Content will be helpful for B.Sc. and M.Sc. nursing students as it describes causes, signs and symptoms, diagnosis,emergency mangement , medical and nursing management.
This document outlines the anatomy of the chest and describes various types of chest trauma, including blunt and penetrating injuries. It discusses the initial assessment and management of life-threatening injuries like tension pneumothorax, massive hemothorax, and cardiac tamponade. The document also covers procedures like needle decompression, tube thoracostomy, and emergency department thoracotomy that may be used to treat severe chest trauma. Overall, the document emphasizes the importance of promptly identifying and treating life-threatening injuries to the chest.
This document discusses abdominal trauma, including its causes, signs and symptoms, diagnostic tests, and management. It notes that abdominal trauma peaks among 15-30 year olds and is most often caused by motor vehicle accidents or falls. Diagnostic tests include FAST scan, CT scan, DPL, and laparoscopy. Treatment depends on whether the trauma is blunt or penetrating and involves stabilizing the patient, identifying internal injuries, and treating those injuries either operatively or non-operatively. Nursing management focuses on monitoring for shock, sepsis, and other complications.
This document discusses the management of abdominal trauma. It begins with classifications for abdominal injuries and describes the pathophysiology of blunt and penetrating trauma. The primary and secondary surveys are outlined, including important physical exam findings. Diagnostic imaging options are presented, such as FAST ultrasound, CT scans, and DPL. Specific injuries to organs like the spleen are discussed. Management approaches for both blunt and penetrating trauma are covered, including options for non-operative management versus laparotomy. Damage control resuscitation principles and abdominal compartment syndrome are also mentioned.
This document discusses approaches to managing abdominal trauma in the emergency department. It begins by outlining learning objectives which include identifying abdominal trauma, learning assessment approaches, and trauma management. It then discusses the primary and secondary surveys as well as indications of shock. Specific injuries like solid organ injuries, hollow visceral injuries, retroperitoneal injuries, and diaphragmatic injuries are examined. Mechanisms of injury, physical exam findings, ultrasound, and management are also reviewed to provide emergency physicians with guidance on evaluating and treating abdominal trauma.
The document discusses chest injuries, including their causes, types, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, and management. It begins by outlining the learning objectives, which are to define chest injuries, classify and explain the causes and pathophysiology of different chest injuries, and discuss their signs, diagnosis, and treatment. It then introduces chest injuries as physical trauma to the chest that can restrict heart or lung function and cause internal bleeding. The major types discussed are blunt injuries like rib fractures and flail chest, as well as penetrating injuries from stab wounds or gunshots. Clinical exam, imaging, and laboratory tests are used for diagnosis, while management involves addressing airway issues, bleeding, and supporting respiratory function.
1) Abdominal trauma is commonly encountered in the emergency department and can be challenging to diagnose due to subtle or delayed presentations of serious intra-abdominal injuries.
2) A thorough primary and secondary survey including vital signs monitoring, focused assessment with ultrasound, and diagnostic tests like CT scan are used to identify injuries.
3) Uncontrolled hemorrhage and sepsis are major causes of mortality, so prompt diagnosis and management of injuries is important to prevent complications.
1) Abdominal trauma is commonly encountered and can be life-threatening. Identification of serious intra-abdominal injuries can be challenging.
2) Motor vehicle accidents account for 60% of abdominal trauma, with blunt trauma more common than penetrating injuries.
3) Injuries to solid organs like the spleen, liver, and kidneys require careful assessment and may be graded based on severity. Conservative management is often attempted initially if the patient is stable.
4) Diagnostic tools like FAST ultrasound, CT scans, and laparoscopy can help identify injuries, but repeated examinations are often necessary. Management may involve surgery or conservative approaches depending on injury severity and patient stability.
This document outlines the anatomy of the chest and describes various types of chest trauma, including blunt and penetrating injuries. It discusses the initial assessment and management of life-threatening injuries like tension pneumothorax, massive hemothorax, and cardiac tamponade. The document also covers procedures like needle decompression, tube thoracostomy, and emergency department thoracotomy that may be used to treat severe chest trauma. Overall, the document emphasizes the importance of promptly identifying and treating life-threatening injuries to the chest.
This document discusses abdominal trauma, including its causes, signs and symptoms, diagnostic tests, and management. It notes that abdominal trauma peaks among 15-30 year olds and is most often caused by motor vehicle accidents or falls. Diagnostic tests include FAST scan, CT scan, DPL, and laparoscopy. Treatment depends on whether the trauma is blunt or penetrating and involves stabilizing the patient, identifying internal injuries, and treating those injuries either operatively or non-operatively. Nursing management focuses on monitoring for shock, sepsis, and other complications.
This document discusses the management of abdominal trauma. It begins with classifications for abdominal injuries and describes the pathophysiology of blunt and penetrating trauma. The primary and secondary surveys are outlined, including important physical exam findings. Diagnostic imaging options are presented, such as FAST ultrasound, CT scans, and DPL. Specific injuries to organs like the spleen are discussed. Management approaches for both blunt and penetrating trauma are covered, including options for non-operative management versus laparotomy. Damage control resuscitation principles and abdominal compartment syndrome are also mentioned.
This document discusses approaches to managing abdominal trauma in the emergency department. It begins by outlining learning objectives which include identifying abdominal trauma, learning assessment approaches, and trauma management. It then discusses the primary and secondary surveys as well as indications of shock. Specific injuries like solid organ injuries, hollow visceral injuries, retroperitoneal injuries, and diaphragmatic injuries are examined. Mechanisms of injury, physical exam findings, ultrasound, and management are also reviewed to provide emergency physicians with guidance on evaluating and treating abdominal trauma.
The document discusses chest injuries, including their causes, types, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, and management. It begins by outlining the learning objectives, which are to define chest injuries, classify and explain the causes and pathophysiology of different chest injuries, and discuss their signs, diagnosis, and treatment. It then introduces chest injuries as physical trauma to the chest that can restrict heart or lung function and cause internal bleeding. The major types discussed are blunt injuries like rib fractures and flail chest, as well as penetrating injuries from stab wounds or gunshots. Clinical exam, imaging, and laboratory tests are used for diagnosis, while management involves addressing airway issues, bleeding, and supporting respiratory function.
1) Abdominal trauma is commonly encountered in the emergency department and can be challenging to diagnose due to subtle or delayed presentations of serious intra-abdominal injuries.
2) A thorough primary and secondary survey including vital signs monitoring, focused assessment with ultrasound, and diagnostic tests like CT scan are used to identify injuries.
3) Uncontrolled hemorrhage and sepsis are major causes of mortality, so prompt diagnosis and management of injuries is important to prevent complications.
1) Abdominal trauma is commonly encountered and can be life-threatening. Identification of serious intra-abdominal injuries can be challenging.
2) Motor vehicle accidents account for 60% of abdominal trauma, with blunt trauma more common than penetrating injuries.
3) Injuries to solid organs like the spleen, liver, and kidneys require careful assessment and may be graded based on severity. Conservative management is often attempted initially if the patient is stable.
4) Diagnostic tools like FAST ultrasound, CT scans, and laparoscopy can help identify injuries, but repeated examinations are often necessary. Management may involve surgery or conservative approaches depending on injury severity and patient stability.
The document discusses abdominal trauma, providing information on epidemiology, anatomy, classification, mechanisms of injury, signs and symptoms, diagnosis, and management. It notes that abdominal trauma can be blunt or penetrating, with the most common causes being motor vehicle accidents and assaults. Physical examination may reveal signs of internal bleeding or peritonitis, while imaging tools like ultrasound, CT scans, and diagnostic peritoneal lavage can aid in diagnosis. Resuscitation involves stabilizing the patient and controlling bleeding, while surgical intervention may be needed for injuries to hollow organs or solid organs like the liver or spleen.
