Approach to Management of Upper Gastrointestinal (GI) BleedingArun Vasireddy
Upper gastrointestinal bleeding is gastrointestinal bleeding in the upper gastrointestinal tract, commonly defined as bleeding arising from the esophagus, stomach, or duodenum. Blood may be observed in vomit (hematemesis) or in altered form in the stool (melena). Depending on the severity of the blood loss, there may be symptoms of insufficient circulating blood volume and shock. As a result, upper gastrointestinal bleeding is considered a medical emergency and typically requires hospital care for urgent diagnosis and treatment. Upper gastrointestinal bleeding can be caused by peptic ulcers, gastric erosions, esophageal varices, and some rarer causes such as gastric cancer.
The initial assessment includes measurement of the blood pressure and heart rate, as well as blood tests to determine hemoglobin concentration. In significant bleeding, fluid replacement is often required, as well as blood transfusion, before the source of bleeding can be determined by endoscopy of the upper digestive tract with an esophagogastroduodenoscopy. Depending on the source, endoscopic therapy can be applied to reduce rebleeding risk. Specific medical treatments (such as proton pump inhibitors for peptic ulcer disease) or procedures (such as TIPS for variceal hemorrhage) may be used. Recurrent or refractory bleeding may lead to need for surgery, although this has become uncommon as a result of improved endoscopic and medical treatment.
Seminar present the Upper Gastrointestinal Bleeding problems
Edited by : Dr. Inzar Yassen & Dr. Ammar L. Aldwaf
in Hawler Medical Uni. collage of medicine in 14/01/2014
Iraq - Kurdistan - Erbil
Approach to Management of Upper Gastrointestinal (GI) BleedingArun Vasireddy
Upper gastrointestinal bleeding is gastrointestinal bleeding in the upper gastrointestinal tract, commonly defined as bleeding arising from the esophagus, stomach, or duodenum. Blood may be observed in vomit (hematemesis) or in altered form in the stool (melena). Depending on the severity of the blood loss, there may be symptoms of insufficient circulating blood volume and shock. As a result, upper gastrointestinal bleeding is considered a medical emergency and typically requires hospital care for urgent diagnosis and treatment. Upper gastrointestinal bleeding can be caused by peptic ulcers, gastric erosions, esophageal varices, and some rarer causes such as gastric cancer.
The initial assessment includes measurement of the blood pressure and heart rate, as well as blood tests to determine hemoglobin concentration. In significant bleeding, fluid replacement is often required, as well as blood transfusion, before the source of bleeding can be determined by endoscopy of the upper digestive tract with an esophagogastroduodenoscopy. Depending on the source, endoscopic therapy can be applied to reduce rebleeding risk. Specific medical treatments (such as proton pump inhibitors for peptic ulcer disease) or procedures (such as TIPS for variceal hemorrhage) may be used. Recurrent or refractory bleeding may lead to need for surgery, although this has become uncommon as a result of improved endoscopic and medical treatment.
Seminar present the Upper Gastrointestinal Bleeding problems
Edited by : Dr. Inzar Yassen & Dr. Ammar L. Aldwaf
in Hawler Medical Uni. collage of medicine in 14/01/2014
Iraq - Kurdistan - Erbil
Pancreatitis -a detailed study ( medical information )martinshaji
Pancreatitis is the Inflammation of the pancreatic parenchyma. Acute condition of diffuse pancreatic inflammation & auto digestion, presents with abdominal pain, and is usually associated with raised pancreatic enzyme levels in the blood &urine. this is a detailed study pancreatitis describing factors such as definition , epidemiology , etiology , pathophysiology , treatment , prevention , imaging techniques , diagnosis , lab investigations , images , drugs , control etc
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This topic is very important for an MBBS Students as it is one of the common cases a Medical Officer will come across during their Surgical Postings. Moreover it is always a Debate in treating the patient either an Physician or a Surgeon...Always it is one of the Devastating conditions of abdomen...
