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Taxonomy
What is taxonomy?
Taxonomy is the branch of
biology concerned with the
grouping and naming of
organisms

Biologists who study this are
called taxonomists
How did it start?

People wanted to organize
their world so they began
grouping, or classifying
everything they saw.
Why classify?

To help us study the earth

To help us organize all the
species we discover . . .
To give every species a name
based on a standard method
so scientists from different
countries can talk about the
same animal without
confusion
Who is Carolus Linnaeus?
Carolus Linnaeus was a
Swedish botanist
Developed a 7-level (taxa)
classification system based
on similarities between
organisms
HISTORY OF
         CLASSIFICATION




                 CAROLLUS LINNAEUS
                 DEVELOPED THE
ARISTOTLE        CLASSIFICATION ON     ROBERT WHITTAKER
DIVIDED LIVING   SIMILAR PROPERTIES,   THE CONSIDERED
THINGS INTO      FOUND BINOMIAL        FIVE KINGDOMS
TWO KINGDOMS     NOMENCLATURE AS       SYSTEM
                 A SYSTEM TO GIVE A
                 SCIENTIFIC NAME
CAROLLUS LINNAEUS




The mnemonic device to help you remember the complete hierarchy

  King--Phillip--Came--Over--For--Good--Soup
ROBERT WHITTAKER
Prokaryotic Cells Without Nuclei And Membrane-Bound Organelles
 1. Kingdom Monera [10,000 species]: Unicellular and colonial--
including the true bacteria (eubacteria) and cyanobacteria (blue-
green algae).
Eukaryotic Cells With Nuclei And Membrane-Bound Organelles:
 2. Kingdom Protista (Protoctista) [250,000 species]: Unicellular
protozoans and unicellular & multicellular (macroscopic) algae with
9 + 2 cilia and flagella (called undulipodia).
 3. Kingdom Fungi [100,000 species]: Haploid and dikaryotic
(binucleate) cells, multicellular, generally heterotrophic, without cilia
and eukaryotic (9 + 2) flagella (undulipodia).
 4. Kingdom Plantae [250,000 species]: Haplo-diploid life cycles,
mostly autotrophic, retaining embryo within female sex organ on
parent plant.
 5. Kingdom Animalia [1,000,000 species]: Multicellular animals,
without cell walls and without photosynthetic pigments, forming
diploid blastula.
How does it work?
There are 6 broad kingdoms
Every living thing that we
know of fits into one of the
six kingdoms
Each level gets more specific
as fewer organisms fit into
any one group
Sea-side Splat!
An animal is known by
     two names…
Canis lupus is the scientific
name for a gray wolf.
Canis is the genus name
lupus is the species name
This system uses a binomial
nomenclature
Genus…
A genus consists of a group
of closely related species
Other animals in the Canis
group include dogs and
coyotes
The genus name is always
Capitalized
Species...
A species consists of animals
that can mate and produce
fertile offspring
Only grey wolves are known
as lupus.
The species name is always
lowercase
Binomial Nomenclature
Bi means two
Nomen means name
A binomial nomenclature is a
classification system using
two names to identify an
organism
‘Binomial’ = 2 names


                            species – all in
                            lower case


           Fucus vesiculosus

Genus – has
a capital letter
                    Italics (or underlined)
                    -to show the words are
                    different to ordinary text.
Taxon              Cat                Man

KINGDOM   Animalia         Animalia
PHYLUM    Chordata         Chordata
CLASS     Mammalia         Mammalia

ORDER     Carnivora         Primates

FAMILY    Felidae - cats    Anthropoids - apes


GENUS     Felis             Homo

SPECIES   cattus            sapiens
Example: Cinnamon rose (Rosa cinnamomea)

    Specific epithet --- cinnamomea
    Genus --- Rosa
    Family --- Rosaceae
    Order --- Rosales
    Class --- Dicotyledonae
    Subdivision --- Angiospermae
    Division --- Spermatophyta
    Kingdom --- Plantae
Early Taxonomists
  2000 years ago,
Aristotle was the
first taxonomist
  Aristotle divided
organisms into plants
& animals
  He subdivided them
by their habitat
---land, sea, or air
dwellers
                        19
Early Taxonomists
John Ray, a
botanist, was the
first to use Latin
for naming
His names were
very long
descriptions
telling everything
about the plant
                         20
Carolus Linnaeus
            1707 – 1778

18th century
taxonomist
Classified
organisms by
their structure
Developed
naming system
still used today


                          21
Carolus Linnaeus
Called the “Father of
Taxonomy”
Developed the modern
system of naming known as
binomial nomenclature
Two-word name (Genus &
species)

