All types of ecosystems fall into one of two categories: terrestrial or aquatic. Terrestrial ecosystems are land-based, while aquatic are water-based. The major types of ecosystems are forests, grasslands, deserts, tundra, freshwater and marine.
The presentation is aimed for undergraduate students and covers the details of forest ecosystem, grassland ecosystem, desert ecosystem as well as aquatic ecosystems. It is suitable for compulsory environmental science course at undergraduate level. The content has been simplified for easy understanding of both science as well as humanities students.
MAJOR TYPES OF ECOSYSTEMS
1. TERRESTRIAL ECOSYSTEMS
2. AQUATIC ECOSYSTEMS
Terrestrial ecosystems
A terrestrial ecosystem is an ecosystem found only on landforms.
Six primary terrestrial ecosystems exist:
tundra,
taiga,
temperate deciduous forest,
tropical rain forest,
grassland; and
desert.
The presentation is aimed for undergraduate students and covers the details of forest ecosystem, grassland ecosystem, desert ecosystem as well as aquatic ecosystems. It is suitable for compulsory environmental science course at undergraduate level. The content has been simplified for easy understanding of both science as well as humanities students.
MAJOR TYPES OF ECOSYSTEMS
1. TERRESTRIAL ECOSYSTEMS
2. AQUATIC ECOSYSTEMS
Terrestrial ecosystems
A terrestrial ecosystem is an ecosystem found only on landforms.
Six primary terrestrial ecosystems exist:
tundra,
taiga,
temperate deciduous forest,
tropical rain forest,
grassland; and
desert.
VCE Environmental Science: Unit 3: Biodiversity. Introduction that explains the definitions and reasons to conserve biodiversity on a genetic, species and ecosystem level.
In this episode, we are going to learn the following aspects:
1. Definition of an Ecosystem
2. Biotic Components
3. Abiotic Components
4. Functions of an ecosystem
5. Processes of ecosystems.
Biodiversity and its Conservation methodsNishat Fatima
Biodiversity describes the richness and variety of life on earth. It is the most complex and important feature of our planet. Without biodiversity, life would not sustain.
Biodiversity holds ecological and economic significance. It provides us with nourishment, housing, fuel, clothing and several other resources. It also extracts monetary benefits through tourism. Therefore, it is very important to have a good knowledge of biodiversity for a sustainable livelihood.
VCE Environmental Science: Unit 3: Biodiversity. Introduction that explains the definitions and reasons to conserve biodiversity on a genetic, species and ecosystem level.
In this episode, we are going to learn the following aspects:
1. Definition of an Ecosystem
2. Biotic Components
3. Abiotic Components
4. Functions of an ecosystem
5. Processes of ecosystems.
Biodiversity and its Conservation methodsNishat Fatima
Biodiversity describes the richness and variety of life on earth. It is the most complex and important feature of our planet. Without biodiversity, life would not sustain.
Biodiversity holds ecological and economic significance. It provides us with nourishment, housing, fuel, clothing and several other resources. It also extracts monetary benefits through tourism. Therefore, it is very important to have a good knowledge of biodiversity for a sustainable livelihood.
Points on biomes,habitat,ecotone and their differentations.
also on terrestrial ,wetland,fresh water,marine habitat and their types .Explained much with pictures..so easy to remember and to take class .Hope this may help....
natural vegetation and wildlife presentation. In This presentation information about land,soil,climate activity and types of forest some map show wildlife sanctuaries , national park etc.
What is a Desert?What is Desert Ecosystem?Types of desert,A Desert’s Characteristics ,Climate,Animals,Endangered Animals ,Plant Life of Deserts ,seasons,Adaptations,Human effects,Structure & Functions,Flora,Fauna,Environmental threats to deserts,major deserts,The ten largest deserts .
Knowledge workers are workers whose main capital is knowledge. Examples include architects, engineers, scientists, and any other white-collar workers, whose line of work requires one to "think for a living".
A wisdom worker is a (mostly) creative-minded individual, who works primarily in emotional creativeness. Their main skill is their ability to weave engaging narrative into their work.
Comparison of regional disparities between 11th & 12th five year plan.Manas Dhibar
From 1947 to 2017, the Indian economy was premised on the concept of planning. This was carried through the Five-Year Plans, developed, executed, and monitored by the Planning Commission (1951-2014) and the NITI Aayog (2015-2017). With the prime minister as the ex-officio chairman, the commission has a nominated deputy chairman, who holds the rank of a cabinet minister.
