Investigating Stigma of Depression from the Perspective of Social and Clinical Psychology

Investigating Stigma of
Depression from the
Perspective of Social
and Clinical Psychology
Dr. Jun Kashihara
Melbourne School of Population and Global Health
CMH Seminar
20 September 2018 1

Presenter and Contents
Jun Kashihara, PhD
• Focuses on stigma of depression and its reduction, as well
as the promotion of mental health first aid
• Utilizes an integrative approach of social and clinical
psychology
Contents
• Background of the research
• Overview of the studies
• Study 1: Reducing implicit stigma of depression by counter-
stereotypic strategies
• Study 2: Perceptions of Modern Type Depression: A Cross-
Cultural Comparison between Japan and the United States
• Wrap up

What do you think about this photo?
• An ordinary scene of sunrise in Australia,
but it is a quite strange scene for Japanese
Icebreaker

This story contains two key ideas of this talk
• Automatic beliefs
– e.g.) “Windows should face south”
• Cross-cultural differences
– e.g.) Although the sun moves toward south in Japan,
it moves toward north in Australia
It is hard to realize automatic beliefs and unique features of
specific cultures
• They are often “taken for granted” in specific cultural
contexts
Icebreaker

5
Background of
the research
Dr. Jun Kashihara
CMH Seminar
20 September 2018

Depression and low rates of help-seeking
Depression is a serious societal problem in Japan
• Over 1.1 million Japanese suffer depressive disorders (Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare, 2014)
• Economic loss due to depression and suicide was 2.7 trillion JPY (≈ 34 billion AUD) (MHLW, 2010)
A majority of people with depression receive no professional treatment
• Only 25% of people with depression in Japan (Kawakami, 2003) and less than 30% of those in most
countries (WHO, 2012) have received treatments for depression
6
Treated
25%
Untreate
d
75%

Stigma as a barrier of help-seeking
• Stronger perceived stigma among people with depression predicts weaker intention to seek help
(Sherwood et al., 2007)
• Healthy people with stronger stigmatizing attitudes are less likely to encourage people with depression to
seek professional help (Jorm et al., 2005)
7
People
with
depression
The public
Stigma (prejudice,
discrimination)

“How can I contribute to research on stigma?”
Large-scale studies are often difficult for a PhD student of psychology
× Campaigns, national surveys, contact-based interventions, intensive training courses…
I have decided to provide new insights by using perspective and methods of psychology
• There remains rooms to amplify the effectiveness of stigma-reduction programs
• New insights from well-designed small studies could helpful
in improving large-scale studies
8

9
Overview of the
studies
Dr. Jun Kashihara
CMH Seminar
20 September 2018

Heterogeneity of major depression
DSM-5 criteria (APA, 2013)
1. Diminished interest or pleasure
2. Depressed mood
3. Increase or decrease in either weight or appetite
4. Insomnia or hypersomnia
5. Psychomotor agitation or retardation
6. Fatigue or loss of energy
7. Worthlessness or inapproriate guilt
8. Problems concentrating or making decisions
9. Thoughts of death or suicidal ideation
10

Heterogeneity of major depression
DSM-5 criteria (APA, 2013)
1. Diminished interest or pleasure
2. Depressed mood
3. Increase or decrease in either weight or appetite
4. Insomnia or hypersomnia
5. Psychomotor agitation or retardation
6. Fatigue or loss of energy
7. Worthlessness or inapproriate guilt
8. Problems concentrating or making decisions
9. Thoughts of death or suicidal ideation
11
According to calculations, there exist 16,400
different profiles for a major depression
(Fried & Nesse, 2015)

