1. Final Report
Mohammad Ali Jinnah University
Child Labour
Presented To:Dr.Shafqat Bukhari
Sociology Sec-B
Group Members:
Saad Mazhar
Shamail Ahmad
Zeeshan Raza

2. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
This is to acknowledge that our instructor Dr.Shafqat Bukhari has
excellently treatedusand shared her experiencesand expertise with al the
group membersand helped us through out the preprationof thisreport as
well as presentation. There fore all the members of the group are heartly
thankful to Dr.Shafqat Bukhari for her co-operation and precious time.
We Zeeshan Raza, Saad Mazhar and Shamail Ahmad dedicate this
complete presentation to her for her kindness and support.
Month Day Year

3. ABSTRACT
This report wasassigned to us by our instructor Dr.Shafqat Bukhariabout
two weeks before submission. The topic we chose for the presentation is
child labor. Major reasons behind this topic were its occurrence in
Pakistan, its drawbacksand effectsonthe society. We will discuss the child
labor itself with the help of factsand figuresregarding child labor around
the world. Then a few cases will be discussed which will be followed by
effects of child labor on children and on the society. After all this we will
share the findings of a survey we conducted with the young labors
discussing the consequences they face. We will conclude the presentation
with recommendationsand precautionsthat are needed to be taken if we
want child labor to come to an end. All the above mentioned parts
mentioned in the report and they will be properly presented as well.

4. CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION/EXPLINATION_________________01
NIKE CASE STUDY_____________________________03
CHOCOLATE CASE STUDY______________________05
EFFECTS OF CHILD LABOR_____________________07
RECOMMENDATIONS__________________________08
CONCLUSION_________________________________09

5. INTRODUCTION/EXPLANATION
The International Labor Organization(ILO) defineschild Labor as:
1- whena child is working during early age
2- he overworksor givesover time to Labor
3- he works due to the psychologically, socially, and materialisticpressure
4- he becomes ready to Labor ona very low pay
Another definitionstates:
“Child Labor” isgenerally speaking workfor childrenthat harmsthemor
exploitstheminsome way (physically, mentally, morally or blocking
access to education),
United NationsInternational Children’sEmergencyFund(UNICEF) defines
“child” as anyone below the age of 18, and “child Labor” assome type of
workperformed by childrenbelow age 18. (UNICEF)
In Pakistanchildren aged 5-14 are above 40 million. During the last year,
the Federal Bureauof Statisticsreleased the resultsof itssurvey funded by
ILO’s IPEC(International Programonthe Eliminationof Child Labor). The
findings were that 3.8 million children age group of 5-14 years are
working in Pakistanout of total 40 million children in this age group; fifty
percent of these economically active children are in age group of 5 to 9
years. Even out of these 3.8 million economically active children, 2.7

6. million were claimed to be working in the agriculture sector. Two million
and four hundred thousand (73%) of them were said to be boys.
TABLE
The table below indicated the distribution of child labors throughout the
provinces in Pakistan.
Province-wise Comparison of Child Labor
Province Total No. of Children
in age group of 5-14
years (millions)
Total No. of
Economically Active
Children in Age group
of 5-14 years (millions)
Ratio of Child Labor
Punjab 22.63 1.94 8.6%
Sindh 8.62 0.30 3.5%
NWFP 6.71 1.06 15.8%
Balochistan 2.07 0.01 0.5%
Total 40.03 3.31 8.3%
Time to get aware of some factsrelated to child labor around the world..
o There are 218 million child laborersinthe world.
o 14% of all childrenbetween5-17 yearsare child laborers.
o 1 in 7 childrenaround the world is a child laborer.
o Every year 22,000 childrendie in workrelated accidents.
o 69% of child laborersworkinagriculture.

7. NIKE CASE STUDY
Child labor is a big probleminmost third world countries, but possibly the
most known among the United States is Pakistan. The reason is Nike. Nike
has been accused repeatedly of using exploitative child labor in the
production of its soccer balls. Before we get into that, we'll examine the
tradition of child labor in Pakistan.
The per-capita income of Pakistan is approximately $1900. (The average,
middle class person in Pakistan makes about $5 a day.) The average
working person has to feed nine
or ten people with their $5. On
top of that, there is the high
inflation rate to deal with. It
becomes so hard to survive that
many families resort to giving
their children up to child labor
in order to get more income.
Child labor is scattered all over
Pakistan, but it has the greatest
impact on a north-western
province called Sialkot. Sialkot
is an important center for the
production of goods for export,
especially sporting goods. In
1994, it brought about $385