Environmental Analysis is described as the process which examines all the components, internal or external, that has an influence on the performance of the organization.
Strategic management is the management of an organization’s resources to achieve its goals and objectives.
Segmentation, Targeting & Positioning of Coca-ColaManas Dhibar
* Segmentation comprises identifying the market to be segmented; identification, selection, and application of bases to be used in that segmentation; and development of profiles.
* Targeting is the process of identifying the most attractive segments from the segmentation stage, usually the ones most profitable for the business.
* Positioning is the final process and is the more business-orientated stage, where the business must assess its competitive advantage and position itself in the consumer's minds to be the more attractive option in these categories.
Lawrence Edward Page is an American Computer Scientist and Internet Entrepreneur. He is best known as one of the co-founders of Google along with Sergey Brin.
Classification of Computer according to their sizeManas Dhibar
On the basis of size, there are four types of computer. They are minicomputer, microcomputer, mainframe computer and supercomputer. The supercomputer is the fastest, most expensive, big in size, and the most powerful computer that can perform multiple tasks within no second. Mini Computers are medium-sized computer.
Communication is simply the act of transferring information from one place, person or group to another. Every communication involves (at least) one sender, a message and a recipient. Formal communication refers to the flow of official information through proper, predefined channels and routes. Informal communication is casual communication between coworkers in the workplace
Net operating income (NOI) is a calculation used to analyze the profitability of income-generating real estate investments. NOI equals all revenue from the property, minus all reasonably necessary operating expenses.
Budget line is a graphical representation of all possible combinations of two goods which can be purchased with given income and prices, such that the cost of each of these combinations is equal to the money income of the consumer.
UNDERSTANDING WHAT GREEN WASHING IS!.pdfJulietMogola
Many companies today use green washing to lure the public into thinking they are conserving the environment but in real sense they are doing more harm. There have been such several cases from very big companies here in Kenya and also globally. This ranges from various sectors from manufacturing and goes to consumer products. Educating people on greenwashing will enable people to make better choices based on their analysis and not on what they see on marketing sites.
"Understanding the Carbon Cycle: Processes, Human Impacts, and Strategies for...MMariSelvam4
The carbon cycle is a critical component of Earth's environmental system, governing the movement and transformation of carbon through various reservoirs, including the atmosphere, oceans, soil, and living organisms. This complex cycle involves several key processes such as photosynthesis, respiration, decomposition, and carbon sequestration, each contributing to the regulation of carbon levels on the planet.
Human activities, particularly fossil fuel combustion and deforestation, have significantly altered the natural carbon cycle, leading to increased atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations and driving climate change. Understanding the intricacies of the carbon cycle is essential for assessing the impacts of these changes and developing effective mitigation strategies.
By studying the carbon cycle, scientists can identify carbon sources and sinks, measure carbon fluxes, and predict future trends. This knowledge is crucial for crafting policies aimed at reducing carbon emissions, enhancing carbon storage, and promoting sustainable practices. The carbon cycle's interplay with climate systems, ecosystems, and human activities underscores its importance in maintaining a stable and healthy planet.
In-depth exploration of the carbon cycle reveals the delicate balance required to sustain life and the urgent need to address anthropogenic influences. Through research, education, and policy, we can work towards restoring equilibrium in the carbon cycle and ensuring a sustainable future for generations to come.
Natural farming @ Dr. Siddhartha S. Jena.pptxsidjena70
A brief about organic farming/ Natural farming/ Zero budget natural farming/ Subash Palekar Natural farming which keeps us and environment safe and healthy. Next gen Agricultural practices of chemical free farming.
Willie Nelson Net Worth: A Journey Through Music, Movies, and Business Venturesgreendigital
Willie Nelson is a name that resonates within the world of music and entertainment. Known for his unique voice, and masterful guitar skills. and an extraordinary career spanning several decades. Nelson has become a legend in the country music scene. But, his influence extends far beyond the realm of music. with ventures in acting, writing, activism, and business. This comprehensive article delves into Willie Nelson net worth. exploring the various facets of his career that have contributed to his large fortune.
