1. Motivation
• The term motivation is derived from latin word ‘movere’ means
to move or forward movement or to active.
• The readiness for an action a/c to need or drive is called
motivation.
• For efficient work, for action motivation is basic need for learners
• For example, In class room teacher’s first duty is to motivate the
students for effective learning.
• Motivation is extremely complex, difficult to understand ,
interpret, predict .and control.
• Modern psychologist thinks that single drive and motive alone
does not govern the behaviour of individual.
• Interaction of various drives and motives are responsible for
particular behaviour.
2. Some definitions of motivation
• Motivation is the state of organism in which bodily energy is mobilized
and activity is selectively directed towards the particular part of
environmnet.
• Such behaviour generally continues until is goal achieved.
• A/cc to good “ motivation is the process of arousing , sustaining, and
regulating activity”.
• Fischer - “motivation is an iclination or impulsion to an action plus some
degree of orientation and direction”.
• Pinder -“ Motivation refers to the forces within a person that affect his
/her direction , intensity and persistence of voluntary behaviour.
• Caroll- “ Motive is readiness and response which has been learned. It is
directed toward the goal.”
3. Nature/ Characteristics/ concept of motives
• Motive is inner state of mind.
• Motivation makes behaviour selective.
• Motivation is internally related with emotion.
• It is generated by the need or drive of the individual.
• It compels the individual to respond by creating tension in mind.
• It is a preparing stage to respond against the stimuli.
• It is goal directed.
• Fulfillment of a motive gives reward satisfaction.
• When the goals are achieved nature and motive increases.
• Motive may not tell us what exactly happens but they give us idea
about the range of things a person will do.
• Thus, it is clear from above description when we use the term
motivation, it is basically involves need, drive and incentive.
5. Need
A need is a state of physical deprivation that causes tension
within an organism.
It is lack of what we want.
It tend to organize the field of organism with respect to
certain incentive or goals to stimulate the activity toward
their attainment.
When organism is deprived from basic needs like food, water
and sleep, the internal envrioment is imblanced.
Then the need develop tissue need, which are bio chemical
requirement of body.
Need is the first condition for goal directed behaviour.
6. Drive.
An internal motivational state that is created by a need is
drive.
For example, need for food creates a drive a state of arousal
or tension.
The activity persist until the need is satisfied .
Therefore, drive, a psychological state , is original source of
energy that activate the organism.
Drive is result of need.
7. Incentive
Incentive is the appropriate object or situation toward which
motivated behaviour is directed.
It can provide satisfaction of the aroused drive.
Need and drive alone do not fulfill the motivated behavoiur,
incentive is necessary.
Food is inceptive to hungry need.
A/c to Hilgard , an incentive is something in the external
environment that satisfies the need and thus reduces the
drive through consumatory activity.
8. Goal
Reward or goal is energized activity is to reduce tension
created with in body.
Consumption food reduce the tension which is goal.
When goal ai achieved, the need reduced , the body is
balanced and tension is also reduced.
The person is again ready for othe goal directed activity.
Motivation cycle , therefore means that behaviour goes
in a sequence ,
Since the sequence is cyclical and needs are never
ending.
9. Theories of motivation
Instinct theory
Instinct are in born fixed pattern of behaviour.
The psychologist assumed that human being are motivated by
instincts. And all type of behaviour guided by instinct.
A/c some sociologist there are around 600 instinct which govern
the behaviour.
But the instinct theory was fadev in 1920’s and replaced by drive
theory.
Psychologist who advocated instinct theory state that it is an inborn
pattern of bhaviour and is biolgically determined rather than
learned.
These sets of instincts are essentials for survival.
Instinct provide energy that channels behaviour in appropriate
direction., eg sex is a response to an instinct for reproduction
10. Drive reduction theory.
When instinct theory of motivation is collapsed, it was replaced drive
theory to explain ‘why’ of behaviour.
Motivation is an inner ‘drive’ that determine the behaviour ( Robrt
woodworth, 1918).
Drive is also defined in biological term as energy released from an
organism store.
it was conceived as fuel of action.
Clark Hull related this theory with homeostasis.
It is based on the idea that a physiological need creat an aroused
physiological state that drive the organism to reduce tension created
by need. Such as hunger or thirst.
A/c to this theory, physical deprivation caruses the arousal of
biological need.
Depivation , in turn, produces a physiological drive, a state of tension
that motivate a person to satisfy the need.
Physiological drive are in born. Eg hunger is inborn drive.
These are primary drive and include hunger, thirst, cold, pain. Etc.
11. Inceptive theory
Bolles, 1975 introduced another view of motivation that was
diffrernt from drive.
The incentive theory explains the motivation in terms of external
stimuli.
A/c to this theory behaviour is not always guided by internal need
or arousal.
Delicious food ( external stimulus ) make us eating it.
Inceptive direct and energize behaviour. In such condition external
stimuli largely account for persons behaviour.
But there is arguments that it does not explain a complete
explanation. Even without incentive organism seeks to fulfill needs.
The drive theory regarded as ‘push ‘ theory as it push the organism
to act so that it can fulfill the need.
While,incentive theory is regardede as pull theory such as good
food, money fame etc.
12. Arousal theory
A/c to this theory, all human are motivated to achieve and maintain
optimum level of bodily arousal ( best or ideal).
People when exposed to a state of sensory restriction, or to a highly
monotonous situation, They quickly bored.
