Phylogenetics: Classification

1. Phylogenetics:
Classification of
Life
ppt. by Robin D. Seamon
1
HOOK VIDEO: COSMOS-
“Some Things Molecules do”

2. 2 TYPES OF CELLS
Prokaryotes
• Oldest life forms
• Cell wall
• Cell membrane
• cytoplasm
• single chromosome: circular
strand of DNA
• Reproduction: binary fission
Eukaryotes
• (Plants, fungi, some protists have
cell wall)
• Cell membrane
• Cytoplasm
• DNA inside a membrane-bound
nucleus
• Organelles to perform metabolic
and reproductive processes
• Reproduction: asexual or sexual
reproduction
2
VIDEO: How we think complex organisms
evolved endosymbiosis (5:40)
REVIEW

3. 3 Domains:
Prokaryote: no nucleus or organelles
Eukaryotes: nucleus & membrane-bound organelles
VIDEO: How we think complex cells evolved (5:30)
3

4. NEW There are 3
Domains
K
C
O
F
S
G
P
RANKING
SYSTEM
4

5. 5
CC video: comparative
anatomy (10 min)
Kingdom
Archae-
bacteria

6. H I S T O R Y
Aristotle: (Greek philosopher 384-322 CE)
classified animals based on method of
reproduction
6

7. Taxonomy: group or categorize organisms
• Before 1700, there were multiple long names for new
species with no rules in naming process
Carl Linnaeus (Swedish) 1735
grouped organisms by shared physical characteristics
• wrote Systems Naturae
3 Kingdoms: 1. Mineral
2. Vegetable
3. Animal
7

8. 8
Binomial nomenclature
• Linneaus’ 2-name system
• Scientific name = species name
• Genus species
• First part – genus - capitalized
• Second part - species identifier
• Both italicized or underlined

9. Today naming is
regulated by
Nomenclature
Codes allowing
names to be
divided into ranks:
Binomial
nomenclature
(genus & species)
1740’s
R A N K I N G
S Y S T E M
9CC Video: #19 Taxonomy(12 min)

10. • 1859 Darwin insisted classification should
reflect genetic relatedness
• 1900 Emil Willi Henning: grouped organisms by
inferred evolutionary relatedness
• Homologous structures; inherited
from common ancestors, so were
related
Phylogenetic taxonomy
10

11. • Cladistic system: 1960’s scientists started using
DNA sequences to determine common ancestry
IGNORING RANKS
• This new field is making changes & revisions in
classification everyday.
• International Code of Phylogenetic
Nomenclature (PhyloCode) is currently under
development
Molecular Phylogenetics
C L A D E S Y S T E M
11

12. 12
Cladistics
Uses derived character
• A feature that evolved only within a group
• Used to establish evolutionary relationships

13. 13
MODERN SYSTEM
Three-Domain System
• Compare ribosomal RNA
• All cells have ribosomes
Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya
• With Six-Kingdoms as subgroups

14. 14

15. • 1990’s: New Grouping based on new discoveries
in bacteria metabolism
1. Archaea
2. Bacteria
3. Eukaryota
D O M A I N S
Separated
these 2
Includes Protists
15
CC Video: #35 Archaea, Bacteria, Protists (12 min)

16. Prokayotes have evolved
longer & are more flexible in
their biochemistry, therefore
they can live in more
extreme environments than
eukaryotes
--Many, but not all are
autotrophic (make their own
sugars)
• phototropic organisms
• chemotrophic organisms
Eukaryotes perform
metabolism in the organelles
of the cells
-- All but plants are
heterotrophic
• Chloroplasts:
photosynthesis
• Mitochondria:
cellular respiration
PROKARYOTES EUKARYOTES
16
REVIEW

17. 17
• REPRODUCTION: binary fission
• TRANSPORT: through the membrane
Archaea & Bacteria

18. 18
Archaea- ancient group of prokaryotic
organisms that are still present today --
Extremphiles- types of archaea that live in very
extreme places
Some examples:
• Halophile: live in extreme salty
conditions
• Thermophile: live in extremely hot
conditions
• Methanogen: metabolize such that
they use acidic conditions (sulfur)
and release methane
PROKARYOTE:
No nucleus or
organelles
DNA in
cytoplasm
Binary fission
Kingdom Archaebacteria

19. 19
Hiller Lake, Australia
Halophilic archaea & bacteria live in this salty
lake BACK

20. Under-ocean
hot vent
20
Yellowstone hot vent, Wyoming
thermophilic archaea & bacteria live in this
hot vent BACK

21. 21
Methanogenic archaea
BACK

22. 22
PROKARYOTE:
No nucleus or
organelles
DNA in
cytoplasm
Binary fission
Bacteria- ancient group of prokaryotes
that are still present today
Kingdom Eubacteria

