The document provides an instructional program on the anatomy and physiology of the brain. It covers 12 frames on the main parts and functions of the brain. The brain is divided into the forebrain, midbrain, and hindbrain. The forebrain includes the cerebrum, thalamus, and hypothalamus. The cerebrum is further divided into four lobes - frontal, parietal, temporal, and occipital. Each lobe controls different functions. The document also discusses areas like the motor cortex, sensory cortex, Broca's area, Wernicke's area, basal ganglia, and corpus callosum. It provides questions at the end of each frame to test understanding.
An MD focusing on nervous system disorders, Dr. Robert Buchanan delivers a high professional standard of psychiatric and neurosurgical care at his Austin, Texas, private practice affiliated with the Seton Brain & Spine Institute. Over his career as neurosurgeon, Robert Buchanan, MD has performed funded research on methods of neurotransmitter measurement.
Slide portion of introduction to neurotransmitters presented in July 2014 to the attendees of the Masters in Human Anatomy & Physiology Instruction teaching practicum, New York Chiropractic College, July, 2014. Simple bullet point and figure association presented with in-person lecture to introduce allied health undergraduates to neurotransmitters.
The document provides instructions and content for a lesson on how drugs affect the brain. It states that students will learn how methamphetamines, nicotine, and cocaine disrupt neurotransmitters. They will compare different routes of drug administration and interpret graphical data. The major concept is that drugs affect the biology and chemistry of the brain.
Neurotransmitters are chemicals that neurons release to communicate with each other at synapses. There are over 100 types of neurotransmitters but about 10 are responsible for most brain activity. The major neurotransmitters are dopamine, acetylcholine, GABA, norepinephrine, serotonin, and oxytocin. They can be either excitatory, making actions happen, or inhibitory, stopping actions from happening. Imbalances in neurotransmitters are associated with various mental and neurological disorders.
Speech act theory proposes that language is used not just to convey information but also to perform actions. A speech act is the basic unit of human communication. John Austin first proposed speech act theory, noting that language is used to do things as well as assert things. Speech acts have propositional meaning from the literal words, illocutionary meaning from the social function, and perlocutionary meaning from the effect on the listener. Speech acts can be classified into assertives, directives, commissives, expressives, and declarations.
This document discusses speech act theory and politeness in speech acts. It begins with an introduction to speech acts and J.L. Austin's speech act theory. Direct and indirect speech acts are explained, along with how to categorize different types of speech acts such as representatives, directives, commissives, etc. Felicity conditions for speech acts are presented. The concept of politeness and how it relates to maintaining face is discussed. Indirect speech acts are explained as a way to be polite. Sentence types and identifying them is also covered. In the end, references used in the document are listed.
The document provides an overview of key concepts in neural communication and brain anatomy and function. It discusses neurons and how they communicate via electrical signals and neurotransmitters. It describes the nervous system, including the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord) and peripheral nervous system. It also covers the endocrine system and hormones. Regarding the brain, it outlines structures like the brainstem, limbic system, cerebral cortex, and describes techniques used to study the brain like PET scans and MRI scans.
This document provides an overview of key concepts from Psychology (9th Edition) by David Myers. It discusses the need for psychological science to use empirical evidence rather than intuition alone. It describes how psychologists ask and answer questions using the scientific method, including description, correlation, and experimentation. Statistical reasoning is important for interpreting data and making inferences. Frequently asked questions about psychology are also addressed, such as whether laboratory experiments can illuminate everyday life and if psychology experiments on humans are ethical.
An MD focusing on nervous system disorders, Dr. Robert Buchanan delivers a high professional standard of psychiatric and neurosurgical care at his Austin, Texas, private practice affiliated with the Seton Brain & Spine Institute. Over his career as neurosurgeon, Robert Buchanan, MD has performed funded research on methods of neurotransmitter measurement.
Slide portion of introduction to neurotransmitters presented in July 2014 to the attendees of the Masters in Human Anatomy & Physiology Instruction teaching practicum, New York Chiropractic College, July, 2014. Simple bullet point and figure association presented with in-person lecture to introduce allied health undergraduates to neurotransmitters.
The document provides instructions and content for a lesson on how drugs affect the brain. It states that students will learn how methamphetamines, nicotine, and cocaine disrupt neurotransmitters. They will compare different routes of drug administration and interpret graphical data. The major concept is that drugs affect the biology and chemistry of the brain.
Neurotransmitters are chemicals that neurons release to communicate with each other at synapses. There are over 100 types of neurotransmitters but about 10 are responsible for most brain activity. The major neurotransmitters are dopamine, acetylcholine, GABA, norepinephrine, serotonin, and oxytocin. They can be either excitatory, making actions happen, or inhibitory, stopping actions from happening. Imbalances in neurotransmitters are associated with various mental and neurological disorders.
Speech act theory proposes that language is used not just to convey information but also to perform actions. A speech act is the basic unit of human communication. John Austin first proposed speech act theory, noting that language is used to do things as well as assert things. Speech acts have propositional meaning from the literal words, illocutionary meaning from the social function, and perlocutionary meaning from the effect on the listener. Speech acts can be classified into assertives, directives, commissives, expressives, and declarations.
This document discusses speech act theory and politeness in speech acts. It begins with an introduction to speech acts and J.L. Austin's speech act theory. Direct and indirect speech acts are explained, along with how to categorize different types of speech acts such as representatives, directives, commissives, etc. Felicity conditions for speech acts are presented. The concept of politeness and how it relates to maintaining face is discussed. Indirect speech acts are explained as a way to be polite. Sentence types and identifying them is also covered. In the end, references used in the document are listed.
The document provides an overview of key concepts in neural communication and brain anatomy and function. It discusses neurons and how they communicate via electrical signals and neurotransmitters. It describes the nervous system, including the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord) and peripheral nervous system. It also covers the endocrine system and hormones. Regarding the brain, it outlines structures like the brainstem, limbic system, cerebral cortex, and describes techniques used to study the brain like PET scans and MRI scans.
This document provides an overview of key concepts from Psychology (9th Edition) by David Myers. It discusses the need for psychological science to use empirical evidence rather than intuition alone. It describes how psychologists ask and answer questions using the scientific method, including description, correlation, and experimentation. Statistical reasoning is important for interpreting data and making inferences. Frequently asked questions about psychology are also addressed, such as whether laboratory experiments can illuminate everyday life and if psychology experiments on humans are ethical.
Science 6_Q2_L5_Parts and Function of Nervous System.pptxkambal1234567890
The document discusses the nervous system and its functions. It describes that the nervous system coordinates the activities of the body and communicates with senses through nerve cells. It notes that the brain is made up of three main parts - the cerebrum, cerebellum, and brainstem. It also explains that neurons transmit messages between the brain, spinal cord, and other parts of the body. Learning tasks then assess understanding of the nervous system's parts and functions.
Science 6_Q2_L5_Parts and Function of Nervous System.pptxkambal1234567890
The document discusses the nervous system and its functions. The nervous system controls and coordinates the body's activities through nerve cells that transmit messages between the brain and other parts of the body. It has three main parts - the brain, spinal cord, and nerves. The brain is divided into the cerebrum, cerebellum, and brain stem. The cerebrum controls functions like thinking and movement. The document also describes the roles of different parts of the brain and how the nervous system receives sensory information and triggers responses.
The nervous system transfers information through neurons. Neurons are composed of a cell body, dendrites, axon and axon terminals. Sensory neurons carry impulses from sense organs to the brain/spinal cord, while motor neurons carry impulses from brain/spinal cord to muscles. A stimulus triggers the senses to send information to the CNS as a nerve impulse through action potentials and neurotransmitters, which is the speed of response between stimulus activation and its recognition.