                            22
Confusion in Using Different Languages for Names
Latin Names are Understood by all
Taxonomists
Binomial Nomenclature




Which TWO are more closely related?   25
Rules for Naming Organisms
The International Code for
Binomial Nomenclature contains
the rules for naming organisms
All names must be approved by
International Naming Congresses
(International Zoological
Congress)
This prevents duplicated names


                                  26
Hierarchy-Taxonomic Groups
 Domain      BROADEST TAXON

   Kingdom
   Phylum (Division – used for plants)
     Class
        Order
           Family

            Genus               Most
              Species           Specific


                                           27
Dumb
King
Phillip
Came
Over
For
Gooseberr
y
Soup!
          28
copyright cmassengale   29
30
31
Where Do Viruses
      Fit?
Not a cell
Not “alive”?
– Do not grow,
– do not maintain homeostasis    Early
Nucleic acids in protein shell   Stage of
                                 Influenza
Use host cell to replicate
                                 Virus
Basis for Modern Taxonomy
  Homologous structures (same
  structure, different function)
  Similar embryo development
  Molecular Similarity in DNA,
  RNA, or amino acid sequence
  of Proteins



                                   33
Homologous Structures (BONES in the FORELIMBS) shows
                Similarities in mammals.         34
Similarities in Vertebrate Embryos




                                 35
Embryology



             Embryology
THE CAT
                        FAMILY


Mountain lion, Puma,Panther,
Cougar,Cheetah,Tiger,Leopard,Jaguor
Felis concolor –
                                         mountain lion, puma,
                                         panther, cougar



Sumatran Tiger - Kingdom: Animalia,
 Phylum, Chordata, Class Mammalia,
Order Carnivora, Family Felidae, Genus
        Pathera, Species tigris




                               Panthera leo
                               Panthera tigris
                               Panthera pardus
CHEETAH
TIGER
Panther
Puma
Cougar
Mountain Lion
Complete classsification
Taxonomy
Rice                        Cat
Kingdom : Plantae           Kingdom : Animalia
Division  : Angiospermae    Phylum    : Chordata
Class    :Monocotyledonae   Class     : Mammalia
Order     : Poales          Order     :Carnivore
Family    : Poaceae         Family    : Felidae
Genus     : Oryzae          Genus     : Felis
Species   : Oryza sativa    Species   :
                            Felis domesticus
“Latin is a language,
as dead as dead can be.
First it killed the Romans:
    Now it’s killing me.”
“A name is a handle by
  which we get to know
certain people, places and
          plants.”

           - Michael Dirr
But what about “rilver” maple
           trees?
        PLANTS MAKE
         BUT DO NOT
        READ BOOKS!