8. million into the Pakistan economy. Child labor exists in both the export
and domestic sectors of the economy in Sialkot. This has been well
documented internationally, and it is documented that child labor is
against Pakistan's law, but neither the government nor anyone else
chooses to do anything about it.
The Nike Scenario: If you have bought a soccer ball recently, there is a
good chance that a child helped produce it. Over half the world's soccer
balls are produced inPakistan, and all of those pass through a production
line. This production line is not only comprised of adults, but children as
well. This problem is not specific only to Pakistan. Children worldwide
work on production lines.
Nike is the main culprit of the soccer ball case, but technically they are not
the ones hiring the child laborers. Like a good chess player, Nike always
thinks a few moves ahead. They don’t just jump right in and hire children,
but instead subcontracts them through a local firm. In this case, the local
firm is SAGA Sports. The local firm is supposed to abide by Nike's
international rules and regulations, and in turn, it is the duty of the
business hiring the firm to check the local firm's actions. This is not what
happens. Nike doesn't check its local firms and the local firms are not
abiding by Nike's rules.
By the late 1990s, Pakistan had come to account for 75 percent of total
world productionof footballs (or “soccer" balls in the US), and 71 percent
of all soccer ball imports into the United States. The International Labor
Rights Forum and allies called attention to rampant child labor in the
soccer ball industry. According to investigations, thousands of children
between the ages of 5 and 14 were putting in as many as 10 to 11 hours
per day stitching. Then, the International Labor Organization, UNICEF,
Save the Children, and the Sialkot Chamber of Commerce and Industry
signed the Partners' Agreement to Eliminate Child Labor in the Soccer
Industry in Pakistan on February 14, 1997, in Atlanta, Georgia.

9. CHOCOLATE CASE STUDY
Ten years ago the chocolate industry
signed the “Harkin-Engel Protocol”, a
promise to eliminate the Worst Forms of
Child Labor (including trafficking and
hazardous work) in the cocoa sector of
Côte d'Ivoire and Ghana, where two thirds
of the world’s cocoa is grown. However,
none of the Protocol’s six articles calling
for actionwere fully implemented, and the required industry-wide change
in the cocoa sector has not taken place. The promise still hasn’t been met.
An estimated 1.8 million children work on the small cocoa farms in these
countries, growing and harvesting the core ingredient of the chocolate we
eat.
Many of these are working under what is known as the Worst Forms of
Child Labor, which includes trafficking, slave-like conditions, and
hazardous work. Cocoa grows in pods on Cocoa trees. The pods are
harvested by using machetes, and are sprayed regularly with insecticides.
Kids as young as 11 and 12 years old work long days, sometimes 10 hours
or more, doing thisdangerous work, without any protective clothing, and
with little to no access to medical care if they get sick or are injured. They
are also forced to carry bags of cocoa pods, weighing up to 40 kilograms.
Hardly suitable work for a 12 year old.
In the same period as the Harkin Engel
Protocol has been in effect, from 2001
to 2011, the global revenue from cocoa

10. products was an estimated USD 1 trillion. That’s $1.000.000.000.000.
The cocoa industry therefore certainly has the financial means to tackle
the problem. Since the industry has not taken responsibility for carrying
out the necessary reformfromwithin, it isnow necessary for governments
to demand a minimum standard of compliance of companies and require
due diligence in their supply chain. Clear and strong legislationis urgently
needed as the status quo is simply not acceptable: why should children
toil, at the expense of their health, educationand sometimestheir lives, for
an industry so immensely profitable? The best remedy for these abuses is
to send the children to school.
To achieve that, it is necessary that
companieshave independent organizations
checking their whole supply chain, that they
tell the public each year what they’re doing
to stop this child labor, and that
governments install an independent
oversight on progress. 10 Campaign is an
informal worldwide coalition of major civil
society organizations working in sustainable chocolate. It’s partners
include STOP THE TRAFFIK, International Labor Rights Forum, World
Vision Australia, Fairfood International, Stop Child Labor - School is the
best workplace, Südwind Research Institute, Berne Declaration, FNV
Bondgenoten and the Confédération Syndicale Burkinabé, as well as
various individuals with extensive experience in sustainable cocoa.

11. EFFECTS OF CHILD LABOR
Child labor is a crime, not only because it’s unethical or government
doesn’t allow it, but also because it ruins the life and values of those
children who become victim of this disgraceful activity.
Following are some of the effects which can be commonly observed
in child labors...
Family
They are unable to spend time with their family because of
overloaded work which they have to do for survival.
Values
Their values are effected most, they use drugs, cigarettes etc.
Language
They use abusive language as they are never taught to speak politely.
This is also the part of their environmental influence.
Physical abnormalities

12. Due to extra load and weight lifting their height stops and they are
also found as part of incidents during work.
There are many more effects which they face and suffer throughout
their life because of involvement in child labor activity.
RECOMMENDATIONS
We’ve gathered some recommendations after a thorough study on this
problem, after a long discussion few recommendations which we thought
were appropriate are mentioned as follow…
Funds
 We should use child labor funds for child labor.
Factor reduction
 We should work on reducing their factors like poverty, illiteracy,
inflation, corruption etc.
Free education
 Free education should be provided needy and poor people.
Awareness

13.  Awareness programs should be conducted for business firms etc.
CONCLUSION
This report wasassigned to us by our instructor Dr.Shafqat Bukhariabout
two weeks before submission. The topic we chose for the presentation is
child labor. Major reasons behind this topic were its occurrence in
Pakistan, its drawbacksand effectsonthe society. We will discuss the child
labor itself with the help of factsand figuresregarding child labor around
the world. Then a few cases will be discussed which will be followed by
effects of child labor on children and on the society. After all this we will
share the findings of a survey we conducted with the young labors
discussing the consequences they face. We will conclude the presentation
with recommendationsand precautionsthat are needed to be taken if we
want child labor to come to an end. All the above mentioned parts
mentioned in the report and they will be properly presented as well.