The nervous system is the control system of the body and directs other body systems. It has two main divisions - the central nervous system comprising the brain and spinal cord, and the peripheral nervous system which collects sensory information. The brain, spinal cord, and nerve cells are the main parts of the nervous system. The brain receives and interprets sensory information and directs the body's responses through the motor nerves.
The cerebellum and cerebral cortex are distinct parts of the brain with different functions. The cerebellum, located at the back of the brain, coordinates voluntary movement, balance, posture, and motor learning. It also assists with some cognitive functions. The cerebral cortex, which covers the cerebrum, plays a crucial role in higher cognitive functions like perception, consciousness, memory, language, and decision-making. It is involved in sensory processing, motor control, and generating conscious awareness.
This document discusses strategies for maintaining brain health and preventing disorders as we age. It provides an overview of brain anatomy and the different regions of the brain. While cognitive abilities naturally decline with age, the document suggests simple steps can be taken to support a healthy brain as we age, such as choosing a brain-supporting diet and lifestyle practices to keep the mind sharp.
You wrote this scenario from the perspective of Behaviorism learni.docxrosemarybdodson23141
You wrote this scenario from the perspective of Behaviorism learning theory Now I want two scenarios same this scenario but from two different perspectives that they are Cognitivism Learning theory and Social learning theory
For further clarification see attached example
Learning Situation from Behaviorism Learning Theory
The class of 20 students is divided into two teams, having 10 students in each team. The teacher makes two columns on the board for team A and team B. Teacher points out, Yesterday in our history class we studied about the civil rights movement I hope you have well-prepared that topic. Let’s start an informal quiz based on yesterday’s topic. Are you guys ready? Students say, “Yes”! Teacher starts asking questions. Team A! Which sports Jackie Robinson played? Students raised their hands. Robert? Can you give the answer? Robert says soccer. Teacher appreciating Robert’s effort says very good Robert and write 10 under the column of Team A. Next question for Team B, Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. went to the college to become? Students raise their hands. James, can you answer? James says, “Minister”. Teacher appreciates the attempt but the answer is not correct. Ok! Now, what you guys think what was the main contribution of Abraham Lincoln?Timothy raised his hand and replied, he brought freedom and abolish slavery. Rosie raised her hand and replied, he ran the country being a president of the country. Teacher says, when we freedom was attained by the African American it was not solely due to Abraham Lincoln. Who played the actual role? Joseph replies, African Americans themselves. Teacher appreciated Joseph’s answer saying absolutely right. No leader can bring freedom from slavery or racism until its people are themselves not ready to put their efforts. Nation needs to be united to get rid of inequality.
Learning Situation from Cognitivism Learning Theory:
Learning Situation from Social Learning Theory:
3 | Page
Chapter 2 terminology
Psych260
Nervous System-
A network of billions of cells in the brain and the body responsible for all aspects of what we feel, think, and do.
Central nervous system-
The part of the nervous system that consists of the brain and the spinal cord.
Peripheral nervous system-
The part of the nervous central nervous system with the muscles, organs and glands.
Neurons-
The basic units of the nervous system cells that receive integrate and transmit information in the nervous system. Neurons operate through electrical impulses communicate with other neurons through electrical impulses communicate with other neurons through chemical signals and form neural networks.
Dendrites –
Branchlike extensions of the neuron with receptors that detect information from other neurons.
Cell Body-
Part of the neuron where information from thousands of other neurons is collected and integrated.
Axon-
A long narrow outgrowth of a neuron that enables the neuron to transmit information to other neurons..
This workbook covers three lessons on the major human body systems, including the skeletal, circulatory, respiratory, muscular, digestive, nervous, and renal systems. Students are asked to label diagrams, define key terms, and describe the main functions of each system. The workbook contains information and exercises to help students learn about the structure and purpose of the main parts that make up the human body.
The central nervous system
(CNS) is a complex anatomical structure that plays a vital role in coordinating and regulating the body’s functions. It consists of the brain and spinal cord, which are interconnected and responsible for processing and transmitting information throughout the body. Here are some key anatomical concepts associated with the central nervous system:
Brain: The brain is the command center of the CNS and is responsible for higher cognitive functions, sensory processing, motor control, and regulating vital bodily functions. It is divided into several major regions, including the cerebrum, cerebellum, brainstem, and diencephalon.
Cerebrum: The largest part of the brain, the cerebrum, is divided into two hemispheres connected by the corpus callosum. It is responsible for higher-order functions such as consciousness, perception, thinking, memory, and voluntary movements.
Cerebellum: Located at the back of the brain, the cerebellum plays a crucial role in motor coordination, balance, posture, and fine motor control. It receives sensory input from the body and helps refine movements.
The document provides information about the nervous system. It discusses that the nervous system is composed of the central nervous system and peripheral nervous system. The central nervous system includes the brain and spinal cord, which store and process information. The peripheral nervous system connects the central nervous system to the rest of the body using nerves. It also describes some key parts of the nervous system like the brain, spinal cord, and neurons. Finally, it lists some common diseases and disorders that can affect the nervous system.
The document discusses the structure and function of the different parts of the human brain and their relationship to learning. It describes the reptilian brain, which is responsible for survival instincts, and how stress can cause it to override the rational parts of the brain. It also outlines the limbic system, which controls emotions and long-term memory storage, and how emotions are important for learning and memory. Finally, it discusses the neo-cortex, which enables thinking, and how lessons should engage both the left and right hemispheres for effective learning.
PAR-1 Select a part of the brain. Explain its functions and how i.docxsmile790243
PAR-1
Select a part of the brain. Explain its functions and how it impacts learning!
The Brain-SELECT ONE PART AND EXPLAIN
Brain—3 Divisions
Hindbrain—primitive core, 1st to form, top of spinal cord, regulates basic somatic activities like breathing
Brain stem-top of spinal cord-2 parts
i. Medulla oblongata-bump in spinal cord, controls breathing, heart rate, BP, digestion; damage is usually fatal
ii. Pons-connects the two halves of the cerebellum, regulates arousal
1. raphe nuclei—system of nerves through the pons, uses serotonin, believed to trigger and maintain slow wave sleep
Cerebellum—maintains balance, coordinates movements, and controls posture. Damage can cause ataxia—slurred speech, tremors, and loss of balance.
Midbrain—old brain, next to form, involved with other aspects of movement and sleep
Reticular formation—system of nerves; from spinal cord through hindbrain and into midbrain. Involved with sleep, maintaining a waking state, arousal and attention. Also plays a part in the sensation of touch.
Substantia nigra—midbrain into forebrain—system of nerves; regulates many aspects of movement such as initiation, termination, smoothness, and directedness. Parkinson’s—reduced dopamine, destroys substantia nigra
Forebrain—newest brain, last to form, involved with higher order thinking
Subcortical Structures
i. Thalamus—“the relay station”—relays information from incoming sensory systems (except for olfactory information, which goes directly to the limbic system) to the appropriate areas of the cortex. Also involved with motor activity, language, and memory. Korsakoff Syndrome involves damage to neurons in the thalamus and mammillary bodies of the hypothalamus.
ii. Hypothalamus—controls ANS and Endocrine system in conjunction with the pituitary gland. Maintains homeostasis of fluids, temperature, metabolism, and appetite. Involved with motivated behaviors such as eating, drinking, sex, and aggression.
1. Suprachiasmatic Nucleus (SCN)—system of nerves located in the hypothalamus; involved with regulating circadian rhythms. Takes information from the eyes (retina), interprets it, and passes it on to the pineal gland which then secretes the hormone melatonin.
iii.
Basal Ganglia
—system of nerves; includes the caudate nucleus, putamen, globus pallidus, and substantia nigra. Involved with planning, organizing, and coordinating voluntary movement. Disorders associated with the basal ganglia are: Huntington’s Disease, Parkinson’s Disease, and Tourette’s Syndrome. Also implicated in mania, obsessive-compulsive symptoms, and psychosis.
iv. Limbic System—several brain structures that work together to mediate the emotional component of behavior. Also involved with memory.