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Introduction
Willie Nelson net worth is a testament to his enduring influence and success in many fields. Born on April 29, 1933, in Abbott, Texas. Nelson's journey from a humble beginning to becoming one of the most iconic figures in American music is nothing short of inspirational. His net worth, which estimated to be around $25 million as of 2024. reflects a career that is as diverse as it is prolific.
Early Life and Musical Beginnings
Humble Origins
Willie Hugh Nelson was born during the Great Depression. a time of significant economic hardship in the United States. Raised by his grandparents. Nelson found solace and inspiration in music from an early age. His grandmother taught him to play the guitar. setting the stage for what would become an illustrious career.
First Steps in Music
Nelson's initial foray into the music industry was fraught with challenges. He moved to Nashville, Tennessee, to pursue his dreams, but success did not come . Working as a songwriter, Nelson penned hits for other artists. which helped him gain a foothold in the competitive music scene. His songwriting skills contributed to his early earnings. laying the foundation for his net worth.
Rise to Stardom
Breakthrough Albums
The 1970s marked a turning point in Willie Nelson's career. His albums "Shotgun Willie" (1973), "Red Headed Stranger" (1975). and "Stardust" (1978) received critical acclaim and commercial success. These albums not only solidified his position in the country music genre. but also introduced his music to a broader audience. The success of these albums played a crucial role in boosting Willie Nelson net worth.
Iconic Songs
Willie Nelson net worth is also attributed to his extensive catalog of hit songs. Tracks like "Blue Eyes Crying in the Rain," "On the Road Again," and "Always on My Mind" have become timeless classics. These songs have not only earned Nelson large royalties but have also ensured his continued relevance in the music industry.
Acting and Film Career
Hollywood Ventures
In addition to his music career, Willie Nelson has also made a mark in Hollywood. His distinctive personality and on-screen presence have landed him roles in several films and television shows. Notable appearances include roles in "The Electric Horseman" (1979), "Honeysuckle Rose" (1980), and "Barbarosa" (1982). These acting gigs have added a significant amount to Willie Nelson net worth.
Television Appearances
Nelson's char
WRI’s brand new “Food Service Playbook for Promoting Sustainable Food Choices” gives food service operators the very latest strategies for creating dining environments that empower consumers to choose sustainable, plant-rich dishes. This research builds off our first guide for food service, now with industry experience and insights from nearly 350 academic trials.
Characterization and the Kinetics of drying at the drying oven and with micro...Open Access Research Paper
The objective of this work is to contribute to valorization de Nephelium lappaceum by the characterization of kinetics of drying of seeds of Nephelium lappaceum. The seeds were dehydrated until a constant mass respectively in a drying oven and a microwawe oven. The temperatures and the powers of drying are respectively: 50, 60 and 70°C and 140, 280 and 420 W. The results show that the curves of drying of seeds of Nephelium lappaceum do not present a phase of constant kinetics. The coefficients of diffusion vary between 2.09.10-8 to 2.98. 10-8m-2/s in the interval of 50°C at 70°C and between 4.83×10-07 at 9.04×10-07 m-8/s for the powers going of 140 W with 420 W the relation between Arrhenius and a value of energy of activation of 16.49 kJ. mol-1 expressed the effect of the temperature on effective diffusivity.
2. What is Ecosystem ?
• A Ecosystem is a biological environment consisting of all
the living organisms or Biotic Component, in a particular
area, and the non-living, or Abiotic Component such as
air, soil, water and sunlight with which the organism
interact.
5. AQUATIC ECOSYSTEM
• An Aquatic Ecosystem is an ecosystem in a
body of water. Communities of organisms
that are dependent on each other and on their
environment live in aquatic ecosystems.
The two main types of aquatic ecosystems are:-
1) Marine ecosystems
2) Freshwater ecosystems
6. 1. MARINE ECOSYSTEM
• Marine ecosystems are among the largest of Earth’s aquatic
ecosystems. Examples include Estuaries, Lagoons, coral reefs,
the deep sea, and the sea floor.
• Marine waters cover two-thirds of the surface of the Earth.
• Such places are considered ecosystems because the plant life
supports the animal life and vice versa.
• According to the World Resource Center, coastal habitats account
for about one-third of marine biological productivity.
7. • Estuaries occur where there is a noticeable change in salinity between
saltwater and freshwater source.
• The National Geographic Society defines lagoons as a “shallow body of
water protected from a larger body of water by sandbars, barrier islands,
or coral reefs”.
