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’s
                                         in veneer on the earth
A l l l if e is c o n f in e d t o a t h
                         surface called the
   BIOSPHERE
Biosphere
• Biosphere is the global ecological
  system integrating all living beings
  and their relationships.

• Usually defined as the thin outer
  layer of the earth capable of
  supporting life.
Subdivisions of the Biosphere

     • Lithosphere
    • Hydrosphere
     • Atmosphere
LITHOSPHERE

 The rocky material of the earth’s
outer shell and is the ultimate source
 of all mineral elements required by
           living organisms.
hydroSPHERE
       The hydrosphere includes all water on Earth.

 The abundance of water on Earth is a unique feature that
  clearly distinguishes our "Blue Planet" from others in the
                         solar system.

Not a drop of liquid water can be found anywhere else in the
    solar system. It is because the Earth has just the right
       mass, the right chemical composition, the right
  atmosphere, and is the right distance from the Sun that
           permits water to exist mainly as a liquid.

       Most of the water is contained in the oceans
atmOSPHERE
  The gaseous component of the
           biosphere.

     Extends up to some 3500 km
  above the earth’s surface, but all
  life is confined to the lowest 8 to
       15 km (TROPOSPHERE).

     The screening layer in the
   atmosphere of oxygen-zone is
 concentrated mostly between 20 –
              25 km.
Greenhouse effect
    The greenhouse effect is the rise in
   temperature that the Earth experiences
   because certain gases in the atmosphere
(water vapor, carbon dioxide, nitrous oxide,
and methane, for example) trap energy from
  the sun. Without these gases, heat would
 escape back into space and Earth’s average
  temperature would be about 60ºF colder.
Because of how they warm our world, these
 gases are referred to as greenhouse gases.
Terrestrial Environments: BIOMES
• A biome is a major biotic unit bearing a
  characteristic and easily recognized array of
  plant life.
• A biome is identified by its dominant plant
  formation but, because animals depend on
  plants, each biome supports a characteristic
  fauna.
• A biome,s distinctiveness is determined
  mainly by climate.
Temperature Deciduous
        Forest
 • This biome occupies the eastern half of the United
          States and a large portion of Europe.
• It is characterized by: hardwood trees (e.g., beech,
  maple, oak, hickory) which are deciduous(shed their
                  leaves in the autumn).
   • Large stands dominated by a single species are
                         common.
• Deer, raccoons, and salamanders are characteristic
                       inhabitants.
• During the growing season, this biome can be quite
        productive in both natural and agricultural
                       ecosystems.
Coniferous Forest
• This biome is found in the upper areas of North America and Asia

• Tall mountains have supported vigorous tree growth and a large
                        animal population.

 • Many animals like the white tailed deer, Reeve's muntjac, fox,
         mice, owls, and squirrels are found in this area.

• The weather in this biome is very cold. It is stormy in the winter
  and hot. There are usually many lightning storms in the summer.

 • There are many plants in this biome, but three dominate more
  than others. These are: pine, fir, and spruce trees. Mosses are also
                    found almost anywhere here
Tropical Forest
 • The Tropical Rain forest contains trees standing 30 to 55
   meters in height, creating a continuous canopy of foliage.
   The enclosed canopy shades the forest floor inhibiting the
     development of much undergrowth, creating an open
                        forest formation

• The intense precipitation of the tropical rainforest climate
                   heavily leaches the soil.

• Oxisol soil common to the rain forest are relatively infertile
  due to intense weathering and a lack of available nutrients.
  Deforestation and habitat destruction is severely crippling
                  the rain forest ecosystem.
Grassland
• The Grassland biome is dominated by grasses of a
  variety of species, all having adapted to the summer
  drought common to their semiarid habitat.

• Prairies are found on the humid side of the grassland
  biome and are often referred to as the tall-grass
  prairie.

• On the drier side of the grassland biome lies the
  steppe grasslands. Vegetation must cope with the
  summer soil moisture deficit common to the steppe
  climate in which this formation class is found.
Tundra
• Tundra is the coldest of all the biomes. Tundra comes from
  the Finnish word tunturi, meaning treeless plain.

Characteristics of tundra include:
• Extremely cold climate
• Low biotic diversity
• Simple vegetation structure
• Limitation of drainage
• Short season of growth and reproduction
• Energy and nutrients in the form of dead organic material
• Large population oscillations
Desert
• Deserts cover about one fifth of the Earth's surface
   and occur where rainfall is less than 50 cm/year.