1. Amygdala—integrates and directs emotional behavior, attaches emotional significance to sensory information .
Head Injury (Traumatic Brain Injury) - types, complications and managementVarunMahajani
this presentation provides in-depth knowledge regarding head injuries, types of head injuries their complications, and management. management is discussed from medical, surgical, and nursing points of view.
The anatomy and physiology of nervous with quick overview
OBJECTIVES
1. I can describe the functions of the nervous system
2. I can describe the parts of a neuron cell and identify how they transmit electrochemical impulses.
3. I can compare and contrast the central and peripheral nervous systems
4. I can identify and explain different areas of the brain and their functions.
5. I can explain how the nervous system passes information between the external environment and the many parts of the body.
WWW.NUMEDSCIENCE.BLOGSPOT.COM
authentic medical material
Neuroscience is the study of the nervous system and brain. Technological advances have allowed scientists to research brain development, especially in the first six years when the brain has greater plasticity and ability to change through experiences. The brain's structure, chemicals, and functions can be modified through interactions with the environment during this period of neuroplasticity.
The nervous system has three main functions - receiving sensory input, integrating the input, and responding to stimuli. It is composed of the peripheral and central nervous systems. The central nervous system includes the brain and spinal cord. The brain's three main parts are the cerebrum, cerebellum, and brainstem, each with specialized functions. Neurons are the fundamental units that
The document provides information about the nervous system. It discusses the central nervous system including the brain and spinal cord. The spinal cord contains gray matter with neurons and white matter with nerve fibers. The brainstem relays signals between the brain, spinal cord, and peripheral nervous system, controlling vital functions. The cerebellum coordinates motor control through integration of sensory input. The cerebrum is the largest part of the brain involved in higher functions like thinking, language, and memory. Diagrams and pictures are included to illustrate these structures.
19-Functions of Cerebral Hemisphere.pdfRachelGrace20
The doctors would be stimulating the prefrontal cortex, which is involved in planning complex patterns of movement, abstract thought, goal setting/attainment, and personality/behavior. Damage to this region can impair reasoning/judgment and cause changes in personality/impulse control.
The central nervous system is comprised of the brain and spinal cord. The brain controls bodily functions like awareness, movement, and memory. The spinal cord transmits sensory and motor signals through the spinal canal. The brain is protected by meninges and cerebrospinal fluid. It can be divided into the hindbrain, midbrain, and forebrain. The forebrain contains structures that regulate homeostasis, memory, emotion, and higher cognitive functions.
The document provides information on abdominal injuries, including:
1) Abdominal injury accounts for a large percentage of trauma injuries and can damage both hollow and solid organs.
2) The abdomen contains many organs and structures that can be injured through blunt or penetrating trauma.
3) Abdominal injuries require careful history, physical exam, and imaging/testing to diagnose and develop a collaborative management plan.
Science 6_Q2_L5_Parts and Function of Nervous System.pptxkambal1234567890
The document discusses the nervous system and its functions. It describes that the nervous system coordinates the activities of the body and communicates with senses through nerve cells. It notes that the brain is made up of three main parts - the cerebrum, cerebellum, and brainstem. It also explains that neurons transmit messages between the brain, spinal cord, and other parts of the body. Learning tasks then assess understanding of the nervous system's parts and functions.
Science 6_Q2_L5_Parts and Function of Nervous System.pptxkambal1234567890
The document discusses the nervous system and its functions. The nervous system controls and coordinates the body's activities through nerve cells that transmit messages between the brain and other parts of the body. It has three main parts - the brain, spinal cord, and nerves. The brain is divided into the cerebrum, cerebellum, and brain stem. The cerebrum controls functions like thinking and movement. The document also describes the roles of different parts of the brain and how the nervous system receives sensory information and triggers responses.
The nervous system transfers information through neurons. Neurons are composed of a cell body, dendrites, axon and axon terminals. Sensory neurons carry impulses from sense organs to the brain/spinal cord, while motor neurons carry impulses from brain/spinal cord to muscles. A stimulus triggers the senses to send information to the CNS as a nerve impulse through action potentials and neurotransmitters, which is the speed of response between stimulus activation and its recognition.
The nervous system is the control system of the body and directs other body systems. It has two main divisions - the central nervous system comprising the brain and spinal cord, and the peripheral nervous system which collects sensory information. The brain, spinal cord, and nerve cells are the main parts of the nervous system. The brain receives and interprets sensory information and directs the body's responses through the motor nerves.
The cerebellum and cerebral cortex are distinct parts of the brain with different functions. The cerebellum, located at the back of the brain, coordinates voluntary movement, balance, posture, and motor learning. It also assists with some cognitive functions. The cerebral cortex, which covers the cerebrum, plays a crucial role in higher cognitive functions like perception, consciousness, memory, language, and decision-making. It is involved in sensory processing, motor control, and generating conscious awareness.
This document discusses strategies for maintaining brain health and preventing disorders as we age. It provides an overview of brain anatomy and the different regions of the brain. While cognitive abilities naturally decline with age, the document suggests simple steps can be taken to support a healthy brain as we age, such as choosing a brain-supporting diet and lifestyle practices to keep the mind sharp.
You wrote this scenario from the perspective of Behaviorism learni.docxrosemarybdodson23141
You wrote this scenario from the perspective of Behaviorism learning theory Now I want two scenarios same this scenario but from two different perspectives that they are Cognitivism Learning theory and Social learning theory
For further clarification see attached example
Learning Situation from Behaviorism Learning Theory
The class of 20 students is divided into two teams, having 10 students in each team. The teacher makes two columns on the board for team A and team B. Teacher points out, Yesterday in our history class we studied about the civil rights movement I hope you have well-prepared that topic. Let’s start an informal quiz based on yesterday’s topic. Are you guys ready? Students say, “Yes”! Teacher starts asking questions. Team A! Which sports Jackie Robinson played? Students raised their hands. Robert? Can you give the answer? Robert says soccer. Teacher appreciating Robert’s effort says very good Robert and write 10 under the column of Team A. Next question for Team B, Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. went to the college to become? Students raise their hands. James, can you answer? James says, “Minister”. Teacher appreciates the attempt but the answer is not correct. Ok! Now, what you guys think what was the main contribution of Abraham Lincoln?Timothy raised his hand and replied, he brought freedom and abolish slavery. Rosie raised her hand and replied, he ran the country being a president of the country. Teacher says, when we freedom was attained by the African American it was not solely due to Abraham Lincoln. Who played the actual role? Joseph replies, African Americans themselves. Teacher appreciated Joseph’s answer saying absolutely right. No leader can bring freedom from slavery or racism until its people are themselves not ready to put their efforts. Nation needs to be united to get rid of inequality.
Learning Situation from Cognitivism Learning Theory:
Learning Situation from Social Learning Theory:
3 | Page
Chapter 2 terminology
Psych260
Nervous System-
A network of billions of cells in the brain and the body responsible for all aspects of what we feel, think, and do.
Central nervous system-
The part of the nervous system that consists of the brain and the spinal cord.
Peripheral nervous system-
The part of the nervous central nervous system with the muscles, organs and glands.
Neurons-
The basic units of the nervous system cells that receive integrate and transmit information in the nervous system. Neurons operate through electrical impulses communicate with other neurons through electrical impulses communicate with other neurons through chemical signals and form neural networks.
Dendrites –
Branchlike extensions of the neuron with receptors that detect information from other neurons.
Cell Body-
Part of the neuron where information from thousands of other neurons is collected and integrated.
Axon-
A long narrow outgrowth of a neuron that enables the neuron to transmit information to other neurons..