Challenging stereotypes of depression in Japan
For most Japanese people, the term utsu-byo (clinical depression) indicate only melancholic type
• Over-working, diligent, gloomy and shy, weak to the social pressure…
• Historically, Japanese psychiatrists have regarded melancholic type as a prototypical and “traditional” form
of depression (for a review, see Kato et al., 2011)
• Public images of depression correspond to the features of melancholic type (Kashihara, 2016)
A subtype called “modern type depression (MTD)”, whose features are contrasting to those of “traditional
type depression (TTD)”, is severely stigmatized in Japan in these days
• Not so diligent at work, feel distressed about social norms, prioritizing their own convenience…
• Mass media sensationally reported that “MTD is just a skipping-out!” (Mori, 2012)
• Recent empirical vignette surveys have shown that people with MTD are viewed more negatively than
those with TTD in Japan (Sakamoto et al., 2016)
12

Research questions
Study 1: How can we weaken the stereotypes of utsu-byo (clinical depression) effectively?
• Study 1 mainly focused on implicit stigma, or automatic biases in information processing
• It examined effectiveness of counter-stereotypic strategies, which have been proved as effective strategies
for reducing the implicit prejudice toward Black people (e.g., Dasgupta & Greenwald, 2001) and women
(e.g., Blair et al., 2001)
Study 2: How does Japanese culture affect negative images of MTD?
• Study 2 examined cross-cultural differences in perceptions of MTD
• By comparing with the U.S. survey data, it discusses that the interdependent and collectivistic culture in
Japan possibly contribute to the stigma of MTD
Note. Cultural psychologists have regarded Japan and the U.S. as having strikingly different cultures to each
other (e.g., Markus & Kitayama, 1991)
13

What you can learn from the studies
The existence of implicit stigma and its assessment (Study 1)
• By using both explicit (i.e., self-report) and implicit measures together, we can capture the whole picture
of stigma of depression
Effective strategies to reduce stigma of depression (Study 1)
• Previous social psychological studies have struggled to find effective strategies to reduce implicit stigma
• I believe such strategies would amplify the effectiveness of stigma-reduction programs of depression
Cross-cultural variability in perceptions of depression (study 2)
• What is “taken for granted” in some countries (e.g., depression is heterogeneous) cannot always be
applied globally
14

15
Study 1
Reducing Implicit Stigma of Depression
by Counter-Stereotypic Strategies
Dr. Jun Kashihara
CMH Seminar
20 September 2018

Kashihara, J., & Sakamoto, S. (2018). Basic and
Applied Social Psychology, 40(2), 87–103.
doi:10.1080/01973533.2018.1441714
16
Note. Following the editorial of BASP (Trafimow & Marks, 2015),
we did not conduct the null hypothesis significance tests in
Study 1. Instead, we intensively reported descriptive statistics
and effect sizes in the Results section.

Background and Objectives
Background: The existence of implicit stigma which cannot be easily reduced
• Healthy people tend to exhibit more negative beliefs and attitudes toward depression on implicit
measures than on explicit measures (Kashihara, 2015; Monteith & Pettit, 2011)
• Unlike explicit stigma, implicit stigma of depression cannot be effectively reduced only by text-based
education concerning the causes of depression (Kashihara, 2015)
Objectives: To show effective strategies to reduce implicit stigma of depression
• Referring to previous social psychological studies that tackled on implicit stigma of Black people (e.g.,
Dasgupta & Greenwald, 2001) and women (e.g., Blair et al., 2001), we applied strategies of promoting
counter-stereotypic exemplars to cases of depression
• Based on the recent investigations of stigma in Japan (Kashihara, 2016), we targeted the gloomy and
mentally weak beliefs, as well as negative attitudes in general
17

Method
Pretest–posttest control group design
Participants: 105 Japanese undergraduates (61 female, 44 male; Mage = 18.53, SD = 0.80)
• Experimental group (n = 51): Education of basic knowledge and counter-stereotypic strategies
• Control group (n = 54): Education of basic knowledge only
Dependant variables: Stigma of depression (gloomy, mentally weak, bad)
• Explicit stigma: 7-point semantic differential (SD) scales
• Implicit stigma: Brief Implicit Association Test (Sriram & Greenwald, 2009)
Note. Brief IAT is a shortened version of IAT (Greenwald et al., 1998)
18

