acting gigs have added a significant amount to Willie Nelson net worth.
Television Appearances
Nelson's char
Diabetes is a rapidly and serious health problem in Pakistan. This chronic condition is associated with serious long-term complications, including higher risk of heart disease and stroke. Aggressive treatment of hypertension and hyperlipideamia can result in a substantial reduction in cardiovascular events in patients with diabetes 1. Consequently pharmacist-led diabetes cardiovascular risk (DCVR) clinics have been established in both primary and secondary care sites in NHS Lothian during the past five years. An audit of the pharmaceutical care delivery at the clinics was conducted in order to evaluate practice and to standardize the pharmacists’ documentation of outcomes. Pharmaceutical care issues (PCI) and patient details were collected both prospectively and retrospectively from three DCVR clinics. The PCI`s were categorized according to a triangularised system consisting of multiple categories. These were ‘checks’, ‘changes’ (‘change in drug therapy process’ and ‘change in drug therapy’), ‘drug therapy problems’ and ‘quality assurance descriptors’ (‘timer perspective’ and ‘degree of change’). A verified medication assessment tool (MAT) for patients with chronic cardiovascular disease was applied to the patients from one of the clinics. The tool was used to quantify PCI`s and pharmacist actions that were centered on implementing or enforcing clinical guideline standards. A database was developed to be used as an assessment tool and to standardize the documentation of achievement of outcomes. Feedback on the audit of the pharmaceutical care delivery and the database was received from the DCVR clinic pharmacist at a focus group meeting.
Natural farming @ Dr. Siddhartha S. Jena.pptxsidjena70
A brief about organic farming/ Natural farming/ Zero budget natural farming/ Subash Palekar Natural farming which keeps us and environment safe and healthy. Next gen Agricultural practices of chemical free farming.
2. Air is a mixture of gases - 78% nitrogen and 21% oxygen -
with traces of water vapor, carbon dioxide, argon, and
various other components
3. Other components in air
•Sulfur dioxide - SO2 - 1.0 parts/million (ppm)
•Methane - CH4 - 2.0 parts/million (ppm)
•Nitrous oxide - N2O - 0.5 parts/million (ppm)
•Ozone - O3 - 0 to 0.07 parts/million (ppm)
•Nitrogen dioxide - NO2 - 0.02 parts/million
(ppm)
•Iodine - I2 - 0.01 parts/million (ppm)
•Carbon monoxide - CO - 0 to trace (ppm)
•Ammonia - NH3 - 0 to trace (ppm)
4. GASES OF THE AIR
The air around us is a mixture of gases, mainly nitrogen and oxygen, but containing much smaller
amounts of water vapor, argon, and carbon dioxide, and very small amounts of other gases. Air also
contains
suspended dust, spores, and bacteria. Because of the action of wind, the percent composition of air
varies only
slightly with altitude and location. The table indicates the composition of a typical sample of air after
all water
vapor and suspended particles have been removed.
The amount of water in the air varies tremendously with
location, temperature, and time. In deserts and at low temperatures
the content of water vapor can be less than 0.1% by volume. In
warm, humid zones, the air may contain over 6% water vapor.
Air is the commercial source for many of the gases it contains.
It is separated into its components by fractional distillation of
liquefied air. Before air is liquefied, water vapor and carbon dioxide
are removed, because these substances solidify when cooled
and would clog the pipes of the air liquefaction plant. The dry,
5. nitrogen and about 1.25% noble (or “inert”) gases, argon, neon, krypton, and xenon. Nitrogen is second only to
sulfuric acid in the volume produced by the U.S. chemical industry. Its major uses are as an inert blanketing
atmosphere in chemical processing (14%), electronics (15%), and, in liquid form, as a freezing agent (21%).
Nitrogen is used to make agricultural fertilizers, such as ammonia and nitrates. It is also used in the production
of acrylonitrile, CH2=CHCN, which is important in the manufacture of synthetic fibers such as Orlon, and in the
production of cyanamide, HN=C=NH, which is polymerized to Melamine plastic. Because it is a very poor
oxidizing agent, nitrogen is used to pack oxidizable foods, such as ground coffee, and as an inert atmosphere
in
the manufacture of electronic components. Liquefied nitrogen, because it is very cold, is used extensively to
chill
materials for preservation, as in freeze-drying of foods, and in manufacturing processes that require low
temperatures,
such as machining of aluminum.
6. CO2-free air is compressed to about 200 atmospheres. This compression
causes the air to become warm, and the heat is removed
by passing the compressed air through radiators. The cooled, compressed
air is then allowed to expand rapidly. The rapid expansion
causes the air to become cold, so cold that some of it condenses.
By the alternate compressing and expanding of air, most of it can
be liquefied.
Nitrogen is obtained from liquid air by distillation at
-196EC. The gas obtained by this process is actually a mixture of
7. Common Pressure Units frequently used as
alternative to "one Atmosphere"
•76 Centimeters (760 mm) of Mercury
•29.921 Inches of Mercury
•10.332 Meters of Water
•406.78 Inches of Water
•33.899 Feet of Water
•14.696 Pound-Force per Square Inch
•2116.2 Pounds-Force per Square Foot
•1.033 Kilograms-Force per Square Centimeter
•101.33 Kilopascal
8. Air Scrubber
Scrubber systems are a diverse group of air pollution control devices that can be used to remove some
particulates and/or gases from industrial exhaust streams. The first air scrubber was designed to
remove carbon dioxide from the air of an early submarine, the Ictineo I, a role which they continue to
be used for to this day. Traditionally, the term "scrubber" has referred to pollution control devices that
use liquid to wash unwanted pollutants from a gas stream. Recently, the term is also used to describe
systems that inject a dry reagent or slurry into a dirty exhaust stream to "wash out" acid gases.