This workbook covers three lessons on the major human body systems, including the skeletal, circulatory, respiratory, muscular, digestive, nervous, and renal systems. Students are asked to label diagrams, define key terms, and describe the main functions of each system. The workbook contains information and exercises to help students learn about the structure and purpose of the main parts that make up the human body.
The central nervous system
(CNS) is a complex anatomical structure that plays a vital role in coordinating and regulating the body’s functions. It consists of the brain and spinal cord, which are interconnected and responsible for processing and transmitting information throughout the body. Here are some key anatomical concepts associated with the central nervous system:
Brain: The brain is the command center of the CNS and is responsible for higher cognitive functions, sensory processing, motor control, and regulating vital bodily functions. It is divided into several major regions, including the cerebrum, cerebellum, brainstem, and diencephalon.
Cerebrum: The largest part of the brain, the cerebrum, is divided into two hemispheres connected by the corpus callosum. It is responsible for higher-order functions such as consciousness, perception, thinking, memory, and voluntary movements.
Cerebellum: Located at the back of the brain, the cerebellum plays a crucial role in motor coordination, balance, posture, and fine motor control. It receives sensory input from the body and helps refine movements.
The document provides information about the nervous system. It discusses that the nervous system is composed of the central nervous system and peripheral nervous system. The central nervous system includes the brain and spinal cord, which store and process information. The peripheral nervous system connects the central nervous system to the rest of the body using nerves. It also describes some key parts of the nervous system like the brain, spinal cord, and neurons. Finally, it lists some common diseases and disorders that can affect the nervous system.
The document discusses the structure and function of the different parts of the human brain and their relationship to learning. It describes the reptilian brain, which is responsible for survival instincts, and how stress can cause it to override the rational parts of the brain. It also outlines the limbic system, which controls emotions and long-term memory storage, and how emotions are important for learning and memory. Finally, it discusses the neo-cortex, which enables thinking, and how lessons should engage both the left and right hemispheres for effective learning.
PAR-1 Select a part of the brain. Explain its functions and how i.docxsmile790243
PAR-1
Select a part of the brain. Explain its functions and how it impacts learning!
The Brain-SELECT ONE PART AND EXPLAIN
Brain—3 Divisions
Hindbrain—primitive core, 1st to form, top of spinal cord, regulates basic somatic activities like breathing
Brain stem-top of spinal cord-2 parts
i. Medulla oblongata-bump in spinal cord, controls breathing, heart rate, BP, digestion; damage is usually fatal
ii. Pons-connects the two halves of the cerebellum, regulates arousal
1. raphe nuclei—system of nerves through the pons, uses serotonin, believed to trigger and maintain slow wave sleep
Cerebellum—maintains balance, coordinates movements, and controls posture. Damage can cause ataxia—slurred speech, tremors, and loss of balance.
Midbrain—old brain, next to form, involved with other aspects of movement and sleep
Reticular formation—system of nerves; from spinal cord through hindbrain and into midbrain. Involved with sleep, maintaining a waking state, arousal and attention. Also plays a part in the sensation of touch.
Substantia nigra—midbrain into forebrain—system of nerves; regulates many aspects of movement such as initiation, termination, smoothness, and directedness. Parkinson’s—reduced dopamine, destroys substantia nigra
Forebrain—newest brain, last to form, involved with higher order thinking
Subcortical Structures
i. Thalamus—“the relay station”—relays information from incoming sensory systems (except for olfactory information, which goes directly to the limbic system) to the appropriate areas of the cortex. Also involved with motor activity, language, and memory. Korsakoff Syndrome involves damage to neurons in the thalamus and mammillary bodies of the hypothalamus.
ii. Hypothalamus—controls ANS and Endocrine system in conjunction with the pituitary gland. Maintains homeostasis of fluids, temperature, metabolism, and appetite. Involved with motivated behaviors such as eating, drinking, sex, and aggression.
1. Suprachiasmatic Nucleus (SCN)—system of nerves located in the hypothalamus; involved with regulating circadian rhythms. Takes information from the eyes (retina), interprets it, and passes it on to the pineal gland which then secretes the hormone melatonin.
iii.
Basal Ganglia
—system of nerves; includes the caudate nucleus, putamen, globus pallidus, and substantia nigra. Involved with planning, organizing, and coordinating voluntary movement. Disorders associated with the basal ganglia are: Huntington’s Disease, Parkinson’s Disease, and Tourette’s Syndrome. Also implicated in mania, obsessive-compulsive symptoms, and psychosis.
iv. Limbic System—several brain structures that work together to mediate the emotional component of behavior. Also involved with memory.
1. Amygdala—integrates and directs emotional behavior, attaches emotional significance to sensory information .
Head Injury (Traumatic Brain Injury) - types, complications and managementVarunMahajani
this presentation provides in-depth knowledge regarding head injuries, types of head injuries their complications, and management. management is discussed from medical, surgical, and nursing points of view.
The anatomy and physiology of nervous with quick overview
OBJECTIVES
1. I can describe the functions of the nervous system
2. I can describe the parts of a neuron cell and identify how they transmit electrochemical impulses.
3. I can compare and contrast the central and peripheral nervous systems
4. I can identify and explain different areas of the brain and their functions.
5. I can explain how the nervous system passes information between the external environment and the many parts of the body.
WWW.NUMEDSCIENCE.BLOGSPOT.COM
authentic medical material
Neuroscience is the study of the nervous system and brain. Technological advances have allowed scientists to research brain development, especially in the first six years when the brain has greater plasticity and ability to change through experiences. The brain's structure, chemicals, and functions can be modified through interactions with the environment during this period of neuroplasticity.
The nervous system has three main functions - receiving sensory input, integrating the input, and responding to stimuli. It is composed of the peripheral and central nervous systems. The central nervous system includes the brain and spinal cord. The brain's three main parts are the cerebrum, cerebellum, and brainstem, each with specialized functions. Neurons are the fundamental units that
The document provides information about the nervous system. It discusses the central nervous system including the brain and spinal cord. The spinal cord contains gray matter with neurons and white matter with nerve fibers. The brainstem relays signals between the brain, spinal cord, and peripheral nervous system, controlling vital functions. The cerebellum coordinates motor control through integration of sensory input. The cerebrum is the largest part of the brain involved in higher functions like thinking, language, and memory. Diagrams and pictures are included to illustrate these structures.
19-Functions of Cerebral Hemisphere.pdfRachelGrace20
The doctors would be stimulating the prefrontal cortex, which is involved in planning complex patterns of movement, abstract thought, goal setting/attainment, and personality/behavior. Damage to this region can impair reasoning/judgment and cause changes in personality/impulse control.
The central nervous system is comprised of the brain and spinal cord. The brain controls bodily functions like awareness, movement, and memory. The spinal cord transmits sensory and motor signals through the spinal canal. The brain is protected by meninges and cerebrospinal fluid. It can be divided into the hindbrain, midbrain, and forebrain. The forebrain contains structures that regulate homeostasis, memory, emotion, and higher cognitive functions.
The document provides information on abdominal injuries, including:
1) Abdominal injury accounts for a large percentage of trauma injuries and can damage both hollow and solid organs.
2) The abdomen contains many organs and structures that can be injured through blunt or penetrating trauma.
3) Abdominal injuries require careful history, physical exam, and imaging/testing to diagnose and develop a collaborative management plan.
The document outlines the master rotation schedule for a Bachelor of Science in Nursing program for the first year between August 2014 and July 2015. It includes 1130 hours of theory and lab work and 450 hours of practical training for a total of 1580 hours over the 40-week period. The schedule is broken down by date ranges that correspond to specific blocks for orientation, theory, practical training, merit tests, mid-term exams, and vacations.
Content will be helpful for B.Sc. and M.Sc. nursing students as it describes causes, signs and symptoms, diagnosis,emergency mangement , medical and nursing management.