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Taxonomy2

  • 2. What is taxonomy? Taxonomy is the branch of biology concerned with the grouping and naming of organisms Biologists who study this are called taxonomists
  • 3. How did it start? People wanted to organize their world so they began grouping, or classifying everything they saw.
  • 4. Why classify? To help us study the earth To help us organize all the species we discover . . .
  • 5. To give every species a name based on a standard method so scientists from different countries can talk about the same animal without confusion
  • 6. Who is Carolus Linnaeus? Carolus Linnaeus was a Swedish botanist Developed a 7-level (taxa) classification system based on similarities between organisms
  • 7. HISTORY OF CLASSIFICATION CAROLLUS LINNAEUS DEVELOPED THE ARISTOTLE CLASSIFICATION ON ROBERT WHITTAKER DIVIDED LIVING SIMILAR PROPERTIES, THE CONSIDERED THINGS INTO FOUND BINOMIAL FIVE KINGDOMS TWO KINGDOMS NOMENCLATURE AS SYSTEM A SYSTEM TO GIVE A SCIENTIFIC NAME
  • 8. CAROLLUS LINNAEUS The mnemonic device to help you remember the complete hierarchy King--Phillip--Came--Over--For--Good--Soup
  • 9. ROBERT WHITTAKER Prokaryotic Cells Without Nuclei And Membrane-Bound Organelles 1. Kingdom Monera [10,000 species]: Unicellular and colonial-- including the true bacteria (eubacteria) and cyanobacteria (blue- green algae). Eukaryotic Cells With Nuclei And Membrane-Bound Organelles: 2. Kingdom Protista (Protoctista) [250,000 species]: Unicellular protozoans and unicellular & multicellular (macroscopic) algae with 9 + 2 cilia and flagella (called undulipodia). 3. Kingdom Fungi [100,000 species]: Haploid and dikaryotic (binucleate) cells, multicellular, generally heterotrophic, without cilia and eukaryotic (9 + 2) flagella (undulipodia). 4. Kingdom Plantae [250,000 species]: Haplo-diploid life cycles, mostly autotrophic, retaining embryo within female sex organ on parent plant. 5. Kingdom Animalia [1,000,000 species]: Multicellular animals, without cell walls and without photosynthetic pigments, forming diploid blastula.
  • 10. How does it work? There are 6 broad kingdoms Every living thing that we know of fits into one of the six kingdoms Each level gets more specific as fewer organisms fit into any one group
  • 12. An animal is known by two names… Canis lupus is the scientific name for a gray wolf. Canis is the genus name lupus is the species name This system uses a binomial nomenclature
  • 13. Genus… A genus consists of a group of closely related species Other animals in the Canis group include dogs and coyotes The genus name is always Capitalized
  • 14. Species... A species consists of animals that can mate and produce fertile offspring Only grey wolves are known as lupus. The species name is always lowercase
  • 15. Binomial Nomenclature Bi means two Nomen means name A binomial nomenclature is a classification system using two names to identify an organism
  • 16. ‘Binomial’ = 2 names species – all in lower case Fucus vesiculosus Genus – has a capital letter Italics (or underlined) -to show the words are different to ordinary text.
  • 17. Taxon Cat Man KINGDOM Animalia Animalia PHYLUM Chordata Chordata CLASS Mammalia Mammalia ORDER Carnivora Primates FAMILY Felidae - cats Anthropoids - apes GENUS Felis Homo SPECIES cattus sapiens
  • 18. Example: Cinnamon rose (Rosa cinnamomea) Specific epithet --- cinnamomea Genus --- Rosa Family --- Rosaceae Order --- Rosales Class --- Dicotyledonae Subdivision --- Angiospermae Division --- Spermatophyta Kingdom --- Plantae
  • 19. Early Taxonomists 2000 years ago, Aristotle was the first taxonomist Aristotle divided organisms into plants & animals He subdivided them by their habitat ---land, sea, or air dwellers 19
  • 20. Early Taxonomists John Ray, a botanist, was the first to use Latin for naming His names were very long descriptions telling everything about the plant 20
  • 21. Carolus Linnaeus 1707 – 1778 18th century taxonomist Classified organisms by their structure Developed naming system still used today 21
  • 22. Carolus Linnaeus Called the “Father of Taxonomy” Developed the modern system of naming known as binomial nomenclature Two-word name (Genus & species) 22
  • 23. Confusion in Using Different Languages for Names
  • 24. Latin Names are Understood by all Taxonomists
  • 25. Binomial Nomenclature Which TWO are more closely related? 25
  • 26. Rules for Naming Organisms The International Code for Binomial Nomenclature contains the rules for naming organisms All names must be approved by International Naming Congresses (International Zoological Congress) This prevents duplicated names 26
  • 27. Hierarchy-Taxonomic Groups Domain BROADEST TAXON Kingdom Phylum (Division – used for plants) Class Order Family Genus Most Species Specific 27
  • 30. 30
  • 31. 31
  • 32. Where Do Viruses Fit? Not a cell Not “alive”? – Do not grow, – do not maintain homeostasis Early Nucleic acids in protein shell Stage of Influenza Use host cell to replicate Virus
  • 33. Basis for Modern Taxonomy Homologous structures (same structure, different function) Similar embryo development Molecular Similarity in DNA, RNA, or amino acid sequence of Proteins 33
  • 34. Homologous Structures (BONES in the FORELIMBS) shows Similarities in mammals. 34
  • 36. Embryology Embryology
  • 37.
  • 38. THE CAT FAMILY Mountain lion, Puma,Panther, Cougar,Cheetah,Tiger,Leopard,Jaguor
  • 39. Felis concolor – mountain lion, puma, panther, cougar Sumatran Tiger - Kingdom: Animalia, Phylum, Chordata, Class Mammalia, Order Carnivora, Family Felidae, Genus Pathera, Species tigris Panthera leo Panthera tigris Panthera pardus
  • 41. TIGER
  • 43. Puma
  • 47. Taxonomy Rice Cat Kingdom : Plantae Kingdom : Animalia Division : Angiospermae Phylum : Chordata Class :Monocotyledonae Class : Mammalia Order : Poales Order :Carnivore Family : Poaceae Family : Felidae Genus : Oryzae Genus : Felis Species : Oryza sativa Species : Felis domesticus
  • 48. “Latin is a language, as dead as dead can be. First it killed the Romans: Now it’s killing me.”
  • 49. “A name is a handle by which we get to know certain people, places and plants.” - Michael Dirr
  • 50. But what about “rilver” maple trees? PLANTS MAKE BUT DO NOT READ BOOKS!

Editor's Notes

  1. Patella; porcellanus - pocelain crab, F.vesiculosus, Enteromorpha, Nucella – dog whelk, flat periwinkle, Corallina, balanus, edible periwinkle, F.serratus, carcinus, Actinia
  2. Genus and species are the two names used to identify specific organisms in the binomial system of classification. Division is used for plants.