2. GROUP MEMBER:
Mohammad Talha Inayat
Mohammad Taj-Uddin
Saad Mazhar
PRESENTATION
MOTIVATION

3. 1
Definition
Motivation is a process which
begins with a physiological or
psychological need or deficiency
which triggers behavior or a
drive that is aimed at a goal or
an incentive.

4. Why people get UNMOTIVATED
 Repetitive Failure
 Less Support
 LessAvailability of Resources
 Getting JOB where you don’t have interest.
 Family problems

6. Theories of Motivation
Some important theories:
 Maslow’s Hierarchy of NeedsTheory
 Elton Mayo
 Herzberg’s Motivation-Hygiene theory

7. Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
Theory
 Works on the assumption that the behaviour of
individuals at a particular moment is usually
determined by their strongest need.
 Based on hypothesis that within every human being
there exists a hierarchy of five needs.

8. Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
Theory(contd)
Five needs:
1. Physiological : Basic needs of hunger, thirst, shelter, sex and
other body needs.
 2. Safety: security and protection from physical and emotional
harm
 3. Social: affection, belongingness, acceptance and friendship

10. REASONING BEHIND GOAL SETTING
Direction - specific goals direct your focus to relevant activities
Effort - need to devote more intense levels of effort toward difficult goals -
assumes people are goal driven
Persistence - specific, difficult goals encourage you to persist longer at a task than
would be the case without
such goals
Only possible exception is
high “uncertainty
avoidance” cultures.

11. Herzberg’s Motivation-Hygiene theory
Based on the conclusion that people have two
different categories of needs:
 o Hygiene factors
o Motivating factors

12. Fredrick Herzberg
Hygiene Factor Motivators
 Supervision
 Salary
 Relationship with
others
 Working Condition
(Worker will take these
thing for Granted)
 Achievement
 Responsibilities
 The work itself
 Advancement
 Job Rotation (Shifting
Job on temporary
Basis)

14. Motivation as a Form of Learning:
The Law of Effect
 Behavior that leads
toward rewards tends to
be repeated
 Behavior that tends to
lead toward no rewards
or toward punishment
tends to be avoided

15. Reinforcers Which Strengthen Behavior: What
managers can do to increase the probability of behavior in
the future
a. Positive reinforcement--rewards contingent on exhibiting the correct behavior.
b. Avoidance Learning—withholding something unpleasant when a desired
behavior is engaged in (e.g., an annoying alarm is avoided when a machine is used
properly, not operating in reverse). Or, using social learning, noticing how engaging
in some behavior avoids an unpleasant outcome (e.g., arrive on time and the boss
does not yell). Text: Negative reinforcement

16. Reinforcers Which Weaken Behavior:
What managers can do to decrease the probability of
behavior in the future
a. Punishment--administering unpleasant
consequences
following an undesirable behavior.
b. Extinction--when there are no rewards for a
behavior which was previously rewarded.