Chest trauma, especially blunt chest trauma, can cause many serious injuries from rib fractures to life-threatening conditions like tension pneumothorax. It is the second leading cause of trauma deaths. Immediate life-threatening injuries include tension pneumothorax, massive hemothorax, flail chest, and cardiac tamponade which must be quickly diagnosed and treated to prevent death. Other potential injuries include pulmonary contusions, pneumothorax, and aortic disruption which require close monitoring and treatment.
1) Abdominal trauma can result from blunt or penetrating injuries and requires prompt evaluation and treatment to save lives.
2) Clinical signs of abdominal trauma include abdominal pain, distension, discoloration, and shock. Specific signs indicate injuries to organs like the liver or spleen.
3) Evaluation involves visual examination, palpation of the abdomen, and consideration of internal injuries to organs. Imaging like CT scans or ultrasound can help diagnose injuries.
4) Initial management consists of stabilizing the patient, controlling bleeding, giving IV fluids and oxygen, dressing wounds, and monitoring for signs of internal bleeding or injury before determining if surgery is needed.
The document discusses the principles of trauma management for abdominal and pelvic injuries, including classifications of injuries, mechanisms of injury, assessment techniques, management approaches like damage control resuscitation and surgery, and guidelines for treatment of specific injuries to the liver, spleen, and other abdominal organs. Case scenarios are presented and management strategies are outlined for various injury patterns and severity.
Intestinal obstruction occurs when the normal passage of intestinal contents is blocked. It can involve the small intestine, large intestine, or both. Obstructions are classified as mechanical, which involve a physical blockage, or dynamic/adynamic, which involve ineffective motility without a blockage. Common causes include adhesions, hernias, tumors, and volvulus. Symptoms vary based on the location and severity of the obstruction but often include colicky abdominal pain, vomiting, distention, and constipation. Diagnosis involves physical exam findings like distention and hyperperistalsis as well as imaging tests showing gas/fluid levels and other signs of obstruction.
This document provides an overview of chest trauma, including the leading causes, types of injuries, clinical presentation, investigations, and management strategies. It discusses specific injuries such as pneumothorax, hemothorax, flail chest, cardiac tamponade, and aortic rupture. The summary emphasizes that chest trauma is a leading cause of trauma deaths, often involves multiple injuries, and requires rapid diagnosis and treatment of life-threatening conditions like tension pneumothorax to prevent death.
Lecture on abdominal trauma during Basic Life Support 2018 course in Sibu Hospital. Encompasses blunt and penetrating trauma, principles and tips of management
This document provides an overview of chest trauma. It begins by defining chest trauma as any injury to the chest, including the ribs, heart and lungs. Chest injuries are categorized as open or closed. Common causes are discussed, including blunt trauma from accidents or penetrating trauma from objects. Signs and symptoms, diagnostic tests, and specific injuries like pneumothorax are described. Treatment focuses on ABCs - airway, breathing and circulation while performing tests to evaluate cardiac and pulmonary function.
The document discusses the ATLS (Advanced Trauma Life Support) concept for managing trauma. It describes ATLS as an internationally recognized system that teaches a methodical approach to rapidly assess and treat life-threatening injuries in trauma patients. The steps include: (1) conducting a primary survey to evaluate the patient's airway, breathing, circulation, disability and exposure; (2) performing a secondary survey involving a full physical exam and history; and (3) re-evaluating the patient to ensure all injuries are identified and managed. The goal of ATLS and trauma management overall is to prevent death by treating life-threatening conditions as the top priority, especially within the "Golden Hour" period after injury.
This document discusses the evaluation and management of abdominal injuries. It notes that abdominal injuries occur in 13% of trauma patients and are associated with a 7.7% mortality rate. Blunt trauma can cause organ lacerations and bleeding while penetrating trauma risks organ perforation. Clinical examination is important to assess for peritonitis and hemodynamic instability which indicate need for exploration. Focused abdominal sonography for trauma (FAST) can identify fluid but CT is preferred for stable patients. Diagnostic laparoscopy and laparotomy may be needed but have limitations in fully evaluating injuries.
The document discusses the secondary survey performed on trauma patients. The secondary survey is a complete head-to-toe physical exam done after initial resuscitation to identify all anatomical injuries. It involves examining each body region for injuries like fractures, lacerations, and internal bleeding. Regions like the abdomen, pelvis, and extremities are high-risk for missed injuries from blunt or penetrating trauma and require thorough examination. The physical exam evaluates things like breathing, circulation, sensation and movement to diagnose potential injuries from trauma.
Seminar presentation by 5th-year medical students under the supervision of in house lecturer. He was previously working as a consultant surgeon in Syria. Reference as mentioned in the slides.
This document discusses chest injuries and their management. It begins by introducing chest trauma as life-threatening due to injuries to the heart, lungs, and blood vessels in the chest. It then defines chest injury and provides epidemiological data showing thoracic trauma is a leading cause of trauma deaths. Specific injuries discussed in detail include rib fractures, flail chest, pneumothorax, and hemothorax. For each injury, the document covers causes, signs/symptoms, diagnostic tests, and treatment approaches including analgesics, ventilator support, chest tube insertion, and surgery. Nursing assessments and interventions are also reviewed.
This document provides an overview of renal trauma, including epidemiology, modes of injury, classification systems, diagnostic evaluation, disease management, and complications. It discusses the American Association for the Surgery of Trauma renal injury grading scale and recommendations for initial patient evaluation, laboratory tests, and imaging modalities like CT, US, and IVP. Treatment options include conservative management with observation, angioembolization for bleeding injuries, and surgical exploration for hemodynamic instability or high-grade injuries. The goal is to control hemorrhage while salvaging the kidney through reconstruction when possible.
1) Abdominal trauma can be life-threatening and requires prompt assessment and treatment. A thorough understanding of abdominal anatomy and the mechanisms of injury is important.
2) Evaluation depends on hemodynamic stability and may involve focused assessment with sonography, diagnostic peritoneal lavage, or CT scan. Hemodynamically unstable patients generally require surgery while stable patients may be observed.
3) Management algorithms depend on whether the injury is blunt or penetrating and the presence of additional injuries such as head trauma, which requires careful coordination of care.
1) Blunt abdominal trauma is injury to the abdomen from non-penetrating forces and is a common cause of injury from motor vehicle accidents. Symptoms can range from minimal signs to cardiovascular collapse.
2) The spleen, liver, and kidneys are most commonly injured in blunt trauma due to their solid nature. Injuries to hollow organs like the stomach and intestines also occur from shearing forces.
3) Initial assessment focuses on the ABCDEs - Airway, Breathing, Circulation, Disability, and Exposure. Patients are fully evaluated and stabilized, with two IV lines placed and fluid resuscitation started if indicated. Ongoing monitoring of vitals and input/output is important
This document discusses abdominal trauma, including:
1) The anatomy and physiology of the abdomen, identifying key organs that are vulnerable to injury.
2) The pathophysiology of different mechanisms of abdominal injury, such as blunt trauma causing organ damage through deceleration or compression.
3) Specific risks for injury to organs like the spleen, liver, and kidneys from blunt or penetrating trauma. Injury can lead to hemorrhage or peritonitis.
This document discusses abdominal trauma, including the anatomy of the abdomen, common mechanisms of injury like motor vehicle accidents and penetrating wounds, and the pathophysiology of blunt versus penetrating trauma. The most commonly injured organs from blunt trauma are the spleen, liver, and small bowel due to shearing and compression forces that can tear or rupture these solid organs.
The document discusses abdominal trauma, providing information on epidemiology, anatomy, classification, mechanisms of injury, signs and symptoms, diagnosis, and management. It notes that abdominal trauma can be blunt or penetrating, with the most common causes being motor vehicle accidents and assaults. Physical examination may reveal signs of internal bleeding or peritonitis, while imaging tools like ultrasound, CT scans, and diagnostic peritoneal lavage can aid in diagnosis. Resuscitation involves stabilizing the patient and controlling bleeding, while surgical intervention may be needed for injuries to hollow organs or solid organs like the liver or spleen.