• Coral reefs are one of the most well-known marine ecosystems within
the world. The largest being that of the Great Barrier Reef. These reefs are
composed of large coral colonies of a variety of species living together.
• The deep sea conquers up to 95% of the space occupied by living
organisms. Combined with the sea floor, these two areas have yet to be fully
explored and have their organisms documented making these ecosystems
some of the hardest to understand by scientists.
8.
9. 2. FRESHWATER ECOSYSTEM
• Freshwater ecosystems are a subset of Earth's aquatic ecosystems.
They include lakes and ponds, rivers, streams, springs,
and wetlands.
• Freshwater habitats can be classified by different factors, including
temperature, light penetration and vegetation.
• Freshwater ecosystems can be divided into lentic ecosystems (still
water) and lotic ecosystems (flowing water).
• Limnology is a study about freshwater ecosystems. It is a part
of hydrobiology.
10. • A lake ecosystem includes biotic (living) plants, animals
and micro-organisms, as well as abiotic (nonliving)
physical and chemical interactions. Lake ecosystems
are a prime example of lentic ecosystems.
• River ecosystems are prime examples of lotic ecosystems.
• A pond ecosystem refers to the freshwater ecosystem
where there are communities of organism dependent on
each other with the prevailing water environment for
their nutrients and survival.
11. TERRESTRIAL ECOSYSTEM
• A terrestrial ecosystem is a type of ecosystem found only on biomes
also known as beds.
• A biome is a community of plants and animals that have common
characteristics for the environment they exist in. They can be found
over a range of continents.
• Four primary terrestrial ecosystems exist:- Forest Ecosystems, Desert
Ecosystem, Grasslands Ecosystem & Tundra Ecosystem.
• India is also rich in its fauna. India has approximately 90,000 animal
species, 2,000 species of birds, they constitute 13% of world’s total.
• It has 2500 species of fish, which is nearly 12% of world stock. It also
shares 5% - 8% of the world’s amphibians, reptiles & mammals.
12. 1. FOREST ECOSYSTEM
• It is further divided into 5 parts:-
TROPICAL EVERGREEN FORESTS:-
The tropical evergreen forests usually occur
in areas receiving more than 200cm of rainfall.
Having a temp. of 15- 30’ celsius.
They occupy 7% of the earth’s land surface.
These trees have great height up to 60 m.
Trees found in these areas are Ebony,
Mahogany, Rosewood, Rubber & Cinchona.
13. TROPICAL DECIDUOUS FORESTS:-
• These are the most widespread forest in India.
• These are also called monsoon forests.
• They receiving rainfall between 200cm to 70cm.
• Teak is the most dominant species in this forest.
TROPICAL THORN FORESTS:-
• In regions with less than 70cm rainfall.
• This vegetation covers a large part of south-
Western north America , Africa , south America
& Australia.
• Acacias, palms, euphorbias and cacti are the
main plant species.
14. • Trees are scattered and have long roots penetrating deep into the soil to get
moisture.
• Leaves are mostly thick & small to minimize evaporation.
BOREAL FORESTS:-
• Taiga, also known as boreal forests or snow forests, is a biome characterized by
conferious forests consisting mostly of pines, spruces and larches.
• The taiga is the world’s largest biome apart from
the oceans.
• Countries with boreal forests include Russia, Alaska,
Sweden, finland, Norway and small regions of Scotland.
• The boreal region in Canada almost 60% of the
Country’s land area.
• It shelters more than 85 species of mammals, including
Wood bison, moose, grizzly, beavers & wolves.
15. MANGROVE FORESTS:-
• A mangrove is a shrub or small tree that grows in
coastal saline or brackish water.
• These forest found in the areas of coast influenced by
tides.
• The total mangrove forest area of the world in 2000 was 137,800 square
kilometres (53,200 sq mi), spanning 118 countries and territories.
• Herons, kingfishers, cormorants, snakes, lizards, spiders, insects, snails
and mangrove crabs thrive on mangrove palnts.
• In India, its found in deltas of ganga, Mahanadi, Krishna, Godavari &
kaveri.
• In India, Royal Bengal tiger, turtles, crocodiles, gharials, snake are also
found in these forests.
16. 2. DESERTS ECOSYSTEM
• A desert ecosystem is defined by interactions between living
organism the climate in which they live, and any other non-living
influences on the habitat.