• There are relatively few large mammals in deserts
  because most are not capable of storing sufficient
          water and withstanding the heat.

• Deserts often provide little shelter from the sun for
 large animals. The dominant animals of warm deserts
    are nonmammalian vertebrates, such as reptiles.
 Mammals are usually small, like the kangaroo mice of
                North American deserts.
Inland Waters
• Of all the worl’ds water, 2.5% is fresh.

• Inland waters exist as running-water, or
  LOTIC.
      (brooks or streams)

• Standing water or LENTIC.
     (ponds or lakes)
Oceanic Environments
• This is the largest zone in the ocean.
• as deep as 11,000 m below the surface.
• Sunlight does not penetrate very deep into
  the oceanic zone.
• Cradle of life

• BETHNIC (seabed)
• PELAGIC (open ocean)
Rocky Intertidal Zone
• This zone is located along the shoreline of
  the world ocean.

• Exposed to air during low tides

• Animals of intertidal communities experience
  daily fluctuations between marine and
  terrestial environments.
Rocky Subtidal Zone
   • This area is submerged most of the time,
     exposed briefly during extreme low tides
        around full and new moon events.

• This zone provides habitat to a large diversity of
    plants and animals in contrast to the other
                      zones.

   • It is dominated by red algae and the most
    common animals found here are the grazers
         such as periwinkles and sea urchins.
Nearshore Soft Sediments
• Small creeks in salt marshes are particularly
  favorable in habitats for many polychaetes,
  mussels and fishes.

• In calm waters of tropical and subtropical
  marine coasts, mangrove trees grow in
  submerged soft sediments, forming thick
  forests along the shoreline.
Deep-Sea Sediments
• The deep sea includes the continental slope,
  continental rise and abyssal pain.

• Suspension-feeding invertebrates dominate
  sandy subtrates.
Hydrothermal Vents

• Hydtrothermal vents occur on abyssal plain
  in areas of submarine volacanic activity.

• Hydrothermal vents are ephemeral; repeated
  colonization of newly formed vents
  propagate these communities.
Pelagic Realm
• The vast open ocean is called the pelagic
  realm.

• 90% of the total ocean

• Areas of upwelling and convergence of ocean
  currents are vital sources of nutrient renewal
  for the surface photic zone.