Chest trauma, especially blunt chest trauma, can cause many serious injuries from rib fractures to life-threatening conditions like tension pneumothorax. It is the second leading cause of trauma deaths. Immediate life-threatening injuries include tension pneumothorax, massive hemothorax, flail chest, and cardiac tamponade which must be quickly diagnosed and treated to prevent death. Other potential injuries include pulmonary contusions, pneumothorax, and aortic disruption which require close monitoring and treatment.
1) Abdominal trauma can result from blunt or penetrating injuries and requires prompt evaluation and treatment to save lives.
2) Clinical signs of abdominal trauma include abdominal pain, distension, discoloration, and shock. Specific signs indicate injuries to organs like the liver or spleen.
3) Evaluation involves visual examination, palpation of the abdomen, and consideration of internal injuries to organs. Imaging like CT scans or ultrasound can help diagnose injuries.
4) Initial management consists of stabilizing the patient, controlling bleeding, giving IV fluids and oxygen, dressing wounds, and monitoring for signs of internal bleeding or injury before determining if surgery is needed.
The document discusses the principles of trauma management for abdominal and pelvic injuries, including classifications of injuries, mechanisms of injury, assessment techniques, management approaches like damage control resuscitation and surgery, and guidelines for treatment of specific injuries to the liver, spleen, and other abdominal organs. Case scenarios are presented and management strategies are outlined for various injury patterns and severity.
Intestinal obstruction occurs when the normal passage of intestinal contents is blocked. It can involve the small intestine, large intestine, or both. Obstructions are classified as mechanical, which involve a physical blockage, or dynamic/adynamic, which involve ineffective motility without a blockage. Common causes include adhesions, hernias, tumors, and volvulus. Symptoms vary based on the location and severity of the obstruction but often include colicky abdominal pain, vomiting, distention, and constipation. Diagnosis involves physical exam findings like distention and hyperperistalsis as well as imaging tests showing gas/fluid levels and other signs of obstruction.
This document provides an overview of chest trauma, including the leading causes, types of injuries, clinical presentation, investigations, and management strategies. It discusses specific injuries such as pneumothorax, hemothorax, flail chest, cardiac tamponade, and aortic rupture. The summary emphasizes that chest trauma is a leading cause of trauma deaths, often involves multiple injuries, and requires rapid diagnosis and treatment of life-threatening conditions like tension pneumothorax to prevent death.
Lecture on abdominal trauma during Basic Life Support 2018 course in Sibu Hospital. Encompasses blunt and penetrating trauma, principles and tips of management
This document provides an overview of chest trauma. It begins by defining chest trauma as any injury to the chest, including the ribs, heart and lungs. Chest injuries are categorized as open or closed. Common causes are discussed, including blunt trauma from accidents or penetrating trauma from objects. Signs and symptoms, diagnostic tests, and specific injuries like pneumothorax are described. Treatment focuses on ABCs - airway, breathing and circulation while performing tests to evaluate cardiac and pulmonary function.
The document discusses the ATLS (Advanced Trauma Life Support) concept for managing trauma. It describes ATLS as an internationally recognized system that teaches a methodical approach to rapidly assess and treat life-threatening injuries in trauma patients. The steps include: (1) conducting a primary survey to evaluate the patient's airway, breathing, circulation, disability and exposure; (2) performing a secondary survey involving a full physical exam and history; and (3) re-evaluating the patient to ensure all injuries are identified and managed. The goal of ATLS and trauma management overall is to prevent death by treating life-threatening conditions as the top priority, especially within the "Golden Hour" period after injury.
This document discusses the evaluation and management of abdominal injuries. It notes that abdominal injuries occur in 13% of trauma patients and are associated with a 7.7% mortality rate. Blunt trauma can cause organ lacerations and bleeding while penetrating trauma risks organ perforation. Clinical examination is important to assess for peritonitis and hemodynamic instability which indicate need for exploration. Focused abdominal sonography for trauma (FAST) can identify fluid but CT is preferred for stable patients. Diagnostic laparoscopy and laparotomy may be needed but have limitations in fully evaluating injuries.
The document discusses the secondary survey performed on trauma patients. The secondary survey is a complete head-to-toe physical exam done after initial resuscitation to identify all anatomical injuries. It involves examining each body region for injuries like fractures, lacerations, and internal bleeding. Regions like the abdomen, pelvis, and extremities are high-risk for missed injuries from blunt or penetrating trauma and require thorough examination. The physical exam evaluates things like breathing, circulation, sensation and movement to diagnose potential injuries from trauma.
Seminar presentation by 5th-year medical students under the supervision of in house lecturer. He was previously working as a consultant surgeon in Syria. Reference as mentioned in the slides.
This document discusses chest injuries and their management. It begins by introducing chest trauma as life-threatening due to injuries to the heart, lungs, and blood vessels in the chest. It then defines chest injury and provides epidemiological data showing thoracic trauma is a leading cause of trauma deaths. Specific injuries discussed in detail include rib fractures, flail chest, pneumothorax, and hemothorax. For each injury, the document covers causes, signs/symptoms, diagnostic tests, and treatment approaches including analgesics, ventilator support, chest tube insertion, and surgery. Nursing assessments and interventions are also reviewed.
This document provides an overview of renal trauma, including epidemiology, modes of injury, classification systems, diagnostic evaluation, disease management, and complications. It discusses the American Association for the Surgery of Trauma renal injury grading scale and recommendations for initial patient evaluation, laboratory tests, and imaging modalities like CT, US, and IVP. Treatment options include conservative management with observation, angioembolization for bleeding injuries, and surgical exploration for hemodynamic instability or high-grade injuries. The goal is to control hemorrhage while salvaging the kidney through reconstruction when possible.
1) Abdominal trauma can be life-threatening and requires prompt assessment and treatment. A thorough understanding of abdominal anatomy and the mechanisms of injury is important.
2) Evaluation depends on hemodynamic stability and may involve focused assessment with sonography, diagnostic peritoneal lavage, or CT scan. Hemodynamically unstable patients generally require surgery while stable patients may be observed.
3) Management algorithms depend on whether the injury is blunt or penetrating and the presence of additional injuries such as head trauma, which requires careful coordination of care.
1) Blunt abdominal trauma is injury to the abdomen from non-penetrating forces and is a common cause of injury from motor vehicle accidents. Symptoms can range from minimal signs to cardiovascular collapse.
2) The spleen, liver, and kidneys are most commonly injured in blunt trauma due to their solid nature. Injuries to hollow organs like the stomach and intestines also occur from shearing forces.
3) Initial assessment focuses on the ABCDEs - Airway, Breathing, Circulation, Disability, and Exposure. Patients are fully evaluated and stabilized, with two IV lines placed and fluid resuscitation started if indicated. Ongoing monitoring of vitals and input/output is important
This document discusses abdominal trauma, including:
1) The anatomy and physiology of the abdomen, identifying key organs that are vulnerable to injury.
2) The pathophysiology of different mechanisms of abdominal injury, such as blunt trauma causing organ damage through deceleration or compression.
3) Specific risks for injury to organs like the spleen, liver, and kidneys from blunt or penetrating trauma. Injury can lead to hemorrhage or peritonitis.
This document discusses abdominal trauma, including the anatomy of the abdomen, common mechanisms of injury like motor vehicle accidents and penetrating wounds, and the pathophysiology of blunt versus penetrating trauma. The most commonly injured organs from blunt trauma are the spleen, liver, and small bowel due to shearing and compression forces that can tear or rupture these solid organs.
1. Septic shock is caused by infection which releases cytokines that damage microcirculation and cause vasodilation and capillary leakage, leading to tissue hypoxia and multiple organ failure. Early, aggressive treatment of infection along with cardiovascular and organ system support is needed to prevent high mortality rates.
2. Hypovolaemic shock results from decreased blood volume due to blood loss, fluid loss, or fluid shifts. It progresses from mild to severe as compensation fails, leading to cellular changes, metabolic acidosis, and potentially multiple organ failure without timely fluid resuscitation and hemostasis.