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
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The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
10. Pancreatitis
Acute
presenting with abdominal pain and is usually
associated with raised pancreatic enzyme levels
in the blood or urine as a result of pancreatic
inflammation.
Chronic
11. Incidence
• 3 % of all cases of abdominal pain
• Hospital admission rate for is 9.8 per 100 000
population anually
• Worldwide, 50 per 100 000 cases anually.
• The disease may occur at any age, with a peak
in young men and older women.
12. Etiology
Two major causes are :
• biliary calculi (50–70%)
• alcohol abuse (25%)
The remaining cases may be due to rare causes
or be idiopathic
13.
14.
15. Gallstone Pancreatitis
• Transient blockage of common bile duct
reflux of bile into pancreatic duct and impair
flow of normal pancreatic juice premature
activation of pancreatic enzymes within duct
system.
16. Alcohol Pancreatitis
• High risk in:
1. Long standing alcohol intake for at least 2 years
or single session of heavy drinking
2. Consumption >80g/day
• What Happened ?
1. Direct toxic effect of alcohol in genetically
predisposed individuals
2. Viscid secretion of pancreatic juice formation
of protein plugs and impairment of flow
17. Pathophysiology
• Premature activation of pancreatic enzymes
within the pancreas, leading to a process of
autodigestion.
• Anything that injures the acinar cell and impairs
the secretion of zymogen granules, or damages
the duct epithelium and thus delays enzymatic
secretion, can trigger acute pancreatitis.
• Once cellular injury has been initiated, the
inflammatory process can lead to pancreatic
oedema, haemorrhage and, eventually, necrosis.
• As inflammatory mediators are released into the
circulation, systemic complications can arise.
21. History Taking
1) Abdominal Pain - Remember SOCRATES!
• Site: Diffuse, upper abdominal pain
• Onset: Sudden
• Character: Boring Pain
• Radiation: Radiates to the back
• Associated factor: Nausea, vomiting, dyspnea
• Timing: Pain escalates in intensity and peaks
within 10-20 minutes of onset.
22. • Aggravating and relieving factor: Aggravated
by breathing with increased chest expansion
and relieved by leaning forward.
• Severity: Depending on severity, patient may
present in shock
29. • Percussion : Dullness suggesting ascites
• Auscultation: auscultate the abdomen for
hypoactive or an absent bowel sounds or an
abdominal bruit. Ileus is common in
pancreatitis.
• Ausculation of lungs: 10-20% of patients have
pulmonary findings, commonly left sided
findings.
1. Basilar rales
2. Atelectasis
3. Pleural effusion
30. Presented by Siti Nur Rifhan Kamaruddin
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
INVESTIGATIONS
SEVERITY SCORING
31. Differential Diagnosis
For Mild Acute Pain For Severe Acute Pain
Acute Cholecystitis Fecal Peritonitis due to
Perforated Colon
Peptic Ulcer Disease Ruptured Abdominal Aortic
Aneurysm
Inferior Myocardial Infarction Ruptured Ectopic Pregnancy
Acute Appendicitis Massive Bowel Infarction
33. Investigations
• The diagnosis if made on basis of clinical
presentation, an elevated serum Amylase level and
characteristic Imaging features.
• Biological :
- Serum Amylase increase 3x than normal or
more than 1000IU/mL (Peak within the first
24hours after onset of Symptom)
- Serum Lipase has longer half life thus more
useful in delayed cases.
- Serum Lipase: more sensitive & specific for
Pancreatitis than Amylase
35. Other Blood Tests..
Full Blood
Count
Elevated Leucocytes count for Ranson’s Criteria and
to predict prognosis
LFT To asses cause of Pancreatitis/obstructive jaundice
BUSE To determine level of dehydration
Random
Blood
Glucose
Damage to beta cells interferes with insulin
production causing Hyperglycemia (in severe cases)
Serum
Calcium
Hypocalcaemia suggests saponification
36. Role of Imaging in Acute
Pancreatitis
• To clarify diagnosis when the clinical picture is
confusing
• To determine possible causes
• To assess severity (Balthazar Score) and thus
to determine prognosis
• To detect complications
37. Imaging : Ultrasound
• Trans abdominal USG : Does not establish a diagnosis.