19
PretestPretest
Participants (n = 106):
Randomly assigned to
either of the two groups
First slideshow:
Explained that anyone can develop
depression regardless of their personality
Experimental group
(n = 51)
First slideshow:
Second slideshow:
Showed two fictitious counter-stereotypic
characters of people with depression
Counter-stereotypic mental imagery tasks:
About the human relationships of each
character shown in the second slideshow
Posttest Posttest
Control group
(n = 54)
Removed from analyses
(n = 1)
Figure 1. Participants’ experimental flow. One participant
in the experimental group was removed from the analyses
because (s)he checked the statement “I have major
depression” in the Level of Contact Report.

First slideshow (approx. 8 min)
Presented in both experimental and control groups
It consisted of three parts:
• Introduction of the symptoms of depression
• Explanation that anyone can develop depression, regardless of their personality
• Adaptive functions of depression discussed in evolutionary psychology
20

Counter-stereotypic strategies (in Exp. group)
Second slideshow (approx. 6 min) introduced two fictitious counter-stereotypic characters regarding
depression
• Mr. T., who had been viewed as having cheerful and mentally strong personality traits in his college days
but got depressed after he started working
• Mr. K., who had been viewed as having gloomy and mentally weak personality traits in his college days but
had neither physical nor mental problems after he started working
Mental imagery tasks were administered afterwards
• The participants imagined and wrote down what they felt the human relationships of the two counter-
stereotypic characters were like (4 min for each character)
21

Brief IAT
Press the right “I” key for DEPRESSION or MENTALLY WEAK
Press the left “E” key for words from the other categories
22
DEPRESSION
or
MENTALLY WEAK

Brief IAT
depression
23
DEPRESSION
or
MENTALLY WEAK

Brief IAT
vulnerable
24
DEPRESSION
or
MENTALLY WEAK

Brief IAT
health
25
DEPRESSION
or
MENTALLY WEAK

Brief IAT
Press the right “I” key for DEPRESSION or MENTALLY STRONG
weak
26
DEPRESSION
or
MENTALLY STRONG
Switching task instructions
Implicit association is computed
from the
differences between mean latencies

27
PretestPretest
Participants (n = 106):
Randomly assigned to
either of the two groups
First slideshow:
Experimental group
(n = 51)
First slideshow:
Second slideshow:
Showed two fictitious counter-stereotypic
characters of people with depression
Counter-stereotypic mental imagery tasks:
About the human relationships of each
character shown in the second slideshow
Posttest Posttest
Control group
(n = 54)
Removed from analyses
(n = 1)
Figure 1. Participants’ experimental flow. One participant
in the experimental group was removed from the analyses
because (s)he checked the statement “I have major
depression” in the Level of Contact Report.

Results: Changes in explicit stigma
• Three types of stigma were
reduced within each group
(all ds > 0.50)
• Moderate effect sizes were
obtained for between-group
comparisons regarding change
scores of gloomy (d = 0.53) and
mentally weak (d = 0.55) beliefs
cf. negative attitudes (d = −0.10)
28
Figure 2. Mean ratings of explicit stigmatizing beliefs
and attitudes for the experimental and control group
participants at pretest and the posttest. Standard error
bars are included.

Results: Changes in explicit stigma
• We examined the percentage of
participants in each group who
had higher scores compared to
each grand median
• Gloomy belief:
Exp. = 54.90%, Ctrl. = 35.85%,
OR = 2.18
• Mentally weak belief:
Exp. = 58.82%, Ctrl. = 35.19%,
OR = 2.63
• Negative attitudes:
Exp. = 32.00%, Ctrl. = 33.33%,
OR = 0.94
29
Figure 3. Box plots for change scores of explicit
beliefs and attitudes for the experimental and control
group participants. Dotted grids indicate grand medians
across two groups. Positive scores indicate that
stigmatizing beliefs and attitudes were reduced by
manipulations.
-2
0246
-4-6
Control Experimental -6-4-2
0246
ChangeScoresoftheExplicitMentallyWeakBelief
Control Experimental
-4-2
0246
-6