3. Cardiogenic shock stems from heart failure to pump adequately due to causes like myocardial infarction, arrhythmias
The document discusses various types of abdominal injuries including bruising, lacerations, incisions, avulsions, puncture wounds, embedded objects, and burns. It provides information on signs and symptoms of each injury and outlines the primary management technique of DRABC (Danger, Response, Airway, Breathing, Circulation), which should be followed by treatment steps like applying pressure, dressing wounds, and seeking further medical help.
This document provides an overview of chest, abdominal, and genitourinary injuries. It discusses the anatomy and physiology of the chest and abdominal cavities. Key points include recognition of blunt versus penetrating chest and abdominal trauma. Chest injuries can involve the lungs and heart. Signs may include difficulty breathing, coughing up blood, and unequal chest rise. Abdominal injuries can damage solid organs like the liver or hollow organs like the intestines. Signs may include pain, guarding, bruising, or distention. Proper assessment and treatment focus on the ABCs, with priorities being control of bleeding and treatment for shock.
Chest trauma Doc1 course 2014-2015 by Dr BAYISENGA JustinMWIZERWA JEAN-LUC
This document provides information on chest trauma, including its causes, signs, and management. It discusses topics such as:
- The different types of chest trauma (blunt vs penetrating) and how they relate to management.
- Common injuries from chest trauma like pneumothorax, hemothorax, pulmonary contusion, rib fractures, and more.
- Procedures for treating specific injuries such as needle decompression for tension pneumothorax, chest tube insertion, and drainage of fluids or air in the chest.
- Considerations for chest tube insertion like indications, equipment, positioning, and technique to minimize risk.
So in summary, it reviews the etiology, diagnosis,
The document discusses musculoskeletal trauma to the extremities. It describes the primary and secondary surveys for extremity injuries and lists the five major pathophysiologic problems that require management: hemorrhage, fractures and dislocations, sprains and strains, amputations, and compartment syndrome. It indicates that open fractures have a relationship to hemorrhage. The primary signs and symptoms of extremity trauma are also listed. Management of extremity injuries, especially in the presence of life-threatening injuries, and management of amputations are discussed. Transport to a trauma center is recommended for certain severe extremity injuries or evidence of neurovascular compromise.
This document discusses the identification and treatment of various types of shock states. It defines hypovolemic, distributive, cardiogenic, and septic shock and their clinical manifestations. Early diagnosis is key, involving history, physical exam assessing vital signs, perfusion, and urinary output. Treatment focuses on establishing airway, supplying oxygen, restoring circulating volume with fluids, and using vasopressors to improve cardiac output as needed based on the type and severity of shock. Children in particular can maintain blood pressure while showing signs of poor peripheral perfusion.
The patella is the largest sesamoid bone in the body located within the quadriceps tendon. It articulates with the femur and is supplied by vessels from the geniculate arterial system. The patellar retinaculum connects the patella to the tibia and is formed by fascia and fibers from surrounding muscles. The patella can displace in various directions from its normal position. Lateral dislocation is most common due to anatomical and biomechanical factors that influence the patellofemoral joint. Evaluation and treatment depends on the nature and chronicity of the injury.
This document provides an overview of musculoskeletal trauma, including fractures, dislocations, and soft tissue injuries. It describes the pathophysiology, manifestations, assessment, diagnosis and management of fractures. Fractures occur when there is a disruption in normal bone continuity and involve surrounding structures. They are caused by mechanical overload that provides a force greater than the bone can absorb. The document outlines the stages of fracture healing and complications to monitor for, such as compartment syndrome. It also reviews the reduction and stabilization techniques of closed manipulation, open reduction internal fixation, external fixation and traction. Dislocations and soft tissue injuries like strains and sprains are also summarized.
The document provides information on musculoskeletal trauma including contusions, strains, sprains, and fractures. It discusses the pathophysiology, etiology, manifestations, diagnosis and treatment of these injuries. Nursing care focuses on pain management, immobilization, prevention of complications like infection, monitoring for changes in neurovascular status, and patient education. Skeletal traction is described as a method to immobilize fractures through the use of pins, ropes, and weights to apply pulling forces to the injured bone or joint.
There are three types of patella dislocation: acute, recurrent, and habitual. Acute dislocation occurs suddenly due to quadriceps contraction with the knee flexed and results in the patella dislocating laterally, causing pain, swelling, and inability to straighten the knee. Recurrent dislocations are caused by ligament laxity or anatomical abnormalities and damage bones with repeated dislocations. Habitual dislocations occur every time the knee is flexed and present in early childhood.
The document discusses various complications that can arise from fractures, classifying them as either local or systemic, and whether they occur immediately, early, or late after the injury. Early local complications include vascular injuries, visceral injuries, soft tissue damage, hematoma formation, wound infections, and compartment syndrome. Systemic complications incorporate hypovolaemic shock, fat embolism, thromboembolism, sepsis, and crush syndrome. Late complications involve imperfect union like delayed union, non-union, malunion, or avascular necrosis. The treatment for each complication is also outlined.
Burns Pathophysiology, Evaluation and ManagementAnkit Sharma
09 x 2
Genitalia - 01
Total Body Surface Area - 100
63
Evaluation
History
Mechanism of injury
Time of injury
Associated inhalational injury
Past medical history
Medications
64
Evaluation
Examination
Primary survey
Airway, Breathing, Circulation
Secondary survey
Head to toe examination
Assessment of TBSA involved
Depth of burn
Associated injuries
65
Evaluation
Investigations
Hematological
The document discusses carbohydrate structure and properties. It covers the biological and medical importance of carbohydrates, including their functions as energy stores and structural components. It also describes the chemical nature of carbohydrates as polyhydroxy alcohols with an aldehyde or keto group. Carbohydrate structure is examined using Fisher, Haworth and chair conformations. Carbohydrates are classified as monosaccharides, oligosaccharides like disaccharides, and polysaccharides including homo- and heteropolysaccharides. Important monosaccharides, derivatives, disaccharides and polysaccharides are identified. Properties of monosaccharides such as isomerism, optical activity, epimerism, hemiacetal/ketal formation,
1. Suppurative lung diseases are characterized by fever, toxemia, and purulent sputum production. They include lung abscess, bronchiectasis, and empyema depending on the site of pus formation in the lungs, bronchi, or pleura.
2. Lung abscess is usually caused by aspiration, with oropharyngeal flora being a common cause due to conditions that impair swallowing or consciousness. Other causes include necrotizing pneumonia and hematogenous spread of infection.
3. Treatment of lung abscess involves long-term broad-spectrum antibiotics targeting both aerobic and anaerobic bacteria, along with drainage procedures like bronchoscopy or needle aspiration if needed
Lung abscess is a localized necrotic lesion in the lung tissue containing pus that forms a cavity. It is generally caused by aspiration of anaerobic bacteria from the GI tract into the lungs. The most common areas affected are the superior segment of the lower lobes and the posterior segment of the upper lobes. Clinical manifestations include cough producing foul-smelling pus, fever, chest pain, and shortness of breath.
This document provides an overview of abdominal trauma. It begins by discussing epidemiology, noting that abdominal trauma is a leading cause of death, especially in those aged 15-30 from motor vehicle accidents and falls. It then covers types of abdominal trauma including blunt and penetrating. Specific injuries like liver, spleen, and hollow viscus injuries are discussed. Diagnostic tools like FAST, CT, and laparoscopy are summarized. Management of unstable versus stable patients is outlined. Finally, it notes that pediatric abdominal trauma is usually blunt and has a high success rate with non-operative management.
The document provides information on abdominal injuries including anatomy, types of injuries, clinical manifestations, diagnostic studies, management, and nursing considerations. It discusses the various organs that can be injured in the abdomen including the liver, spleen, pancreas, small intestine and large intestine. It outlines the pathophysiology of abdominal trauma from blunt or penetrating mechanisms. Diagnostic studies include imaging like CT scans and labs. Management is based on the injured organ and may include surgery, drainage, or observation. Nursing priorities are monitoring for shock, sepsis, fluid imbalances and providing pain management and education.