This document provides an overview of head injuries and brain anatomy. It discusses that head injuries can be classified as traumatic brain injuries or head injuries and can involve trauma to the scalp, skull or brain. Symptoms of head injuries can include neurological issues like confusion, vomiting or headaches. The document then describes the anatomy of the brain including structures like the cerebrum, brainstem and cerebellum. It details the lobes of the cerebrum and their functions. Other sections summarize protective structures of the head like the meninges and skull, blood supply to the brain, causes of head injuries, classifications of head injuries, and specific types of injuries like scalp lacerations and skull fractures.
Seizures are caused by abnormal electrical activity in the brain and can be classified as generalized or partial based on where they originate. Common types include generalized tonic-clonic, absence, myoclonic, and complex partial seizures. Seizures have various causes like genetics, head trauma, infections, and developmental disorders. Diagnosis involves a medical history, neurological exam, EEG, and imaging tests. Treatment primarily consists of anti-seizure medications to control seizures, while management focuses on preventing complications and improving quality of life.
This is a content of PERSONALITY, FACTORS AFFECTING PERSONALITY & HUMAN BEHAVIOR. This content also explains important theories of personality in brief. I have prepared it for my Advance Nursing Practice presentation. Hope it will be helpful for Msc. nursing students.
The document discusses various topics related to human sexuality and sexual health. It addresses human sexual response, gender identity, sexual orientation, and factors that can influence sexuality such as physical and mental illnesses. The document also examines several sexual disorders based on the DSM classification system, including gender identity disorder and paraphilias. Finally, the document outlines issues related to infertility treatment, including diagnostic testing, medical therapies, and assisted reproductive technologies.
Histololgy of Female Reproductive System.pptxAyeshaZaid1
Dive into an in-depth exploration of the histological structure of female reproductive system with this comprehensive lecture. Presented by Dr. Ayesha Irfan, Assistant Professor of Anatomy, this presentation covers the Gross anatomy and functional histology of the female reproductive organs. Ideal for students, educators, and anyone interested in medical science, this lecture provides clear explanations, detailed diagrams, and valuable insights into female reproductive system. Enhance your knowledge and understanding of this essential aspect of human biology.
Cell Therapy Expansion and Challenges in Autoimmune DiseaseHealth Advances
There is increasing confidence that cell therapies will soon play a role in the treatment of autoimmune disorders, but the extent of this impact remains to be seen. Early readouts on autologous CAR-Ts in lupus are encouraging, but manufacturing and cost limitations are likely to restrict access to highly refractory patients. Allogeneic CAR-Ts have the potential to broaden access to earlier lines of treatment due to their inherent cost benefits, however they will need to demonstrate comparable or improved efficacy to established modalities.
In addition to infrastructure and capacity constraints, CAR-Ts face a very different risk-benefit dynamic in autoimmune compared to oncology, highlighting the need for tolerable therapies with low adverse event risk. CAR-NK and Treg-based therapies are also being developed in certain autoimmune disorders and may demonstrate favorable safety profiles. Several novel non-cell therapies such as bispecific antibodies, nanobodies, and RNAi drugs, may also offer future alternative competitive solutions with variable value propositions.
Widespread adoption of cell therapies will not only require strong efficacy and safety data, but also adapted pricing and access strategies. At oncology-based price points, CAR-Ts are unlikely to achieve broad market access in autoimmune disorders, with eligible patient populations that are potentially orders of magnitude greater than the number of currently addressable cancer patients. Developers have made strides towards reducing cell therapy COGS while improving manufacturing efficiency, but payors will inevitably restrict access until more sustainable pricing is achieved.
Despite these headwinds, industry leaders and investors remain confident that cell therapies are poised to address significant unmet need in patients suffering from autoimmune disorders. However, the extent of this impact on the treatment landscape remains to be seen, as the industry rapidly approaches an inflection point.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/Pt1nA32sdHQ
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/uFdc9F0rlP0
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Osteoporosis - Definition , Evaluation and Management .pdfJim Jacob Roy
Osteoporosis is an increasing cause of morbidity among the elderly.
In this document , a brief outline of osteoporosis is given , including the risk factors of osteoporosis fractures , the indications for testing bone mineral density and the management of osteoporosis
The skin is the largest organ and its health plays a vital role among the other sense organs. The skin concerns like acne breakout, psoriasis, or anything similar along the lines, finding a qualified and experienced dermatologist becomes paramount.
8 Surprising Reasons To Meditate 40 Minutes A Day That Can Change Your Life.pptxHolistified Wellness
We’re talking about Vedic Meditation, a form of meditation that has been around for at least 5,000 years. Back then, the people who lived in the Indus Valley, now known as India and Pakistan, practised meditation as a fundamental part of daily life. This knowledge that has given us yoga and Ayurveda, was known as Veda, hence the name Vedic. And though there are some written records, the practice has been passed down verbally from generation to generation.
Does Over-Masturbation Contribute to Chronic Prostatitis.pptxwalterHu5
In some case, your chronic prostatitis may be related to over-masturbation. Generally, natural medicine Diuretic and Anti-inflammatory Pill can help mee get a cure.
10 Benefits an EPCR Software should Bring to EMS Organizations Traumasoft LLC
The benefits of an ePCR solution should extend to the whole EMS organization, not just certain groups of people or certain departments. It should provide more than just a form for entering and a database for storing information. It should also include a workflow of how information is communicated, used and stored across the entire organization.
Travel vaccination in Manchester offers comprehensive immunization services for individuals planning international trips. Expert healthcare providers administer vaccines tailored to your destination, ensuring you stay protected against various diseases. Conveniently located clinics and flexible appointment options make it easy to get the necessary shots before your journey. Stay healthy and travel with confidence by getting vaccinated in Manchester. Visit us: www.nxhealthcare.co.uk
1. PROGRAMME INSTRUCTION
ON
ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY OF BRAIN
By-
Sampurna Das
Msc. nursing 1st year
College of Nursing
Medical College & Hospital
2. 2014-2015
FRAME: 1:
The brain constitutes about one- fifth of the body weight and it lies within the cranial cavity.
The brain is made of three main parts: the forebrain, midbrain, and hindbrain. The forebrain
consists of the cerebrum, thalamus, and hypothalamus (part of the limbic system). The
midbrain consists of the tectum and tegmentum. The hindbrain is made of the cerebellum,
pons and medulla. Often the midbrain, pons, and medulla are referred to together as the
brainstem.
QUESTIONS AS PER FRAME 1:--
Q. 1. Brain is made up of how many parts?
ANS. ----------------------------------------------------------------
Q. 2. Midbrain consists of which parts?
Q. 3. Hindbrain is composed of ________, _________ & ____________.
ANSWERS:
3. 1.nerve fibers, cerebrum; 2. motor, sensory, cognitive; 3. ~10, C, supratentorial;
4. four parts:- genu, rostrum, trunk, splenium ; 5. frontal; 6.occipital
FRAME 2:
Cerebrum:
This is the largest area of the brain and it occupies the anterior and middle cranial fossae. It
controls all higher mental functions, such as thinking and memory. It is divided by a deep
cleft, the longitudinal cerebral fissure into right and left cerebral hemispheres. The right
cerebral hemisphere controls the left side of the body, and the left cerebral hemisphere
controls the right side of the body. For descriptive purpose each hemisphere of the cerebrum
is divided into lobes which takes the name of the bones of the cranium under which they lie:
frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital
QUESTIONS AS PER FRAME 2:--
1. Brain occupies __________________ & ____________________ cranial fossae.
2. The right cerebral hemisphere controls the ________ side of the body.
ANSWERS:
1. anterior , middle . 2. left
4. FRAME: 3:
Frontal lobe
The Frontal Lobe is the most recently-evolved part of the brain and the last to develop in
young adulthood. It’s dorso-lateral prefrontal circuit is the brain’s top executive. It organizes
responses to complex problems, plans steps to an objective, searches memory for relevant
experience, adapts strategies to accommodate new data, guides behavior with verbal skills
and houses working memory. Its orbitofrontal circuit manages emotional impulses in socially
appropriate ways for productive behaviors including empathy, altruism, interpretation of
facial expressions. Stroke in this area typically releases foul language and fatuous behavior
patterns.