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Biosphere

  • 1. ’s in veneer on the earth A l l l if e is c o n f in e d t o a t h surface called the BIOSPHERE
  • 2. Biosphere • Biosphere is the global ecological system integrating all living beings and their relationships. • Usually defined as the thin outer layer of the earth capable of supporting life.
  • 3. Subdivisions of the Biosphere • Lithosphere • Hydrosphere • Atmosphere
  • 4. LITHOSPHERE The rocky material of the earth’s outer shell and is the ultimate source of all mineral elements required by living organisms.
  • 5. hydroSPHERE The hydrosphere includes all water on Earth. The abundance of water on Earth is a unique feature that clearly distinguishes our "Blue Planet" from others in the solar system. Not a drop of liquid water can be found anywhere else in the solar system. It is because the Earth has just the right mass, the right chemical composition, the right atmosphere, and is the right distance from the Sun that permits water to exist mainly as a liquid. Most of the water is contained in the oceans
  • 6. atmOSPHERE The gaseous component of the biosphere. Extends up to some 3500 km above the earth’s surface, but all life is confined to the lowest 8 to 15 km (TROPOSPHERE). The screening layer in the atmosphere of oxygen-zone is concentrated mostly between 20 – 25 km.
  • 7.
  • 8. Greenhouse effect The greenhouse effect is the rise in temperature that the Earth experiences because certain gases in the atmosphere (water vapor, carbon dioxide, nitrous oxide, and methane, for example) trap energy from the sun. Without these gases, heat would escape back into space and Earth’s average temperature would be about 60ºF colder. Because of how they warm our world, these gases are referred to as greenhouse gases.
  • 9.
  • 10. Terrestrial Environments: BIOMES • A biome is a major biotic unit bearing a characteristic and easily recognized array of plant life. • A biome is identified by its dominant plant formation but, because animals depend on plants, each biome supports a characteristic fauna. • A biome,s distinctiveness is determined mainly by climate.
  • 11.
  • 12. Temperature Deciduous Forest • This biome occupies the eastern half of the United States and a large portion of Europe. • It is characterized by: hardwood trees (e.g., beech, maple, oak, hickory) which are deciduous(shed their leaves in the autumn). • Large stands dominated by a single species are common. • Deer, raccoons, and salamanders are characteristic inhabitants. • During the growing season, this biome can be quite productive in both natural and agricultural ecosystems.
  • 13. Coniferous Forest • This biome is found in the upper areas of North America and Asia • Tall mountains have supported vigorous tree growth and a large animal population. • Many animals like the white tailed deer, Reeve's muntjac, fox, mice, owls, and squirrels are found in this area. • The weather in this biome is very cold. It is stormy in the winter and hot. There are usually many lightning storms in the summer. • There are many plants in this biome, but three dominate more than others. These are: pine, fir, and spruce trees. Mosses are also found almost anywhere here
  • 14. Tropical Forest • The Tropical Rain forest contains trees standing 30 to 55 meters in height, creating a continuous canopy of foliage. The enclosed canopy shades the forest floor inhibiting the development of much undergrowth, creating an open forest formation • The intense precipitation of the tropical rainforest climate heavily leaches the soil. • Oxisol soil common to the rain forest are relatively infertile due to intense weathering and a lack of available nutrients. Deforestation and habitat destruction is severely crippling the rain forest ecosystem.
  • 15. Grassland • The Grassland biome is dominated by grasses of a variety of species, all having adapted to the summer drought common to their semiarid habitat. • Prairies are found on the humid side of the grassland biome and are often referred to as the tall-grass prairie. • On the drier side of the grassland biome lies the steppe grasslands. Vegetation must cope with the summer soil moisture deficit common to the steppe climate in which this formation class is found.
  • 16. Tundra • Tundra is the coldest of all the biomes. Tundra comes from the Finnish word tunturi, meaning treeless plain. Characteristics of tundra include: • Extremely cold climate • Low biotic diversity • Simple vegetation structure • Limitation of drainage • Short season of growth and reproduction • Energy and nutrients in the form of dead organic material • Large population oscillations
  • 17. Desert • Deserts cover about one fifth of the Earth's surface and occur where rainfall is less than 50 cm/year. • There are relatively few large mammals in deserts because most are not capable of storing sufficient water and withstanding the heat. • Deserts often provide little shelter from the sun for large animals. The dominant animals of warm deserts are nonmammalian vertebrates, such as reptiles. Mammals are usually small, like the kangaroo mice of North American deserts.
  • 18. Inland Waters • Of all the worl’ds water, 2.5% is fresh. • Inland waters exist as running-water, or LOTIC. (brooks or streams) • Standing water or LENTIC. (ponds or lakes)
  • 19. Oceanic Environments • This is the largest zone in the ocean. • as deep as 11,000 m below the surface. • Sunlight does not penetrate very deep into the oceanic zone. • Cradle of life • BETHNIC (seabed) • PELAGIC (open ocean)
  • 20. Rocky Intertidal Zone • This zone is located along the shoreline of the world ocean. • Exposed to air during low tides • Animals of intertidal communities experience daily fluctuations between marine and terrestial environments.
  • 21. Rocky Subtidal Zone • This area is submerged most of the time, exposed briefly during extreme low tides around full and new moon events. • This zone provides habitat to a large diversity of plants and animals in contrast to the other zones. • It is dominated by red algae and the most common animals found here are the grazers such as periwinkles and sea urchins.
  • 22. Nearshore Soft Sediments • Small creeks in salt marshes are particularly favorable in habitats for many polychaetes, mussels and fishes. • In calm waters of tropical and subtropical marine coasts, mangrove trees grow in submerged soft sediments, forming thick forests along the shoreline.
  • 23. Deep-Sea Sediments • The deep sea includes the continental slope, continental rise and abyssal pain. • Suspension-feeding invertebrates dominate sandy subtrates.
  • 24. Hydrothermal Vents • Hydtrothermal vents occur on abyssal plain in areas of submarine volacanic activity. • Hydrothermal vents are ephemeral; repeated colonization of newly formed vents propagate these communities.
  • 25. Pelagic Realm • The vast open ocean is called the pelagic realm. • 90% of the total ocean • Areas of upwelling and convergence of ocean currents are vital sources of nutrient renewal for the surface photic zone.