- Perforation of the gastrointestinal tract can occur due to various causes like perforated ulcers, penetrating injuries, or ischemic bowel. Signs include severe abdominal pain, fever, and tenderness.
- Diagnosis is suggested by imaging showing free air or fluid in the abdomen. Treatment requires emergency surgery to repair any perforations followed by intensive care and broad-spectrum antibiotics to treat peritonitis.
- Surgical management involves thorough irrigation and drainage of the abdominal cavity followed by resection of non-viable bowel and primary anastomosis or stoma formation as needed. Close postoperative monitoring in the ICU is important to support organ function and detect any complications.
This document provides information on trauma to the abdomen, including penetrating and blunt abdominal injuries. It discusses the initial management, investigations, and operative vs non-operative management for various organ injuries involving the liver, spleen, diaphragm, stomach, bowel, pancreas, and more. It also covers genitourinary trauma to organs like the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra. Specific considerations for pediatric and geriatric trauma patients are discussed as well.
The document provides information on abdominal injuries, including:
1. The abdomen can be injured through penetrating or blunt trauma, involving the abdominal wall, solid organs, hollow viscus, or vasculature.
2. Assessment of abdominal injury focuses on recognizing conditions requiring immediate surgery and avoiding delayed intervention. Investigations include physical exam, paracentesis, diagnostic peritoneal lavage, FAST scan, and imaging.
3. Management depends on injury mechanism and patient stability. Penetrating injuries may require laparotomy for bleeding control or foreign body removal. Indications for laparotomy include bleeding control, injury identification, and contamination protection. Specific organ repairs include splenectomy, tractotomy, and primary suturing
- A 32-year-old male motorcyclist was in a high-speed collision where he was thrown from his bike after hitting a vehicle.
- On examination, he has right-sided chest, abdominal, and pelvic tenderness. Vital signs have stabilized with IV fluids.
- Given the mechanism of injury and physical exam findings, the patient has likely sustained injuries to intra-abdominal organs and/or pelvic structures on the right side from the high-speed impact. Further evaluation with tests like FAST ultrasound, CT scan, and possible diagnostic peritoneal lavage or laparoscopy may be needed to identify specific injuries.
The document discusses abdominal trauma care, providing definitions and signs of various abdominal injuries. It describes mechanisms of injury including blunt and penetrating trauma. Specific injuries to organs like the spleen, liver, kidneys, and hollow organs are outlined, with signs and symptoms, diagnostic tests, and treatment approaches summarized for each. General assessment, management principles and diagnostic tests for abdominal trauma are also reviewed.
The document discusses abdominal trauma care, providing definitions and signs related to abdominal injuries. It describes the "Golden Hour" concept and focuses on injuries to solid organs like the spleen, liver, kidneys, and pancreas from blunt or penetrating trauma. It outlines signs, symptoms, diagnostic tests like CT scans and lab work, and treatment approaches for various abdominal injuries and conditions.
This document provides an overview of the types, causes, examination, and management of abdominal trauma from blunt forces. It discusses the different regions of the abdomen that can be injured and mechanisms of injury for hollow and solid organs. Specific injuries to the spleen, liver, pancreas, kidneys, diaphragm, stomach, duodenum, intestines, colon, and bladder are reviewed. Management approaches for stable and unstable patients are described, including non-operative management with monitoring versus exploratory surgery depending on injury grade and hemodynamic status. Imaging tools like ultrasound, CT scan, and diagnostic peritoneal lavage are also summarized.
Abdominal trauma can result from blunt force, stab wounds, or penetrating injuries. Diagnosis is challenging as the patient may be unconscious, and other injuries can distract from abdominal issues. Investigations include ultrasound, CT scan, diagnostic peritoneal lavage. Laparotomy is often needed for significant injuries such as liver laceration or small bowel perforation. Management depends on injury type and severity but may involve organ resection, suturing, or drainage. Complications can be serious if not addressed promptly.
This document provides an overview of abdominal trauma including mechanisms of injury, signs and symptoms, diagnostic tests, and treatment approaches for various organ injuries. Key points include:
- Delay in recognizing intra-abdominal injuries can lead to death from hemorrhage.
- FAST, DPL, and CT scans are used to diagnose injuries, with CT being the most specific and accurate test.
- Common solid organ injuries are to the spleen, liver, kidneys, and pancreas. Signs may include abdominal tenderness or bruising. Treatment depends on injury severity and may involve surgery or embolization.
- Hollow organ injuries to the bowel or bladder can cause peritonitis and require surgical repair.
This document provides an overview of hernias, including their classification, anatomy, types, clinical presentation, and management. Hernias are classified based on their location (abdominal wall, groin, pelvic, flank) and etiology (congenital, acquired). The anatomy of the abdominal wall and groin region is described in detail. Common types of abdominal wall hernias include ventral, incisional, umbilical, epigastric and Spigelian hernias. Groin hernias are classified as indirect or direct inguinal hernias and femoral hernias. Clinical presentations can vary from reducible lumps to irreducible, obstructed, or strangulated hernias.
This document provides information about hernias, including their classification, anatomy, types, presentations, and management. Hernias are classified based on location (abdominal wall, groin, pelvic, flank) and etiology (congenital, acquired). Abdominal wall hernias include ventral, groin, and pelvic hernias. Ventral hernias occur in the abdominal wall and include epigastric, umbilical, incisional, and Spigelian hernias. Groin hernias include inguinal and femoral hernias. Clinical presentation depends on the type of hernia, and management involves repair or resection depending on symptoms. Risk factors and differential diagnosis are
An acute abdomen refers to severe abdominal pain lasting less than 5 days that may require urgent surgical intervention. The document discusses several potential life-threatening causes of acute abdomen including ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysm, perforated viscus, bowel ischemia, ruptured ectopic pregnancy, and testicular torsion. It provides details on the clinical presentation, diagnostic findings, and management of each condition. Common non-life threatening causes like acute appendicitis and acute cholecystitis are also reviewed.
This document discusses imaging in abdominal trauma. It begins by outlining the mechanisms and types of abdominal injuries from blunt and penetrating trauma. It then describes the FAST (Focused Assessment with Sonography for Trauma) exam and its role in the initial assessment of hemodynamically unstable patients. For stable patients, CT is typically used to further evaluate injuries suggested on clinical exam or FAST. The document outlines key CT findings for various intra-abdominal injuries and hemorrhage.
This document discusses abdominal trauma, providing classifications and management strategies. It divides the abdomen into 4 internal sections and classifies trauma as blunt or penetrating. Factors influencing blunt trauma severity are outlined. Diagnosis involves history, exam, and special tests like ultrasound, CT, DPL. Management depends on stability, with laparotomy indicated for instability or clear injuries. Specific organ injuries from spleen to urethra are addressed, noting diagnostic criteria and treatment options like repair versus resection.
The document provides information on the history, anatomy, physiology, assessment, and management of splenic injuries. Some key points:
- The spleen was historically described as "the organ full of mystery" due to lack of understanding of its function. Splenectomy became more successful in the late 19th century.
- The spleen is wedge-shaped and located in the left upper abdominal quadrant. It has important roles in immune function and filtering blood. Injuries are often due to blunt trauma from motor vehicle accidents or direct blows.
- Assessment of splenic injuries involves history, examination, and investigations like ultrasound, CT scan, or diagnostic peritoneal lavage. Injuries are graded based on the Organ
1. The esophagus is approximately 25 cm long and passes through the neck, chest and abdomen before connecting to the stomach.
2. It has three parts - cervical, thoracic, and abdominal - and contains three anatomical constrictions that are clinically important.
3. The esophagus has close relations with surrounding structures like the trachea, aorta and left atrium. Its blood supply comes from the inferior thyroid, thoracic aorta and left gastric arteries.
1. The document discusses the triage and assessment of abdominal trauma. It outlines the principles of trauma management including treating the greatest threat to life first.
2. The primary and secondary surveys are described in detail, covering the assessment of the airway, breathing, circulation, disability, and exposure. Specific injuries to the abdomen like liver and spleen injuries are also discussed.