Results: Changes in implicit stigma
• Three types of stigma were
reduced within each group
(all ds > 0.60)
• Moderate to large effect sizes
were obtained for between-
group comparisons regarding
change scores of gloomy (d =
0.88) and mentally weak (d =
0.64) beliefs and of negative
attitudes (d = 0.85)
30
Figure 4. Mean D-scores of the BIATs for experimental
and control group participants at pretest and posttest.
Standard error bars are included.

Results: Changes in implicit stigma
• We examined the percentage of
participants in each group who
had higher scores compared to
each grand median
• Gloomy belief:
Exp. = 60.78%, Ctrl. = 38.89%,
OR = 2.44
• Mentally weak belief:
Exp. = 60.78%, Ctrl. = 44.44%,
OR = 1.94
• Negative attitudes:
Exp. = 56.00%, Ctrl. = 44.44%,
OR = 1.59
31
Figure 5. Box plots for change scores of implicit
beliefs and attitudes for the experimental and control
group participants. Dotted grids indicate grand medians
across two groups. Positive scores indicate that
stigmatizing beliefs and attitudes were reduced by
manipulations.
-1
012
Control Experimental -1
012
ChangeScoresoftheImplicitMentallyWeakBelief
-1
012

Discussion
Multiple lines of evidence in support of the effectiveness of counter-stereotypic strategies
• The average implicit stigma-reduction effects were larger in the experimental than in the control group
• More participants in the experimental group than in the control group exhibited stigma-reduction effects
that exceeded grand medians
By using implicit measures, we can discuss how to amplify the effectiveness of stigma-reduction programs
• Differences in explicit stigma-reduction effects between groups were not so clear
• Explicit measures often suffer biases due to social desirability and situational demand characteristics, and
are prone to easily conclude that “this stigma-reduction program is effective enough”
• Reducing implicit stigma is a challenge and provide opportunities to improve contents of stigma-reduction
programs
32

33
Study 2
Perceptions of Modern Type Depression:
A Cross-Cultural Comparison between
Japan and the United States
Dr. Jun Kashihara
CMH Seminar
20 September 2018

Kashihara, J., Yamakawa, I., Kameyama, A.,
Muranaka, M., Harrison, L., Dominick, W.,
Marton, V., Nicholas, A., Taku, K., & Sakamoto,
S. (in prep).
Poster will be presented at the 2018
Australian Psychological Society Congress
34

Background and Objectives
Background: The existence of stigma toward modern type depression (MTD) in Japan
• For most Japanese people, the term utsu-byo (clinical depression) indicate only melancholic type
• A subtype called MTD, whose features are contrasting to those of traditional (melancholic) type
depression (TTD), is viewed more negatively in Japan (Sakamoto et al., 2016)
Objectives: To show cultural influence on stigma toward MTD in Japan
• Many Japanese psychiatrists hypothesized that the collective and interdependent culture in Japan
contributes to the strikingly different perceptions between TTD and MTD (e.g., Kato et al., 2011)
• We examined this hypothesis by comparing data from Japan with those from the United States, which is
featured by the individualistic and independent culture
35

Method
Cross-cultural vignette surveys
• Conducted at universities in Japan and the Midwestern U.S.
Participants
• Japan: N = 262 (80.69% female); Mage = 19.30, SD = 3.05
• U.S.: N = 182 (74.73% female); Mage = 20.27, SD = 3.87
Vignettes: Originally developed by Sakamoto et al. (2016)
• Described the conditions of fictional individuals with either TTD or MTD
• Written to satisfy the criteria of TTD and MTD (Kato et al., 2016)
36