23. 23
Bacteria in our world:
• Diseases
• Nitrogen-fixing
• Digestion
• Make vitamins
• Food
production
Diseases Caused by Bacteria
Disease Transmission Symptoms Treatment
Strep throat
(Streptococcus)
Inhale or
ingest through
mouth
Fever, sore throat,
swollen neck glands
Antibiotic
Tuberculosis Inhale Fatigue, fever, night
sweats, cough, weight
loss, chest pain
Antibiotic
Tetanus Puncture
wound
Stiff jaw, muscle
spasms, paralysis
Open and clean wound,
antibiotic; give antitoxin
Lyme disease Bite of
infected tick
Rash at site of bite,
chills, body aches,
joint swelling
Antibiotic
Dental
cavities (caries)
Bacteria
in mouth
Destruction of tooth
enamel, toothache
Remove and fill the
destroyed area of tooth
Diptheria Inhale or
close contact
Sore throat, fever,
heart or breathing
failure
Vaccination to
prevent, antibiotics

24. 24
Eukaryota- group of organisms whose cells
contain a nucleus and membrane-bound
organelles
ALL THE REST
4 Kingdoms

25. Phylogenetic tree
25

26. PROKARYOTES EUKARYOTES
Archaebacteria
(Archaea)
Eubacteria
(Bacteria)
Kingdom Protista-
(microscopic
organisms)
Kingdom Plantae-
Kingdom Fungi
Kingdom Animalia
26
DOMAIN
BACTERIA
DOMAIN
ARCHAEA DOMAIN
BACTERIA
REVIEW
6 Kingdoms

27. PLANT KINGDOM
specific organelles
(autotrophs)
• Large central
vacuole
• No lysosome,
but the recycling
can happen in
the vacuoles
• Plastids
• Chloroplasts
• Chromoplasts
• Leukoplasts
ANIMAL KINGDOM
specific organelles
(heterotrophs)
• Smaller vacuoles
• lysosomes
FUNGI KINGDOM
closer related to
animal than plant
(heterotrophic)
• No lysosome, but
the recycling can
happen in the
vacuoles
PROTIST- microscopic organisms of a huge variety; some more related
to plant metabolism (autotrophic), others more related to
heterotrophs (fungi/animal)
MICRO
MACRO
COMPARISONS of EUKARYOTES
27
REVIEW (have nucleus &
organelles)

28. Protists- eukaryotic microscopic organisms;
Kingdom Protista
• Most are single-celled, though some are
multi-celled; some are colonial
• Some are more related to plant metabolism
(autotrophic), others more related to
heterotrophs (fungi/animal)
• Asexual reproduction: mitosis
• Transport: through membrane
KINGDOM PROTISTA

29. H I S T O R Y O F C L A S S I F I C A T I O N
1735
Linnaeus
1866
Haeckel
1925
Chatton
1938
Copeland
1969
Whittaker
1990
Woesse
1998
Cavalier-
Smith
2 Kingdoms 3 Kingdoms 2 Empires 4 Kingdoms 5 Kingdoms 3 Domains 6 Kingdoms
Mineral Prokaryote Monera Monera Bacteria Bacteria
Protist Protist Protist Archaea Protist
Eukaryote Eukaryote Chromista
Vegetable Plant Plant Plant Plant
Fungi Fungi
Animal Animal Animal Animal Animal
To apply
Darwin to
Microscopic
organisms
To show
having
nucleus or
not
To show
evolutionary
history of
life
29

30. 1969 Whittaker: 5 Kingdoms
Protists
Monera
Plants
Animals
Fungi
Prokaryotes:
Eubacteria &
Archeobacteria
Eukaryotes
Absorb & photosynthesize
Asexual Reproduction
Absorb & photosynthesize
Asexual & Sexual Reproduction
Photosynthesize
Asexual & Sexual Reproduction
Non-mobile
Ingest
Asexual & Sexual Reproduction
mobile
Absorb
Spores: asexual Reproduction
Non-mobile
30

31. 1990 Woese: 3 Domains
Eukaryotes
Plants
Animals
Fungi
Protists
Photosynthesize
Asexual & Sexual
Reproduction
Non-mobile
Absorb
Spores: asexual
Reproduction
Non-mobile
Archaea CBacteria
Monera Monera
Absorb & photosynethsize
Aerobic respiration
Asexual & Sexual Reproduction
Various metabolism:
photosynthesis, fermentation,
Methanogenesis respiration
Asexual Reproduction
Various metabolism:
photosynthesis, fermentation,
Anaerobic & aerobic respiration
Asexual Reproduction
Ingest
Asexual & Sexual
Reproduction
mobile
NO
NUCLEUS
NO
NUCLEUS
NUCLEUS
DOMAIN DOMAIN DOMAIN
31
NOTES LAB

32. 1990 Woese: 3 Domains
Eukaryotes
Plants
Animals
Fungi
Protists
Photosynthesize
Asexual & Sexual
Reproduction
Non-mobile
Absorb
Spores: Asexual
Reproduction
Non-mobile
Archaea CBacteria
Monera Monera
Absorb & photosynethsize
Aerobic respiration
Asexual & Sexual Reproduction
Various metabolism:
photosynthesis, fermentation,
Methanogenesis respiration
Asexual Reproduction
Various metabolism:
photosynthesis, fermentation,
Anaerobic & aerobic respiration
Asexual Reproduction
Ingest
Asexual & Sexual
Reproduction
mobile
NO
NUCLEUS
NO
NUCLEUS
NUCLEUS
DOMAIN DOMAIN DOMAIN
32

33. Protist
Fungi
Tree of life Web Project
Tolweb.org
33

34. 34