3. Investigations for abdominal trauma including focused assessment with sonography, diagnostic peritoneal lavage, CT scans, and grades of injuries are provided. The management of positive findings is also summarized.
This is a lucid presentation on the management of abdominal trauma/injury in children of paediatric age. Even though it focused on paediatric trauma, the information is also relevant to adult trauma. It went ahead to discuss the definition, causes, and initial management of abdominal trauma. It further went to highlight the management algorithms and outcomes of management. Finally, the presentation ended with management of abdominal compartment syndrome
The document provides information on abdominal injuries, including:
1) Abdominal injury accounts for a large percentage of trauma injuries and can damage both hollow and solid organs.
2) The abdomen contains many organs and structures that can be injured through blunt or penetrating trauma.
3) Abdominal injuries require careful history, physical exam, and imaging/testing to diagnose and develop a collaborative management plan.
The document provides an instructional program on the anatomy and physiology of the brain. It covers 12 frames on the main parts and functions of the brain. The brain is divided into the forebrain, midbrain, and hindbrain. The forebrain includes the cerebrum, thalamus, and hypothalamus. The cerebrum is further divided into four lobes - frontal, parietal, temporal, and occipital. Each lobe controls different functions. The document also discusses areas like the motor cortex, sensory cortex, Broca's area, Wernicke's area, basal ganglia, and corpus callosum. It provides questions at the end of each frame to test understanding.
The document outlines the master rotation schedule for a Bachelor of Science in Nursing program for the first year between August 2014 and July 2015. It includes 1130 hours of theory and lab work and 450 hours of practical training for a total of 1580 hours over the 40-week period. The schedule is broken down by date ranges that correspond to specific blocks for orientation, theory, practical training, merit tests, mid-term exams, and vacations.
This document provides an overview of head injuries and brain anatomy. It discusses that head injuries can be classified as traumatic brain injuries or head injuries and can involve trauma to the scalp, skull or brain. Symptoms of head injuries can include neurological issues like confusion, vomiting or headaches. The document then describes the anatomy of the brain including structures like the cerebrum, brainstem and cerebellum. It details the lobes of the cerebrum and their functions. Other sections summarize protective structures of the head like the meninges and skull, blood supply to the brain, causes of head injuries, classifications of head injuries, and specific types of injuries like scalp lacerations and skull fractures.
Seizures are caused by abnormal electrical activity in the brain and can be classified as generalized or partial based on where they originate. Common types include generalized tonic-clonic, absence, myoclonic, and complex partial seizures. Seizures have various causes like genetics, head trauma, infections, and developmental disorders. Diagnosis involves a medical history, neurological exam, EEG, and imaging tests. Treatment primarily consists of anti-seizure medications to control seizures, while management focuses on preventing complications and improving quality of life.
This is a content of PERSONALITY, FACTORS AFFECTING PERSONALITY & HUMAN BEHAVIOR. This content also explains important theories of personality in brief. I have prepared it for my Advance Nursing Practice presentation. Hope it will be helpful for Msc. nursing students.
The document discusses various topics related to human sexuality and sexual health. It addresses human sexual response, gender identity, sexual orientation, and factors that can influence sexuality such as physical and mental illnesses. The document also examines several sexual disorders based on the DSM classification system, including gender identity disorder and paraphilias. Finally, the document outlines issues related to infertility treatment, including diagnostic testing, medical therapies, and assisted reproductive technologies.
Basics of Electrocardiogram
CONTENTS
●Conduction System of the Heart
●What is ECG or EKG?
●ECG Leads
●Normal waves of ECG.
●Dimensions of ECG.
● Abnormalities of ECG
CONDUCTION SYSTEM OF THE HEART
ECG:
●ECG is a graphic record of the electrical activity of the heart.
●Electrical activity precedes the mechanical activity of the heart.
●Electrical activity has two phases:
Depolarization- contraction of muscle
Repolarization- relaxation of muscle
ECG Leads:
●6 Chest leads
●6 Limb leads
1. Bipolar Limb Leads:
Lead 1- Between right arm(-ve) and left arm(+ve)
Lead 2- Between right arm(-ve) and left leg(+ve)
Lead 3- Between left arm(-ve)
and left leg(+ve)
2. Augmented unipolar Limb Leads:
AvR- Right arm
AvL- Left arm
AvF- Left leg
3.Chest Leads:
V1 : Over 4th intercostal
space near right sternal margin
V2: Over 4th intercostal space near left sternal margin
V3:In between V2 and V4
V4:Over left 5th intercostal space on the mid
clavicular line
V5:Over left 5th intercostal space on the anterior
axillary line
V6:Over left 5th intercostal space on the mid
axillary line.
Normal ECG:
Waves of ECG:
P Wave
•P Wave is a positive wave and the first wave in ECG.
•It is also called as atrial complex.
Cause: Atrial depolarisation
Duration: 0.1 sec
QRS Complex:
•QRS’ complex is also called the initial ventricular complex.
•‘Q’ wave is a small negative wave. It is continued as the tall ‘R’ wave, which is a positive wave.
‘R’ wave is followed by a small negative wave, the ‘S’ wave.
Cause:Ventricular depolarization and atrial repolarization
Duration: 0.08- 0.10 sec
T Wave:
•‘T’ wave is the final ventricular complex and is a positive wave.
Cause:Ventricular repolarization Duration: 0.2 sec
Intervals and Segments of ECG:
P-R Interval:
•‘P-R’ interval is the interval
between the onset of ‘P’wave and onset of ‘Q’ wave.
•‘P-R’ interval cause atrial depolarization and conduction of impulses through AV node.
Duration:0.18 (0.12 to 0.2) sec
Q-T Interval:
•‘Q-T’ interval is the interval between the onset of ‘Q’
wave and the end of ‘T’ wave.
•‘Q-T’ interval indicates the ventricular depolarization
and ventricular repolarization,
i.e. it signifies the
electrical activity in ventricles.
Duration:0.4-0.42sec
S-T Segment:
•‘S-T’ segment is the time interval between the end of ‘S’ wave and the onset of ‘T’ wave.
Duration: 0.08 sec
R-R Interval:
•‘R-R’ interval is the time interval between two consecutive ‘R’ waves.
•It signifies the duration of one cardiac cycle.
Duration: 0.8 sec
Dimension of ECG:
How to find heart rhytm of the heart?
Regular rhytm:
Irregular rhytm:
More than or less than 4
How to find heart rate using ECG?
If heart Rhytm is Regular :
Heart rate =
300/No.of large b/w 2 QRS complex
= 300/4
=75 beats/mins
How to find heart rate using ECG?
If heart Rhytm is irregular:
Heart rate = 10×No.of QRS complex in 6 sec 5large box = 1sec
5×6=30
10×7 = 70 Beats/min
Abnormalities of ECG:
Cardiac Arrythmias:
1.Tachycardia
Heart Rate more than 100 beats/min
Emotional and Behavioural Problems in Children - Counselling and Family Thera...PsychoTech Services
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English Drug and Alcohol Commissioners June 2024.pptxMatSouthwell1
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Cyclothymia Test: Diagnosing, Symptoms, Treatment, and Impact | The Lifescien...The Lifesciences Magazine
The cyclothymia test is a pivotal tool in the diagnostic process. It helps clinicians assess the presence and severity of symptoms associated with cyclothymia.
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Health Tech Market Intelligence Prelim Questions -Gokul Rangarajan
The Ultimate Guide to Setting up Market Research in Health Tech part -1
How to effectively start market research in the health tech industry by defining objectives, crafting problem statements, selecting methods, identifying data collection sources, and setting clear timelines. This guide covers all the preliminary steps needed to lay a strong foundation for your research.
This lays foundation of scoping research project what are the
Before embarking on a research project, especially one aimed at scoping and defining parameters like the one described for health tech IT, several crucial considerations should be addressed. Here’s a comprehensive guide covering key aspects to ensure a well-structured and successful research initiative:
1. Define Research Objectives and Scope
Clear Objectives: Define specific goals such as understanding market needs, identifying new opportunities, assessing risks, or refining pricing strategies.