TTD vignette (1/2)
After graduating from university, Individual X started working for an advertising agency and was assigned to
a sales department. X was eager in X’s work, and came to be trusted by colleagues.
X was highly rated on X’s work and was appointed to the role of project leader. X was glad to be performing
well, but at the same time, X felt very responsible for X’s work.
At the beginning, X enthusiastically increased X’s work load. X continued to work without rest during the day
and went to work almost every day, even on the weekends.
Several months after becoming the project leader, X slept poorly, experienced frequent headaches and
fatigue each day. The condition was severe enough to disturb X’s daily life, and X began to make more
mistakes in X’s work. On X’s days off, X was so tired and drained that X could not accomplish anything. X was
no longer motivated, and quit working out, which used to be X’s favorite activity, because X felt it was
tiresome.
37

TTD vignette (2/2)
Thinking that the cause was X’s weakness, X thought to them self, “I should not cause inconvenience for my
colleagues; I should make more of an effort. I need to force myself to go to work.”
However, soon X was not able to get up in the morning and was consistently late or absent from work. At
first, X was reluctant to visit a psychiatrist, however X finally did after X’s family recommended it.
At an initial consultation, X bent X’s head, and said with a grieved look, “I’m disqualified to be a leader. I am
dragging down my colleagues -- I always cause them trouble.”
38

MTD vignette (1/2)
After graduating from university, X entered a manufacturing company and was assigned to the accounting
department. Having failed to be assigned to the sales department in the headquarters where X had wished
to be assigned, X complained to X’s friends and family.
One day, X made mistakes at work, and X received a light warning from X’s boss. X was really upset and did
not respond to X’s boss. After that, X had more unpleasant feelings at X’s office. Because X’s behavior in the
office had not improved since the first warning, X was personally called in by X’s boss and was warned about
X’s work in detail.
After a few days, X experienced frequent headaches and fatigue throughout X’s workday. The condition was
severe enough to disturb X’s daily life, and X began to make more mistakes in X’s work. As these symptoms
became less severe on days off, X was able to go out. X complained to X’s friends and family that “I still
cannot get up on a work day. I become so depressed that I do not feel like going to work in the morning.” X
was late or absent from work frequently.
39

MTD vignette (2/2)
Researching X’s symptoms on the Internet, X found that X’s symptoms shared many similarities with
depressive disorder. As a result, X visited a family physician, hoping to be referred to a psychiatrist.
At an initial consultation, X told the psychiatrist, “I think I’m suffering from depressive disorder. I need a
doctor’s note for work.”
40

Method
Dependent variables: perceptions of each vignette (5-point Likert-scale items)
• Beliefs that persons in the vignettes would be diagnosed as depression (Diagnosis of depression)
• Aversive attitudes
• Willingness to provide support
…and more
Data analysis: A series of mixed ANOVA
• Between: Nation (Japan vs U.S.)
• Within: Vignette (TTD vs MTD)
41