• USG should be performed within 24 hours in ALL
patients
- To detect gallstones
- To rule out Acute Cholecystitis
- To determine whether the common bile duct is
dilated
• To evaluate change on pancreas i.e. edema, mass in
Pancreas
39. ERCP
• Diagnostic and therapeutic
• To look for Gallstones, CBD stones or CBD
dilatation
• In patient with severe acute gallstone
pancreatitis & signs of on going biliary
obstruction and cholangitis – an urgent ERCP
should be sought.
41. Plain Abdominal X-Ray
• Plain erect chest & abdominal X-ray are not diagnostic of
Acute Pancreatitis but are useful in differential
diagnosis.
• Non specific findings in Pancreatitis : Generalized or
local ileus (Sentinel Loop), a colon cut off sign, and
calcified gallstones.
• Erect CXR. Look for pleural effusion. In severe cases, a
diffuse alveolar shadowing (Acute Respiratory Distress
Syndrome)
42. A focal dilated proximal jejunal loop in the left upper quadrant. A focal
area of adynamic ileus close to an intraabdominal inflammatory process
The sentinel loop sign may aid in localizing the source of inflammation.
Sentinel Loop in upper abdomen may indicate Pancreatitis
43. -Colon Cut-off Sign describes gaseous distension seen in proximal colon
- Associated with narrowing of splenic flexure in cases of Acute
Pancreatitis
- This Appearance results from inflammatory process extending from
Pancreas into the phrenicolic ligament via transverse mesocolon
44. CT Scan
• Not necessary for all patients.
• May reveal pseudo cyst or abscess (complication
of acute pancreatitis)
• A contrast-enhanced CT is indicated in following :
If there is diagnostic uncertainty
In Pt. with severe acute Pancreatitis to distinguish
interstitial from necrotizing pancreatitis.
In Pt. with organ failure, signs of sepsis or
progressive clinical deterioration
When a localized complication is suspected I.e. fluid
collection, pseudo cyst.
47. Morphologic Types of Acute
Pancreatitis
THE REVISED ATLANTA CLASSIFICATION
1) Interstitial Edematous Pancreatitis
2) Necrotizing Pancreatitis
• Parenchymal necrosis
• Peripancreatic necrosis
• Combined Type
48. Interstitial Edematous Pancreatitis
• Pancreatic Enlargement
due to edema
• Pancreatic Parenchyma
shows relatively
homogenous enhancement
& peripancreatic fat
stranding
• Outcome : Symptoms
usually resolve within first
week
49. - Inflammation associated
pancreatic parenchymal
necrosis orperipancreatic
necrosis
- Cause impairment of
pancreatic perfusion
- Impairment evolve
over several days
- Early CECT may
underestimate extent
of disease
Necrotizing Pancreatitis
(5-10%)
51. Local Complications should be suspected if :
Persistence or recurrence of abd. pain
Secondary increases in Serum Pancreas activity
Increasing organ dysfunction
Development of clinical signs of Sepsis i.e. fever,
leucocytosis
Prompt CECT to be done in these cases.