Scope Definition: Clearly outline the boundaries of the research in terms of geographical focus, target demographics (e.g., age, socio-economic status), and industry sectors (e.g., healthcare IT).
3. Review Existing Literature and Resources
Literature Review: Conduct a thorough review of existing research, market reports, and relevant literature to build foundational knowledge.
Gap Analysis: Identify gaps in existing knowledge or areas where further exploration is needed.
4. Select Research Methodology and Tools
Methodological Approach: Choose appropriate research methods such as surveys, interviews, focus groups, or data analytics.
Tools and Resources: Select tools like Google Forms for surveys, analytics platforms (e.g., SimilarWeb, Statista), and expert consultations.
5. Ethical Considerations and Compliance
Ethical Approval: Ensure compliance with ethical guidelines for research involving human subjects.
Data Privacy: Implement measures to protect participant confidentiality and adhere to data protection regulations (e.g., GDPR, HIPAA).
6. Budget and Resource Allocation
Resource Planning: Allocate resources including time, budget, and personnel required for each phase of the research.
Contingency Planning: Anticipate and plan for unforeseen challenges or adjustments to the research plan.
7. Develop Research Instruments
Survey Design: Create well-structured surveys using tools like Google Forms to gather quantitative data.
Interview and Focus Group Guides: Prepare detailed scripts and discussion points for qualitative data collection.
8. Sampling Strategy
Sampling Design: Define the sampling frame, size, and method (e.g., random sampling, stratified sampling) to ensure representation of target demographics.
Participant Recruitment: Plan recruitment strategies to reach and engage the intended participant groups effectively.
9. Data Collection and Analysis Plan
Data Collection: Implement methods for data gathering, ensuring consistency and validity.
Analysis Techniques: Decide on analytical approaches (e.g., statistical
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Digital Health in India_Health Informatics Trained Manpower _DrDevTaneja_15.0...DrDevTaneja1
Digital India will need a big trained army of Health Informatics educated & trained manpower in India.
Presently, generalist IT manpower does most of the work in the healthcare industry in India. Academic Health Informatics education is not readily available at school & health university level or IT education institutions in India.
We look into the evolution of health informatics and its applications in the healthcare industry.
HIMMS TIGER resources are available to assist Health Informatics education.
Indian Health universities, IT Education institutions, and the healthcare industry must proactively collaborate to start health informatics courses on a big scale. An advocacy push from various stakeholders is also needed for this goal.
Health informatics has huge employment potential and provides a big business opportunity for the healthcare industry. A big pool of trained health informatics manpower can lead to product & service innovations on a global scale in India.
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The Ultimate Guide in Setting Up Market Research System in Health-TechGokul Rangarajan
How to effectively start market research in the health tech industry by defining objectives, crafting problem statements, selecting methods, identifying data collection sources, and setting clear timelines. This guide covers all the preliminary steps needed to lay a strong foundation for your research.
"Market Research it too text-booky, I am in the market for a decade, I am living research book" this is what the founder I met on the event claimed, few of my colleagues rolled their eyes. Its true that one cannot over look the real life experience, but one cannot out beat structured gold mine of market research.
Many 0 to 1 startup founders often overlook market research, but this critical step can make or break a venture, especially in health tech.
But Why do they skip it?
Limited resources—time, money, and manpower—are common culprits.
"In fact, a survey by CB Insights found that 42% of startups fail due to no market need, which is like building a spaceship to Mars only to realise you forgot the fuel."
Sudharsan Srinivasan
Operational Partner Pitchworks VC Studio
Overconfidence in their product’s success leads founders to assume it will naturally find its market, especially in health tech where patient needs, entire system issues and regulatory requirements are as complex as trying to perform brain surgery with a butter knife. Additionally, the pressure to launch quickly and the belief in their own intuition further contribute to this oversight. Yet, thorough market research in health tech could be the key to transforming a startup's vision into a life-saving reality, instead of a medical mishap waiting to happen.
Example of Market Research working
Innovaccer, founded by Abhinav Shashank in 2014, focuses on improving healthcare delivery through data-driven insights and interoperability solutions. Before launching their platform, Innovaccer conducted extensive market research to understand the challenges faced by healthcare organizations and the potential for innovation in healthcare IT.
Identifying Pain Points: Innovaccer surveyed healthcare providers to understand their difficulties with data integration, care coordination, and patient engagement. They found widespread frustration with siloed systems and inefficient workflows.
Competitive Analysis: Analyzed competitors offering similar solutions in healthcare analytics and interoperability. Identified gaps in comprehensive data aggregation, real-time analytics, and actionable insights.
Regulatory Compliance: Ensured their platform complied with HIPAA and other healthcare data privacy regulations. This compliance was crucial to gaining trust from healthcare providers wary of data security issues.
Customer Validation: Conducted pilot programs with several healthcare organizations to validate the platform's effectiveness in improving care outcomes and operational efficiency. Gathered feedback to refine features and user interface.
6. • Anterior abdomen:
Trans-nipple line, Anterior axillary lines,
Inguinal ligaments and Symphysis pubis.
• Flank:
Anterior and posterior axillary line;
Sixth intercostal to iliac crest.
• Back:
Posterior axillary line; Tip of scapula to
Iliac crest.
7. • Upper Peritoneal cavity
Covered by lower aspect of bony thorax. Includes Diaphragm, Liver,
Spleen, Stomach, Transverse colon.
• Lower Peritoneal cavity:
Small bowel Ascending and Descending colon, Sigmoid colon
• Retroperitoneal space:
A Potential space Behind “true” abdominal cavity
Abdominal Aorta, Inferior vena cava, Parts of Duodenum, Pancreas,
kidneys, Ureters and posterior aspects of Ascending and Descending
colons
• Pelvic cavity:
Rectum, Bladder, iliac vessels and Internal genitalia in women.