QUESTIONS AS PER FRAME 3:--
1. The frontal lobe is the most _________ evolved part of the brain & _____ to develop
in young adulthood.
2. Frontal lobe’s __________ circuit is the brain’s top executive.
3. Frontal lobe’s ________circuit manages emotional impulses in socially appropriate
ways for productive behaviors including empathy, altruism, interpretation of facial
expressions.
4. Stroke in this area typically releases__________________________.
ANSWERS:
5. 1.recently, last ; 2. dorso-lateral prefrontal ; 3. orbitofrontal; 4. foul language and fatuous
behavior patterns
FRAME: 4:
Parietal Lobe: Located in the cerebral hemisphere, this lobe focuses on comprehension.
Visual functions, language, reading, internal stimuli, tactile sensation and sensory
comprehension will be monitored here.
Sensory Cortex- The sensory cortex, located in the front portion of the parietal lobe, receives
information relayed from the spinal cord regarding the position of various body parts and
how they are moving. This middle area of the brain can also be used to relay information
from the sense of touch, including pain or pressure which is affecting different portions of the
body.
Motor Cortex- This helps the brain monitor and control movement throughout the body. It is
located in the top, middle portion of the brain.
QUESTIONS AS PER FRAME 4:--
1. Parietal lobe focuses on____________.
2. The sensory cortex, located in the ______________________portion of the parietal
lobe, receives information relayed from the
____________________________________________________.
3. Motor cortex helps the brain ________________________
________________________________________________.
4. Motor cortex is located in the_____________________________.
6. ANSWERS:
1. comprehension; 2. front, spinal cord regarding the position of various body parts and how
they are moving; 3. monitor and control movement throughout the body;4. top, middle
portion of the brain.
FRAME:5:
Temporal Lobe: The temporal lobe controls visual and auditory memories. It includes areas
that help manage some speech and hearing capabilities, behavioral elements, and language. It
is located in the cerebral hemisphere.
Wernicke's Area- This portion of the temporal lobe is formed around the auditory cortex.
While scientists have a limited understanding of the function of this area, it is known that it
helps the body formulate or understand speech.
Occipital Lobe: The occipital lobe is located in the cerebral hemisphere in the back of the
head. It helps to control vision.
Broca's Area- This area of the brain controls the facial neurons as well as the understanding
of speech and language. It is located in the triangular and opercular section of the inferior
frontal gyrus.
QUESTIONS AS PER FRAME 5:--
1. The temporal lobe controls_________________________________.
2. ______________________________, portion of the temporal lobe is formed around
the auditory cortex.
3. The optical lobe is located in the _____________________________
__________________________________________________________________.
4. Broka’s area is located in the________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
.
7. ANSWERS:
1 visual and auditory memories; 2 Wernicke's Area; 3. cerebral hemisphere in the back of the
head; 4. triangular and opercular section of the inferior frontal gyrus.
FRAME .6.
Cerebral cortex
The cerebral cortex is the cerebrum's (brain) outer layer of neural tissue in humans and
other mammals. It is divided into two cortices, along the sagittal plane: the left and
right cerebral hemispheres divided by the medial longitudinal fissure. The human cerebral
cortex is 2 to 4 millimetres (0.079 to 0.157 in) thick. The cerebral cortex is folded, giving a
much greater surface area in the confined volume of the skull. A fold or ridge in the cortex is
termed a gyrus and a groove or fissure is termed a sulcus (plural sulci). In the human
brain more than two-thirds of the cerebral cortex is buried in the sulci. The cerebral cortex
is gray matter, consisting mainly of cell bodies and capillaries. It contrasts with the
underlying white matter. There are three main types of activity associated with the cerebral
cortex: 1.Mental activities involved in memory, intelligence, sense of responsibility, thinking,
reasoning, moral sense and learning, 2. Sensory perception, including the perception of pain,
temperature, touch, sight hearing, taste, and smell, 3. Initiation and control of skeletal muscle
contraction and therefore voluntary movement.
QUESTIONS AS PER FRAME 6:--
1. The cerebral cortex is the_________________________________ in humans and
other mammals.
2. It is divided into two cortices, along the _________________ : the left and
right cerebral hemispheres divided by the ________________________.
3. A fold or ridge in the cortex is termed a_______________ and a groove or fissure is
termed a _______________.
ANSWERS:
8. 1. cerebrum's (brain) outer layer of neural tissue ;2. sagittal plane, medial longitudinal
fissure; 3. gyrus, sulcus
.
FRAME. 7.
CORTICAL AREAS
There are different types of functional area: sensory areas of cerebral cortex, motor areas of
cerebral cortex and association areas of cerebral cortex: 1. Sensory area(somatosensory area,
auditory area, olfactory area, taste area, visual area), 2.motor area(primary motor cortex ), 3.
Association area (premotor, prefrontal, wernicke’s, parieto-occipitotemporal)
QUESTIONS AS PER FRAME 7:--
1. Sensory area include: _________________________________________
_________________________________________________.
2. Motor area include:________________________________________.
3. Association area : ______________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
______.
ANSWERS:
1. somatosensory area, auditory area, olfactory area, taste area, visual area; 2. primary motor
cortex; 3. premotor, prefrontal, wernicke’s, parieto-occipitotemporal
9. FRAME: 8:
1)Sensory areas:
The somatosensory area: This is the area immediately behimd the central sulcus. Here the
sensations of pain, temperature, pressure and touch, and awareness of muscular movements
and the positions of joints are perceived. The somatosensory area of right hemisphere
receives impulses from the left side of the body and vice versa. The size of the cortical areas
representing different parts of the body is proportional to the extent of sensory innervations,
e.g. the large area of face is consistent with the extensive sensory nerve supply by the three
branches of the trigeminal nerves.
The auditory area: This lies immediately below the lateral sulcus within the temporal lobe.
The nerve cells receive and interpret impulses and transmitted from the inner ear by the
cochlear part of the vestibulocochlear nerves.
The olfactory area: This lies deep within the temporal lobe whwew impulses from the nose,
transmitted via the alfactory nerves, are received and interpreted.
The taste area: This lies just above the lateral sulcus in the deep layer of the somatosensory
area. Here the impulses from the sensory receptors in the taste buds are received and
perceived as taste.
The visual area: This lies behind the parieto-occipital sulcus and includes the greater part of
the occipital lobe. The optic nerves pass from the eye to this area, which receives and
interprets impulses as visual impression.
QUESTIONS AS PER FRAME 8:--
1. The somatosensory area immediately behimd the ________________.
2. The auditory area lies_____________________________________.
3. The taste area lies________________________________________
10. _____________________________________________________.
ANSWERS:
1. central sulcus; 2. immediately below the lateral sulcus within the temporal lobe; 3. just
above the lateral sulcus in the deep layer of the somatosensory area
FRAME:9:
2)Motor areas
The motor areas are located in both hemispheres of the cortex .They are shaped like a pair
of headphones stretching from ear to ear. The motor areas are very closely related to the
control of voluntary movements, especially fine fragmented movements performed by the
hand. The right half of the motor area controls the left side of the body, and vice versa. Two
areas of the cortex are commonly referred to as motor:Primary motor cortex: This lies in the
frontal lobe immediately anterior to the central sulcus. The cell bodies are pyramid shapes
and control skeletal muscle activity. There are two neurons involved in the pathway of
skeletal muscle. The first, the upper motor neurone, descend from the motor cortex through
the internal capsule to the medulla oblongata. Here it crosses to the opposite side and descend
in the spinal cord. At the appropriate level in the spinal cord it synapses with a second
neurone (the lower motor neurone), which leaves the spinal cord and travels to the target
muscle. It terminates at the motor end plate of a muscle fibre. This means that the motor area
of the right hemisphere of the cerebrum controls voluntary muscle movement on the left side
of the body and vice versa. Damage to either of these neurons may result in paralysis. In the
motor area of the cerebrum the body is represented upside down, i.e. the upper most cells
control the feet and those in lowest part control the head, neck, face and fingers.