Pancreatic Fluid Collection : REVISED ATLANTA 2012
•Acute Peripancreatic Fluid Collection (APFC)
•Pancreatic Pseudocyst (PP)
•Acute Necrotic Collection (ANC)
•Walled-off Necrosis (WOPN)
52. 1) Acute Peripancreatic
Fluid Collection (APFC)
• Peripancreatic Fluid
associated with IEP with
no necrosis
• Usually seen within first 4
weeks
• Homogenous collection of
fluid
• Usually resolve
spontaneously
• When a localised APFC
persists > 4 weeks –
develop into a Pseudocyst
53. 2) Pancreatic
Pseudo cyst
• Encapsulated
collection of fluid
with a well defined
inflammatory wall
usually outside the
pancreas
• With minimal or no
necrosis
• Usually round or oval
• Appears after 4
weeks of onset IEP
-Note the two round, homogenous fluid
collection with a well defined borders
- White stars denote normal enhancing
pancreas
54. 3) Acute Necrotic
Collection (ANC)
• A collection
containing of both
fluid & necrosis
• < 4 weeks
• Occurs only in
setting of NP
• Single or multiple
heterogeneous
collection
• No defined wall -Note enhancement of entire pancreatic
Parenchyma (Whitestars)
- Note the heterogeneous, non-liquid component
in retroperitoneum (White arrows pointing at the
borders of ANC)
55. 4) Walled-off
Necrosis (WON)
• A mature, encapsulated
collection of pancreatic
/peripancreatic necrosis
• that has developed a
well-defined
inflammatory wall
• Appears >4 weeks after
onset of NP
• Heterogeneous with
liquid & non-liquid
density
-Note the Area of non-liquid components of
high attenuation (black arrows) in the collection
- It has a well defined, enhancing wall (White
arrows)
56. - Homogenous,
low attenuation fluid density
- NO solid component
Pseudocyst (PC) vs. Walled-off Necrosis (WON)
-Heterogeneous with liquid
and solid densities
60. Severity: RANSON’S SCORE
To predict severity of acute pancreatitis.
On Admission (LEGAL)
L – Leucocytes >16000
E – Enzyme AST > 250
G – Glucose > 200
A – Age > 55
L – LDH > 350
During Next 48 Hours (C.HOBBS)
C – Calcium 8mg/dl
H – Hematocrit fall of >10%
O2– Pa02 < 60mmHG
B – Base deficit > 4mmol/L
B – BUN rise > 5
S – Sequestration (Fluid) > 6 litres
3 or more factors
present – SEVERE
64. Mild Acute Pancreatitis
1. Nil by mouth
2. Fluid resuscitation : 4 pints
3. Analgesia : IM Tramal 50mg TDS
4. Treat underlying cause
5. No role for antibiotics
65. Severe Acute Pancreatitis
• Admission to intensive care or high-
dependency unit
1. Oxygen supplementation
2. Analgesia
3. Aggressive fluid rehydration
4. Monitor vital signs
5. Monitor haematological & biochemical
parameters
66. 6. Nasogastric drainage
7. Antibiotic prophylaxis –imipenem, cefuroxime
8. CT scan
9. ERCP within 72 hours
10. Supportive therapy for organ failure
11. Nutritional support
71. • Pancreatic ascites
• Pleural effusion
• Portal or systemic vein thrombosis
• Pseudocyst
LOCAL
72. Complications & their Management
Acute fluid collection
No intervention unless pressure effect
Aspirate under US or CT guidance OR
Transgastric drainage under EUS guidance
Pancreatic necrosis
No intervention
77. Pseudocyst
Percutaneous transgastric cystogastrotomy
and place double-pigtail drain
Endoscopic under EUS guidance and place
tube drain
Surgical drainage – internal drainage into
gastric or jejunum lumen
79. Reference
BAILEY, H., LOVE, R. J. M., MANN, C. V., & RUSSELL, R. C. G.
(1992). Bailey and Love's short practice of surgery. London,
Chapman & Hall Medical.
COLLEDGE, N. R., WALKER, B. R., RALSTON, S., & DAVIDSON, S.
(2010). Davidson's principles and practice of medicine.
Edinburgh, Churchill Livingstone/Elsevier.
Editor's Notes
Normal Amylase : 85
Normal Lipase :
The 3rd criteria is only required to establish diagnosis if the first two criteria are not met. Imaging is of utmost importance for the detection of complications and to help guide the treatment.
Normal Amylase : 85
Amylase /Lipase only 40-60% sensitive for Pancreatitis, Amylase 70-80% specific, 80-90%specific
IEP : Diffuse or lozalised enlargment of pancrease d/t inflammatory edema
NP:
Assessment of Clinical Parameters ( Vital Signs, Electrolytes, ABG)
Point Allocated in accordance to age
Point added for co-morbid disease or chronic health Pt
A + B + C > 8 : severe acute Pancreatitis