Scrubbers are one of the primary devices that control gaseous emissions, especially acid gases.
Scrubbers can also be used for heat recovery from hot gases by flue-gas condensation.
9. Wet scrubbing
The exhaust gases of combustion may contain substances considered harmful to
the environment, and the scrubber may remove or neutralize those. A wet
scrubber is used to clean air, fuel gas or other gases of various pollutants and
dust particles. Wet scrubbing works via the contact of target compounds or
particulate matter with the scrubbing solution. Solutions may simply be water
(for dust) or solutions of reagents that specifically target certain compounds.
Process exhaust gas can also contain water soluble toxic and/or corrosive gases
like hydrochloric acid (HCl) or ammonia (NH3). These can be removed very well
by a wet scrubber.
10. Dry scrubbing
A dry or semi-dry scrubbing system, unlike the wet scrubber, does not saturate the flue gas stream
that is being treated with moisture. In some cases no moisture is added, while in others only the
amount of moisture that can be evaporated in the flue gas without condensing is added. Therefore,
dry scrubbers generally do not have a stack steam plume or wastewater handling/disposal
requirements. Dry scrubbing systems are used to remove acid gases (such as SO2 and HCl) primarily
from combustion sources.
There are a number of dry type scrubbing system designs. However, all consist of two main sections or
devices: a device to introduce the acid gas sorbent material into the gas stream and a particulate
matter control device to remove reaction products, excess sorbent material as well as any particulate
matter already in the flue gas.
Dry scrubbing systems can be categorized as dry sorbent injectors (DSIs) or as spray dryer absorbers
(SDAs). Spray dryer absorbers are also called semi-dry scrubbers or spray dryers.
11. Bacteria spread
Poorly maintained scrubbers have the potential to spread disease-causing bacteria. The problem is
a result of inadequate cleaning. For example, the cause of a 2005 outbreak of Legionnaires' disease
in Norway was just a few infected scrubbers. The outbreak caused 10 deaths and more than 50
cases of infection.
12. The Importance Of Air
Other planets have sunlight, but the Earth is the only planet we know that has air and water. Without
air and water, the Earth would be unable to sustain life.
A diverse community of plant and animal life has thrived on this planet for millions of years, sustained
by the sun and supported by the soil, water and air.
13. Definition of air pollution
Air pollution occurs when the air contains gases, dust, fumes or odour in harmful amounts. That is,
amounts which could be harmful to the health or comfort of humans and animals or which could cause
damage to plants and materials.
The substances that cause air pollution are called pollutants. Pollutants that are pumped into our
atmosphere and directly pollute the air are called primary pollutants. Primary pollutant examples
include carbon monoxide from car exhausts and sulfur dioxide from the combustion of coal.
Further pollution can arise if primary pollutants in the atmosphere undergo chemical reactions. The
resulting compounds are called secondary pollutants. Photochemical smog is an example of this.
14. pollutants
Air pollutants mainly occur as a result of gaseous discharges from industry and motor vehicles. There
are also natural sources such as wind-blown dust and smoke from fires.
Some forms of air pollution create global problems, such as upper atmosphere ozone depletion and
global warming. These problems are very complex, and require international cooperative efforts to
find solutions.
15.
16. Gases that causes suffocation
An asphyxiant gas is a nontoxic or minimally toxic gas which reduces or displaces the normal oxygen
concentration in breathing air. Breathing of oxygen-depleted air can lead to death by asphyxiation
(suffocation). Because asphyxiant gases are relatively inert and odorless, their presence in high
concentration may not be noticed, except in the case of carbon dioxide (hypercapnia).
Toxic gases, by contrast, cause death by other mechanisms, such as competing with oxygen on the
cellular level (e.g., carbon monoxide) or directly damaging the respiratory system (e.g., phosgene).
Far smaller quantities of these are deadly.
Notable examples of asphyxiant gases are nitrogen, argon, and helium. Along with trace gases such as
carbon dioxide and ozone, these comprise 79% of Earth's atmosphere. The atmosphere is mostly
harmless because the remaining 21% is O2.
17. Asphyxia hazard
Asphyxiant gases in the breathing air are normally not hazardous. Only where elevated concentrations of
asphyxiant gases displace the normal oxygen concentration a hazard exists. Examples are:
Environmental gas displacement
Confined spaces, combined with accidental gas leaks, such as mines, submarines,refrigerators, or other confined
spaces
Fire extinguisher systems that flood spaces with inert gases, such as computer data centers and sealed vaults
Large-scale natural release of gas, such as during the Lake Nyos disaster in which volcanically-released carbon
dioxide killed 1,800 people.
Release of helium boiled off by the energy released in a magnet quench such as the Large Hadron Collider or a
magnetic resonance imaging machine.
Climbing inside an inflatable balloon filled with helium
Direct administration of gas
Exclusive administration, such as inhaling the contents of a balloon filled with helium
Inadvertent administration of asphyxiant gas in respirators
Use in suicide and erotic asphyxiation