QUESTIONS AS PER FRAME 9:--
1. They are shaped like _____________________________________ stretching from
ear to ear.
2. Primary motor cortex lies in the ___________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
___.
11. 3. The upper motor neurone, descend from _____________________________ to
the________________________________________.
ANSWERS:
1. a pair of headphones ; 2. frontal lobe immediately anterior to the central sulcus; 3 the
motor cortex through the internal capsule , medulla oblongata
FRAME: 10:
3)Association areas
These are connected to each other and the other areas of cerebral cortex by association tracts
and some are outlined below. They receive, coordinate and interpret from the sensory and
motor cortices permitting higher cognitive abilities and, although depicts some of the areas
involved, their functions are much more complex.
The premotor area: This lies in the frontal lobe immediately anterior to the motor area. The
neurons here coordinate movement initiated by the primary motor cortex, ensuring that
learning pattern of movement can be repeated.
The prefrontal area: This extends anteriorly from the premotor area to include the reminder
of the frontal lobe.It is a large area and more develop in humans than in other animals.
Intelectual functions controlled here include perception and comprehension of passage of
time, the ability anticipate consequences of events and normal management of emotions.
Wernicke's Area: This portion of the temporal lobe is formed around the auditory cortex.
While scientists have a limited understanding of the function of this area, it is known that it
helps the body formulate or understand speech.
The parieto-occipitotemporal area: This lies behind the somatosensory area and includes most
of the parietal lobe. Its functions are thought to include spatial awareness, interpreting written
language and the ability to name objects. It has been suggested that objects can be recognised
by touch alone because of knowledge from past experience(memory)retained in this area.
QUESTIONS AS PER FRAME 10:--
1. The parieto-occipitotemporal area lies behind the
_____________________________________________________.
2. The prefrontal area extends ________________________________
12. _____________________________________________________________________
.
ANSWERS:
1. somatosensory area and includes most of the parietal lobe; 2. anteriorly from the premotor
area to include the reminder of the frontal lobe.
FRAME: 11:
Basal ganglia
Deep within the cerebral hemispheres are group of cell bodies called nuclei, the exception
begin those that form the basal ganglia, which form the parts of the extrapyramidal tracts.
They act as a relay stations with connections to many parts of the brain including motor
areas of cerebral cortex and thalamus. Their functions include initiation and fine control of
complex movement and learned coordinated activities, such as posture and walking. If
control is inadequate and absent, movements are jerky, clumsy, and uncoordinated.
QUESTIONS AS PER FRAME 11:
1. Basal ganglia act as a relay stations with connections to many parts of the brain
including _______________________________________.
2. Their functions include ____________________________________
________________________________________________.
3. In case of Basl ganglia’s inadequate and absent control, movements are
__________________________________________________.
13. ANSWERS:
1. motor areas of cerebral cortex and thalamus; 2. initiation and fine control of complex
movement and learned coordinated activities, such as posture and walking; 3. jerky, clumsy,
and uncoordinated.
FRAME: 12:
Corpus Callosum:
The corpus callosum is a thick band of nerve fibers that divides the cerebrum into left and
right hemispheres. It connects the left and right sides of the brain allowing for
communication between both hemispheres. The corpus callosum transfers motor, sensory,
and cognitive information between the brain hemispheres. The corpus callosum is ~10cm in
length and is C-shaped, like most of the supratentorial structures, in a gentle upwardly convex
arch. It is divided into four parts (anterior to posterior):- 1.genu: connect medial and lateral
surfaces of the frontal lobes, 2. rostrum: connecting the orbital surfaces of the frontal lobes,
3. trunk (body): pass through the corona radiata to the surfaces of the hemispheres,
splenium: connect the occipital lobes. Function:1. The corpus callosum is involved in
several functions of the body including, 2. Communication Between Brain Hemispheres,
3.Eye Movement, 4. Maintaining the Balance of Arousal and Attention, 5.Tactile
Localization.
QUESTIONS AS PER FRAME 12:
1. The corpus callosum is a thick band of ________ that divides the _________ into left
and right hemispheres.
2. The corpus callosum transfers _______, ________ and _______ information between
the brain hemispheres
3. The corpus callosum is _____in length and is __-shaped, like most of the
___________ structures, in a gentle upwardly convex arch.
4. Corpus callosum divided in how many parts & what are those parts?
Ans:_________
14. 5. Genu connects medial & lateral surfacecs of which lobe?
Ans:_________
6. Splenium connects which lobe?
Ans: _________
ANSWERS:
1.nerve fibers, cerebrum; 2. motor, sensory, cognitive; 3. ~10, C, supratentorial;
4. four parts:- genu, rostrum, trunk, splenium ; 5. frontal; 6.occipital.
FRAME: 13:
Thalamus:
The thalamus is a large, dual lobed mass of grey matter buried under the cerebral cortex. It is
involved in sensory perception and regulation of motor functions. The thalamus is a limbic
system structure and it connects areas of the cerebral cortex that are involved in sensory
perception and movement with other parts of the brain and spinal cord that also have a role in
sensation and movement. As a regulator of sensory information, the thalamus also controls
sleep and awake states of consciousness. The thalamus is situated at the top of the brainstem,
between the cerebral cortex and midbrain. It is superior to the hypothalamus.
Function: The thalamus is involved in several functions of the body including:
1.Motor Control, 2. Receives Auditory, Somatosensory and Visual Sensory Signals, 3.Relays
Sensory Signals to the Cerebral Cortex, 4. Controls Sleep and Awake States.
QUESTIONS AS PER FRAME 13:
1. The thalamus is a _____________________________________
buried under the cerebral cortex.
1. Thalamus involved in _____________________________________
____________________________________________.
2. The thalamus is
a _______________________________________________________.
3. The thalamus is involved in several functions of the body including:
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________.
15. ANSWERS:
1. large, dual lobed mass of grey matter; 2. sensory perception and regulation of motor
functions; 3.limbic system structure; 4. Motor Control, Receives Auditory, Somatosensory
and Visual Sensory Signals, Relays Sensory Signals to the Cerebral Cortex, Controls Sleep
and Awake States.
FRAME : 14:
Hypothalamus:
About the size of a pearl, the hypothalamus directs a multitude of important functions in the
body. The hypothalamus is inferior to the thalamus. It is posterior to the optic chiasm and
bordered on the sides by the temporal lobes and optic tracts. It is the control centre for many
autonomic functions of the peripheral nervous system. Connections with structures of the
endocrine and nervous systems enable the hypothalamus to play a vital role in maintaining
homeostasis. For example, blood vessel connections between the hypothalamus and pituitary
gland allow hypothalamic hormones to control pituitary hormone secretion. As a limbic
system structure, the hypothalamus also influences various emotional responses. The
hypothalamus is involved in several functions of the body including: 1. Autonomic Function
Control, 2. Endocrine Function Control, 3. Homeostasis, 4. Motor Function Control, 5. Food
and Water Intake Regulation, 5. Sleep-Wake Cycle Regulation.
QUESTIONS AS PER FRAME 14:
1. Hypothalamus is posterior to the _________and bordered on the sides by
the____________.
2. The hypothalamus is involved in several functions of the body including:
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________.
3. Blood vessel connections between the_____________________________________
___________________________allow hypothalamic hormones to control pituitary
hormone secretion.