Results
42
Nation Vignette Nation × Vignette
M (SD) M (SD) M (SD) M (SD) (Between) (Within) (Interaction)
Aversive attitudes 2.27 (0.76) 3.50 (0.82) 2.19 (0.75) 2.99 (0.87) 21.25*** 507.21*** 25.75***
Sense of familiarity 3.45 (1.06) 2.80 (1.13) 3.91 (1.00) 2.97 (1.14) 13.71*** 153.92*** 4.99*
Willingness to provide support 4.16 (0.85) 2.94 (1.12) 4.11 (0.81) 3.38 (1.07) 6.88** 319.33*** 19.89***
Willingness to encourage the person 2.03 (1.21) 2.38 (1.22) 3.37 (1.33) 3.36 (1.32) 127.20*** 7.06** 7.52**
Diagnosis of depression 3.72 (1.14) 3.14 (1.14) 3.63 (1.09) 3.44 (1.21) 1.63 28.02*** 7.33**
Effectiveness of pharmacotherapy 2.83 (1.21) 2.51 (1.21) 2.90 (1.12) 2.87 (1.20) 4.48* 7.63** 5.79*
Effectiveness of psychotherapy 4.12 (1.04) 3.50 (1.20) 3.76 (1.03) 3.56 (1.16) 3.23 39.97*** 10.47**
Fear of harming the self 3.93 (1.23) 2.95 (1.37) 3.18 (1.28) 3.07 (1.29) 11.84*** 44.12*** 27.65*
Fear of harming others 1.85 (1.02) 2.88 (1.25) 2.03 (1.04) 2.27 (1.13) 6.13* 100.97*** 39.84***
Causal attribution: Internal and uncontrollable
Biological changes 2.88 (1.27) 2.77 (1.17) 3.19 (1.26) 2.95 (1.28) 5.55* 7.55** 1.10
Personality 3.73 (1.13) 3.97 (1.01) 3.08 (1.25) 3.35 (1.24) 54.65*** 12.79*** 0.07
Causal attribution: Internal and controllable
Lack of effort 1.51 (0.78) 2.98 (1.16) 1.58 (0.91) 3.17 (1.27) 2.70 538.11*** 0.72
Poor human relation skills 2.63 (1.15) 3.78 (1.07) 2.10 (1.09) 3.39 (1.12) 33.55*** 295.92*** 0.72
Causal attribution: External and uncontrollable
Social conditions 3.20 (1.26) 2.37 (1.17) 2.90 (1.29) 2.57 (1.25) 0.30 74.52*** 13.55***
Environment and upbringing 2.54 (1.14) 3.13 (1.14) 2.75 (1.11) 2.76 (1.14) 0.72 19.93*** 18.47***
Causal attribution: External and controllable
Inappropriate work assignment 2.98 (1.14) 2.46 (1.11) 2.90 (1.21) 2.65 (1.18) 0.37 25.00*** 3.18
Lack of support 3.74 (1.02) 2.95 (1.13) 2.88 (1.29) 3.05 (1.19) 18.93*** 20.85*** 48.39***
Japan U.S. ANOVA F
TTD MTD TTD MTD

Results: Diagnosis of depression
• Main effects were insignificant
for Nation (F(1, 434) = 1.63, p
= .202, η2 = .00) and significant
for Vignette (F(1, 434) = 28.02,
p < .001, η2 = .06)
• These main effects were
qualified by a significant
interaction (F(1, 434) = 7.33, p
= .007, η2 = .02)
43
Figure 6. Mean ratings of perceptions of TTD and
MTD for Japanese and American participants. The
dependent variables displayed here is diagnosis of
depression.

Results: Aversive attitudes
• Significant main effects of
Nation (F(1, 433) = 21.25, p
< .001, η2 = .09) and Vignette
(F(1, 433) = 507.21, p < .001, η2
= .54) were found
interaction (F(1, 433) = 25.75, p
< .001, η2 = .06)
44
dependent variables displayed here is aversive attitudes.

Results: Willingness to provide support
• Significant main effects of
Nation (F(1, 437) = 6.88, p
= .009, η2 = .03) and Vignette
(F(1, 437) = 319.33, p < .001, η2
= .42) were found
interaction (F(1, 437) = 19.89, p
< .001, η2 = .04)
45
dependent variables displayed here is willingness to
provide support.

Discussion
These results highlight both similarities and differences in negative biases toward MTD between Japan and
the U.S.
• Results indicate negative biases toward MTD that have been observed in Japan exist also in the U.S.
• The interaction effects indicate the strengths of negative biases toward MTD vary according to cultural
contexts and people with MTD are more likely to be accepted in the American independent context
Future research should explore how negative perceptions of MTD can be reduced in the Japanese cultural
context
• Examination of why negative biases toward MTD were weaker in the U.S. could be a hint for such future
research
• Japanese may learn a lot from individualism to help and not stigmatize people with MTD as severely
46