Studies also so that when people are exposed bright light, loud music
and other intense stimuli, their arousal level lowered.
Therefore people are aroused maximum only when stimulation is
optimum.
Another part of arousal theory is Yerkes- Dodson law, a/c to this law,
simple task require high level of arousal, to get motivation to do them.
While difficult task require low arousal to get proper motivation.
13. Cognitive approaches: The thoughts behaind motivation.
• Cognitive approach to motivation suggest that motivation is the
product of peoples thought expectation and goals.
• For instance, The degree to which people are motivated for a test
depends on their expectation of well studying will pay off in terms
of a good grade.
• Cognitive theories draw a key distinction between intrinsic and
extrinsic motivation.
• Intrinsic motivation causes us to participate in an activity for our
own enjoyment.
• In contrast, extrinsic motivation causes us to do something for
money or grade, or for other concrete reward.
For example, when a physician work for a long time because he/she
love medicines, the intrinsic motivation prompting her.
But if she/he works hard for a lot of money , the extrinsic factor
underlies his/her effort.
14. Hierarchy of motives
• The sequential level or steps motives A/c to importance or
requirement is called hierarchy of motives.
• It was discovered by Abraham Moslow in 1970.
• He developed pyramid type of structure having five steps.
• Basic physiological need
• Safety needs
• Love need
• Esteem need
• Actualization need
15. Physiological need
• It is most important requirement to fufill the
other requirement of motives.
• It includes food, water, rest and sleep and sex.
• When these motives are fulfilled , the people
may feel sicknes, irritation, pain, discomfort
etc.
• We only think about other once they are
fulfilled.
16. Safety need
• After getting basic needs, individual proceed
in second step, the safety need.
• These needs have to do with establishing
stability and consistency in a confused world.
• It includes freedom, secuirty, protection.
• The needs are psychological in nature as we
need security at home.
17. Belonging and love need
• It is third step after achieving earlier two
steps.
• It forms friend, family life, groups and create
intimate relation with others.
• We feel loved ( non sexual ) by others and to
be accepted by others.
•
18. Esteem need
• After belonging and love step, the next step is
esteem motive.
• It includes confidence power Will, status.
Recognition.
19. Self actualization need
• After achieving all the four step, the individual
reach in fullest stage in this actual life.
• It is the optimum stage of life.
• The need for actualization is the desire to
become more and more what one is to
become, everything that one is capable of
becoming.
• Individual who have everything can maximize
their potential.
20. • Moslow theory is also called growth theory of
motivation.
• In this, the individual progressively and slowly
with confidence to actualize the need.
• This theory is useful for human life for success,
happy and cheerful life.
• It is also useful for business personnel to
develop their business up to their optimum
stage.
21. Types of motives
• Motives are of two types;
Primary ( physiological, innate o inborn).
Secondary( social, psychological or learned).
22. Physiological need and motivation
• Biological motives are in born.
• The are primary motives as their fulfillment is very
important.
• With out Them individual can not survive.
• The primary motives are;
Hunger
Thirst
Sleep and rest
Sex
Maternal needs
Temperature regulation
23. Hunger
• The food is necessary for generating enegry.
• The need of food causes the arousal of hunger motive.
• It the result of food deprivation in the body.
• It is regulated by hypothalamus.
• Two process occur in hunger: Feeding system and satiety system.
• The consumption of required food is feeding system while after
completing the requirement, stop of feeding is called satiety
system.
• Following mechanism occur in hunger
Stomach contract.
Blood sugar
24. hunger
Stomach contract.
Hunger was assumed due to contraction .
The empty stomach undergoes contraction,
the wall contract and expand
A/c walter cannon (1934), empty stomach
leads to its contraction called hunger pang (
cramp or spasm), which is considered as
signal for hunger.
25. hunger
• Blood sugar
• The sugar in the blood is found in the form of glucose.
• The level of glucose in the blood is detected by
hypothalamus.
• The deficiency of glucose in the blood shows the symptoms of
hunger while excess of it reduce hunger.
• Researcher also suggested that receptors in the liver also play
a role to regulate hunger.
• Whenever there is a food deprivation, blood sugar level
become low in liver.
• The impulses are sent to brain , and huger senesation of
hunger felt.
26. • The psychological factor also control hunger
beside the physiological factor.
• Food taking behavoiur is influenced by taste,
coloureating habit etc.
• Attaction colour, tasty food lure the individual
and they take food even are not hungry.
27. Sex
• Sex is essential motive but not as impotant as food.
• It is a highly powerful psycho- physical motive.
• It is affected by external stimulation, sexual hormones,
and cerebral activities.
• The sex hormones play an important role in sex drive.
• Its satisfaction result in immense happiness and well
being ,
• Human sex motive is a complex blend of innate as
well as acquired tendencies.
28. Socio-physiological motivation(Need for achievement
and power)
• The social motives are acquired and learned and complex.
• They are also goal directed behaviour.
• these are not related to survival but satisfy us in number of
ways.
• People sing, play musical instruments, paint write etc.
• These things are related to social survival and are resulted from
man’s interaction with his social environment.
• Some of the social motives include need for praise, recognition
and status, power, sympathy, gregariness achievement etc.
• People can survive physically without these things but it will
impossible to live socially.
• The strength of these motives differ from individual to
individual and culture to culture.