8. Organs by Abdominal Quadrant
Small & Large
Intestine
Lower part of Kidney
Half of Bladder,
Female Reproductive
Organs
Small & Large
Intestine
Lower part of Kidney
Half of Bladder,
Appendix, Female
Reproductive Organs
Stomach,
Tail of Pancreas
Tail of Liver
Small & Large
Intestine
Upper Part of Kidney
Liver, Gallbladder,
Stomach (Small Part)
Small & Large
Intestine
Head of Pancreas
Upper Part of Kidney
U
p
p
e
r
L
o
w
e
r
Right Left
10. TYPES OF ABDOMINAL
INJURIES
BLUNT TRAUMA PENETRATING TRAUMA
•Energy transmitted to surrounding
tissue
•Results in-
Uncontrolled hemorrhage
Organ damage
Spillage of hollow organ contents
Irritation & Inflammation of abdominal
lining
•Liver most commonly affected organ
•Common causes -Shotgun Trauma,
stab wound, cuts & tears
•Produces least visible signs of injury
•Causes
Deceleration
Contents damaged by
change in velocity
Compression
Organs trapped between
other structures
Shear
Part of an organ is able
to move while another
part is fixed
12. DIAPHRAGMATIC INJURY
DESCRIPTIONS
• Partially protected by bony
structures, diaphragm is
commonly injured by
penetrating trauma
(Automobile deceleration may
lead to rapid rise in intra-
abdominal pressure and a
burst injury
• Diaphragmatic tear usually
indicates multi-organ
involvement
CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS
• Decreased breath sounds
• Abdominal peristalsis heard
in thorax
• Acute chest pain and
shortness of breath may
indicate diaphragmatic tear
• May be hard to diagnose
because of multisystem
trauma or the liver may
"plug" the defect and mask it
13. ESOPHAGEAL INJURY
DESCRIPTIONS
• Penetrating injury is more
common than blunt injury
• May be caused by knives,
bullets, foreign body
obstruction
• May be caused by iatrogenic
perforation
• May be associated with
cervical spine injury
CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS
• Pain at site of perforation
• Fever
• Difficulty swallowing
• Cervical tenderness
• Peritoneal irritation
14. STOMACH INJURY
DESCRIPTIONS
• Penetrating injury is
more common than blunt
injury; in one-third of
patients, both the
anterior and the posterior
walls are penetrated
• May occur as a
complication from
cardiopulmonary
resuscitation or from
gastric dilation
CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS
• Epigastric pain
• Epigastric tenderness
• Signs of peritonitis
• Bloody gastric
drainage
15. LIVER INJURY
DESCRIPTIONS
• Most commonly injured
organ; blunt injuries (70% of
total) usually occur from
motor vehicle crashes and
steering wheel trauma
• Highest mortality from blunt
injury and gunshot wound
• Hemorrhage is most common
cause of death from liver
injury; overall mortality
10%–15%
CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS
• Persistent hypotension
despite adequate fluid
resuscitation
• Guarding over right upper or
lower quadrant; rebound
abdominal tenderness
• Dullness to percussion
• Abdominal distention and
peritoneal irritation
• Persistent thoracic bleed
16. SPLEEN INJURY
DESCRIPTIONS
• Most commonly injured
organ with blunt abdominal
trauma
• Injured in penetrating
trauma of the left upper
quadrant
CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS
• Hypotension, tachycardia,
shortness of breath
• Peritoneal irritation
• Abdominal wall tenderness
• Left upper quadrant pain
• Fixed dullness to percussion
in left flank; dullness to
percussion in right flank that
disappears with change of
position
17. PANCREAS INJURY
DESCRIPTIONS
• Most often penetrating injury
(gunshot wounds at close
range)
• Blunt injury from
deceleration; injury from
steering wheel
• Often associated (40%) with
other organ damage (liver,
spleen, vessels)
CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS
• Pain over pancreas
• Paralytic ileus
• Symptoms may occur late
(after 24 hr); epigastric pain
radiating to back; nausea,
vomiting
• Tenderness to deep palpation
18. SMALL INTESTINES INJURY
DESCRIPTIONS
• Duodenum, ileum, and
jejunum; hollow viscous
structure most often injured
by penetrating trauma
• Gunshot wounds account for
70% of cases
• Incidence of injury is third
only to liver and spleen
injury
• When small bowel ruptures
from blunt injury, rupture
occurs most often at
proximal jejunum and
CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS
• Testicular pain
• Referred pain to shoulders,
chest, back
• Mild abdominal pain
• Peritoneal irritation
• Fever, jaundice, intestinal
obstruction
19. LARGE INTESTINES A INJURY
DESCRIPTIONS
• One of the more lethal
injuries because of fecal
contamination; occurs in 5%
of abdominal injuries
• More than 90% of incidences
are penetrating injuries
• Blunt injuries are often from
safety restraints in motor
vehicle crashes
CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS
• Pain, muscle rigidity
• Guarding, rebound
tenderness
• Blood on rectal examination
• Fever
20. RETROPERITONEAL INJURY
DESCRIPTIONS
• Blunt or penetrating trauma
to the abdomen or posterior
abdomen.
• Kidney, ureters, pancreas, or
duodenal injuries
• Associated with posterior
posterior rib fractures &
lumbar vertebral injuries.
• Deceleration forces may
injure the renal artery
CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS
• Haemorrhage usually from
pelvic or lumbar fractures:
• Gray turner’s sign – 12
hours or later
• cullen’s sign – 12 hours or
later
21. Renal Injury
.
Classification of Injury
• Grade I : Contusion or Subcapsular
Hematoma
• Grade II: Non Expanding Hematoma, <1
cm deep ,no extravasation
• Grade III: Laceration >1cm with urinary
Extravasation
• Grade IV: Parenchymal Laceration
• Grade V: Renovascular injury
22. PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF ABDOMINAL
INJURY
DECELERATION
• Rapid decelaration causes
differential movement
among adjacent structures.
As a result, shear forces are
created & cause hollow,
solid, visceral organs &
vascular pedicles to tear,
especially at relatively fixed
points of attachment.
CRUSHING
• . Intra abdominal
contents are crushed
between the anterior
abdominal wall & the
vertebral column or
posterior thoracic cage.
This produces a crushing
effect, to which solid
viscera (eg. spleen, liver,
kidneys) are especially
vulnerable.
EXTERNAL
COMPRESSION
• Direct blows or from
external compression
against a fixed object
(eg. lap belt, spinal
column). External
compressive forces
result in a sudden &
dramatic rise in
intraabdominal pressure
& culminate in rupture
of a hollow organ .
23. SYMPTOMS
• Pain or tenderness
• A rapid heart rate
• Rapid breathing
• Sweating
• Cold, clammy, pale or bluish skin
• Confusion or low level of alertness
• Blunt trauma may cause bruising.
• Cullen’s sign
• Grey turner’s sign
• Kehr’s sign
26. HISTORY TAKING
AMPLE History
• A: Allergy
• M: Medications
• P: Past medical history
• L: Last meal
• E: Event - What happened
27. General Examination : Relating to
hemodynamic stability (Vital Signs)
Abdominal findings:
• Inspection :
For abdominal distension
For contusions or abrasions
Lap belt ecchymosis
Mesenteric, Bowel, and Lumbar spine injuries
Periumblical (Cullen sign) and
Flank (Grey Turner Sign) ecchymosis –
Retroperitoneal hematoma
PHYSICAL EXAMINATION
28. • Palpation :
For tenderness, guarding and/or rigidity,
rebound tenderness – hemoperitoneum
• Percussion :
Dullness/ shifting dullness
Intraabdominal collection
• Auscultation : Where to auscultate &
What to listen for??? All four quadrants
for the +/- nce of bowel sounds
PHYSICAL EXAMINATION cont.
29. The classical
‘seatbelt’ sign.
The bruising on
the left breast is
from the
shoulder belt
and the low
bruising to the
abdominal wall
is from the lap
belt.
30. • Left lower six ribs
• Right lower six ribs
• Upper Lumbar
vertebra
• Transverse
Process
• Pelvis
Spleen
Liver
Pancreas and
Duodenum
Kidneys
Bladder
Urethra
Rectum 30
Associated with fractures
32. Diagnostic studies
• Drug & alcohol screens
• Rigid sigmoidoscopy: is indicated for
patients presenting with injuries in the
pelvis or if blood is found on rectal
examination.
• magnetic resonance
cholangiopancreatography (MRCP) for
the diagnosis of bile duct injuries
• chest, and cervical spine radiographs
• Arteriographs
34. Initial Assessment and Resuscitation
Primary survey
Identification & treatment of life threatening
conditions
• Airway , with cervical spine precautions
• Breathing
• Circulation
• Disability
• Exposure
35. Emergency Care
• I V fluids
• Control external bleeding
• Dressing of wounds
• Protect eviscerated organs with a sterile
dressing
• Stabilize an impaled object in place
• Give high flow oxygen
• Immobilize the patient with a fractured pelvis
• Keep the patient warm
• Analgesics
36. MANGEMENT BASED ON ORGANS
• DIAPHRAGMATIC TEARS :
repaired surgically to prevent visceral
herniation in later years.
• ESOPHAGEAL INJURY:
gastric decompression with a nasogastric
tube, antibiotic therapy
surgical repair of the esophageal tear.
• GASTRIC INJURY:
partial gastrectomy may be needed if
extensive injury has occurred.
37. MANGEMENT BASED ON ORGANS
• LIVER INJURY
managed nonoperatively or operatively, depending on
the degree of injury and the amount of bleeding.
Albumin transfusion
Blood glucose regulation
• SPLEEN INJURY
• splenectomy is the treatment of choice when the
patient is markedly hemodynamically unstable, or
when the spleen is totally macerated.
38. MANGEMENT BASED ON ORGANS
• PANCREATIC INJURY :
depends on the degree of pancreatic
damage, but drainage of the area is usually
necessary to prevent pancreatic fistula
formation and surrounding tissue damage
from pancreatic enzymes.
• SMALL AND LARGE BOWEL :
Perforation or lacerations are managed by
surgical exploration and repair.
Colostomy