47
Wrap up
Dr. Jun Kashihara
CMH Seminar
20 September 2018

Summary of the studies
Study 1: Focused on implicit stigma and its reduction
• We illustrated the existence of implicit stigma and its assessment
• Results indicate the effectiveness of stigma-reduction programs could be amplified by incorporating
counter-stereotypic strategies
• Future research should explore how counter-stereotypic strategies potentially contribute to changes in the
behaviors toward people with depression
Study 2: Focused on cross-cultural differences in stigma of depression
• We illustrated the existence of stigma of MTD in Japan
• Results indicate perceptions of subtypes of depression vary according to the cultural contexts
• More cross-cultural studies are needed to explore this topic more further
48

More ideas
We are now tackling on research on costs and benefits of helping behavior
• We referred to economic perspectives on helping behaviors (Piliavin et al., 1981) and conducted initial
exploration of perceived costs and benefits of first aid for youth with depression (Kashihara & Sakamoto,
under review)
• We are also planning to develop educational content to motivate the public to conduct helping behaviors
in realistic situations
I am also inspired by the research on depression heterogeneity
• Analyses to capture depression heterogeneity, such as network models (Borsboom et al., 2011), has been
developing rapidly
• Such research may provide plenty of hints how to embrace the diversity of depression
49

References
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References
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and depression). Retrieved from https://www.mhlw.go.jp/stf/houdou/2r9852000000qvsy.html (in Japanese)
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References
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database/db-hss/sps_2014.html
Monteith, L. L., & Pettit, J. W. (2011). Implicit and explicit stigmatizing attitudes and stereotypes about depression. Journal of Social and
Clinical Psychology, 30(5), 484–505. doi:10.1521/jscp.2011.30.5.484
Mori, K. (2012). Ken’i ga keikoku ‘shingata-utsu ha utsu janai!’ [Authorities warn ‘Modern type depression is not depression!’]. Shukan-
Bunshun [Weekly Bunshun], 54, 48–51. (in Japanese)
Piliavin, J. A., Dovidio, J. F., Gaertner, S. L., Clark, R. D. III. (1981). Emergency Intervention. New York: Academic.
Sakamoto, S., Yamakawa, I., Muranaka, M. (2016). A comparison of perceptions of “modern-type” and melancholic depression in Japan.
International Journal of Social Psychiatry, 62(7), 627–634. doi:10.1177/0020764016665410
Sherwood, C., Salkovskis, P. M., & Rimes, K. A. (2007). Help-seeking for depression: The role of beliefs, attitudes and mood. Behavioural
and Cognitive Psychotherapy, 35(5), 541–554. doi:10.1017/s1352465807003815
Sriram, N., & Greenwald, A. G. (2009). The Brief Implicit Association Test. Experimental Psychology, 56(4), 283–294. doi:10.1027/1618-
3169.56.4.283
Trafimow, D., & Marks, M. (2015). Editorial. Basic and Applied Social Psychology, 37(1), 1–2. doi:10.1080/01973533.2015.1012991
World Health Organization. (2012). Depression: A global public health concern. Retrieved from http://www.who.int/mental_health/
management/depression/who_paper_depression_wfmh_2012.pdf. Accessed 20 Jun 2018. 52

Special thanks go to…
53
Shinji Sakamoto (Nihon University) and my colleagues in Japan:
Itsuki Yamakawa, Akiko Kameyama, and Masaki Muranaka
Kanako Taku (Oakland University) and my colleagues in the U.S.:
Lauren Harrison, Whitney Dominick, Velinka Marton,and
Alvin Nicholas

I have posted today’s slides for your reference
• https://www.slideshare.net/JunKashihara/
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Thank you!
For more details, please feel free to contact me!
Email: jun.kashihara@unimelb.edu.au
Dr. Jun Kashihara
CMH Seminar
20 September 2018

Investigating Stigma of Depression from the Perspective of Social and Clinical Psychology

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