16. ANSWERS:
1. optic chiasm, temporal lobes and optic tracts; 2. Autonomic Function Control, Endocrine
Function Control, Homeostasis, Motor Function Control,Food and Water Intake Regulation,
Sleep-Wake Cycle Regulation; 3. hypothalamus and pituitary gland
FRAME : 15:
BRAIN STEM:
The brain stem houses the midbrain (mesencephalon), pons (part of the metencephalon), and
medulla oblongata (myelencephalon). This is the posterior area of the brain that attaches to the
spinal cord. It's here, at the brain stem, where information is sent back and forth between the
cerebrum or cerebellum and the body. Cranial nerves 3-12 are located here as well as
significant processing centers.
QUESTIONS AS PER FRAME 15:
1. The brain stem houses the ____________________________________________
________________________________________________________________.
2. Brainstem is the _______________________________________________ area of
brain which attaches spinal cord.
3. Cranial nerves _________________________________________ are located here.
17. ANSWERS:
1. midbrain, pons and medulla oblongata, 2. posterior, 3. 3-12
FRAME: 16
Midbrain:
The midbrain is the area of the brain situated around the cerebral aqueduct between the
cerebrum above and pons below. It consists of nuclei and nerve fibers(tracts), which connect
the cerebrum with lower part of the brain and with the spinal cord. The nuclei act as a relay
stations for the ascending and descending nerve fibres.
QUESTIONS AS PER FRAME 16:
1. Midbrain is situated around the ___________________ between the
_________________________________.
2. Midbrain consists of _________________________________________, which
connect the ______________________________________________with lower
part of the brain and with the spinal cord.
3. Brainstem act as a relay stations for the __________________________________
__________________________________________.
18. ANSWERS:
1. cerebral aqueduct, cerebrum above & pons below; 2. nuclei and nerve fibers(tracts),
cerebrum; 3. ascending and descending nerve fibres.
FRAME:17:
Pons:
In Latin, the word Pons literally means bridge. The pons is a portion of the hindbrain that
connects the cerebral cortex with the medulla oblongata. It also serves as a communications
and coordination centre between the two hemispheres of the brain. As a part of the brainstem,
the Pons helps in the transferring of messages between various parts of the brain and the
spinal cord. the Pons is superior to the medulla oblongata and inferior to the midbrain.
Sagittally, it is anterior to the cerebellum and posterior to the pituitary gland.The pons is
involved in several functions of the body including:1. Arousal, 2. Controlling Autonomic
Functions, 3. Relaying Sensory Information Between the Cerebrum and Cerebellum, 4. Sleep
QUESTIONS AS PER FRAME 17:
1. In Latin, the word Pons literally means ________.
2. The pons is a portion of the ___________.
3. Pons connects the cerebral cortex with the ___________________.
4. Pons also serves as a communications and coordination centre between
the______________________________________________________.
5. The pons is involved in several functions of the body including:
___________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________.
19. ANSWERS:
1.bridge; 2. hindbrain; 3. medulla oblongata; 4. two hemispheres of the brain; 5. Arousal,
Controlling Autonomic Functions, Relaying Sensory Information Between
the Cerebrum and Cerebellum, Sleep.
FRAME: 18:
Medulla oblongata
Medulla oblongata, also called medulla, the lowest part of the brain and the lowest portion of
the brainstem. The medulla oblongata is connected by the pons to the midbrain and is
continuous posteriorly with the spinal cord, with which it merges at the opening (foramen
magnum) at the base of the skull. Like the cerebrum and cerebellum, the medulla consists of
both myelinated (white matter) and unmyelinated (gray matter) nerve fibres. In the medulla,
however, the normal anatomic relationship of the two is reversed, with the white matter on
the outside and the gray matter on the inside, around the fourth ventricle (a fluid-filled cavity
formed by the expansion of the central canal of the spinal cord upon entering the brain). A
complex network of medullary nerve cells and processes from elsewhere in the
centralnervous system enables the medulla to carry on complex integrative functions. The
medulla also contains several functional centres that control autonomic nervous activity,
regulating respiration, heart rate, and digestive processes. The last seven cranial
nerves emerge from the medulla, which influences their functional activities. Injuries or
disease affecting the middle portion of the medulla may produce paralysis of the opposite
side of the body, loss of the senses of touch and position, or partial paralysis of the tongue.
Injuries or disease of the lateral medulla may cause loss of pain and temperature sensations,
loss of the gag reflex, difficulty in swallowing, vertigo, vomiting, or loss of
coordination.Function:1. Control of Autonomic Functions,2. Relay of Nerve Signals Between
the Brain and Spinal Cord, 3. Coordination of Body Movements
QUESTIONS AS PER FRAME 18:
1. The medulla oblongata is connected by the ____________________.
2. ___________________ cranial nerves emerge from medulla.
20. 3. Functions of medulla includes:______________________________________
____________________________________________________________________.
ANSWERS:
1. pons & midbrain; 2. last 7; 3. Control of Autonomic Functions,Relay of Nerve Signals
Between the Brain and Spinal Cord, Coordination of Body Movements.
FRAME: 19:
Cerebellum:
The cerebellum is situated behind the pons and immediately below the posterior portion of the
cerebrum occupying the posterior cranial fossa. It is ovoid in shape and two hemisphares,
separated by a narrow median strip called the vermis. Gray matter forms the surface of
cerebrum and the white matter lies deeply. Functions of cerebellum: 1. Maintenance of balance
and posture. 2. Coordination of voluntary movements.3. Motor learning. Cognitive functions.
QUESTIONS AS PER FRAME 19:
1. cerebellum is ___________________________________________________in
shape.
2. Functions of cerebellum includes:
_____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________.
3. Gray matter forms the __________and the white matter lies ______________.
4. What is vermis?
Ans:___________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________.
ANSWERS:
21. 1.ovoid ; 2. Maintenance of balance and posture, Coordination of voluntary movements,
Motor learning, Cognitive functions; 3. surface of cerebrum, deeply; 4. a narrow median strip
that separates two cerebellar hemispheres.
FRAME : 20:
BLOOD SUPPLY OF THE BRAIN
Cerebral circulation is the movement of blood through the network of blood
vessels supplying the brain. The arteries deliver oxygenated blood, glucose and other nutrients
to the brain and the veins carry deoxygenated blood back to the heart, removing carbon
dioxide, lactic acid, and other metabolic products. The blood supply of the brain arises from
the internal carotid arteries(anterior circulation) and the vertebral arteries(posterior
circulation). Each internal carotid artery supplies the ipsilateral hemisphere, whereas the
basilar artery form by the junction of the two vertebral arteries, supplies structures within the
posterior fossa(cerebellum and brain stem). The circle of Wills arise from the basilar artery
and the two internal carotid arteries. This vascular circle may act as a safety valve when
differential pressures are present in these arteries. It also may function as an anastomotic
pathway when occlusion of a major artery on one side of the brain occurs. In general, the two
anterior cerebral arteries supply the medial and anterior portion of the frontal lobes. The two
middle cerebral arteries supply the outer portions of the frontal, partial, and superior temporal
lobes. The two posterior cerebral arteries supply the medial portions of the occipital and
inferior temporal lobes. Venous blood drain from the brain through the dural sinuses, which
form channels that drain into the two jugular veins.
QUESTIONS AS PER FRAME20 :
1. The blood supply of the brain arises from the__________________________
________ ___and the__________________________________________.
2. The circle of Wills arise from the________________________________
_____and the______________________________________________________.
3. ________________________________________, the vascular circle may act as
a safety valve when differential pressures are present in these arteries.
22. 4. The two posterior cerebral arteries supply the ____________________________
_________________________________________________________________.
ANSWERS:
1. internal carotid arteries , vertebral arteries; 2. basilar artery, two internal carotid arteries;
3. circle of Wills; 4. medial portions of the occipital and inferior temporal lobes;