• Deserts are arid regions which are generally associated with
warm temperatures, however cold deserts also exist.
• Deserts can be found on every continent, with the largest being
located in Antarctica the Arctic, Northern Africa and the Middle
East.
• There are 4 types of desert ecosystem:-
Sand desert, plateau desert, Mountain desert,
cold desert.
17. SAND DESERT:-
• An erg (sand sheet if it lacks dunes) is a broad, flat area of desert covered
with wind-swept sand with little or no vegetative cover. The term takes its
name from the Arabic word ʿarq (meaning “dune field”).
• The Rub' al Khali desert is the largest contiguous sand desert in the world.
The desert covers some 650,000 km2.
• Approximately 85% of all the Earth's mobile sand is found in ergs that are
greater than 32,000 km2.
• Ergs are also found on other celestial bodies, such as Venus, Mars,
and Saturn's moon Titan.
• The largest hot desert in the world, the Sahara, covers 9 million square
kilometres
18. PLATEAU DESERT:- in geology plateau is also called high Plain or a tableland.
• It is usually consisting of relatively flat terrain that is raised significantly Above the
surrounding area, often one or more slides with steep slopes.
• Some desert plateau are:- tibetian plateau, pajarito plateau, hardangervidda in Europe.
MOUNTAIN DESERTS:-
A large, dry, barren region, usually having sandy or rocky soil and little or no
vegetation. Water lost to evaporation and transpiration in a desert exceeds the amount
of precipitation; most deserts average less than 25 cm (9.75 inches) of precipitation
each year, concentrated in short local bursts.
The Desert Mountains are a mountain range located in west-central Nevada south of
the Lahontan Reservoir and north of the town of Yerington. The range is located
in Lyon and Churchill counties. The range includes Cleaver Peak, at 6,711 feet
(2,046 m) above sea level in the western part of the range and Desert Peak, at 6,404 feet
(1,952 m) in elevation, in the eastern part of the chain.
19. COLD DESERT:-
• Cold Desert Biosphere Reserve is a biosphere reserve located in the
western Himalayas region, within Himachal Pradesh state in North
India.
• Biosphere reserves are the areas of coastal ecosystems which promote
the conservation of biodiversity with its sustainable use.
• There are over 669 biosphere reserves around the world in over 120
countries.
• Cold deserts are found in the Antarctic, Greenland, Iran, Turkestan,
Northern and Western China.
• Some famous cold deserts are: – Atacama, Gobi, Great Basin, Namib,
Iranian, Takla Makan, and Turkestan.
• Antarctica is the largest cold desert of the earth.
20. 3. TUNDRA ECOSYSTEM
• Tundra ecosystems are treeless regions found in the Arctic
and on the tops of mountains, where the climate is cold and
windy and rainfall is scant.
• Tundra lands are snow-covered for much of the year, until
summer brings a burst of wildflowers.
• Tundra consists of predators such as owls, foxes, wolves,
and polar bears at the top of the chain. Predators hunt herbivores,
plant eating animals, such as caribou, lemmings, and hares.
• Bearberry, Labrador Tea, Diamond Leaf, Arctic Moss, Arctic
Willow, Caribou Moss, Tufted Saxifrage, Pasque Flower
21. 4. GRASSLAND ECOSYSTEM
• Grasslands are areas where the vegetation is dominated by grasses however,
sedge and rush families can also be found along with variable proportions
of legumes, like clover, and other herbs.
• Grasslands occur naturally on all continents except Antarctica.
• Grasslands are found in most ecoregions of the Earth.
• For example, there are five terrestrial ecoregion classifications (subdivisions) of
the temperate grasslands, savannas, and shrublands biome which is one of
eight terrestrial ecozones of the Earth's surface.
• Grassland ecosystem are further divided into :-
Tropical & Sub Tropical Grasslands
Temperate Grasslands
22. TROPICALAND SUBTROPICAL:-
• These grasslands are classified with tropical and subtropical Savannas
and shrublands
• They are widespread in Africa, and are also found all throughout South Asia,
Llanos of South America and Australia, and the southern United States.
• African savannas occur between forest or woodland regions and grassland
regions.
• The average temperature of 27 °C with peaks of 30 °C in April and October,
and between 300 and 1500 mm of rain per year.
• Flora found in this region are:- Acacia ( tree), Baobab (Tree), Grass, Low
shrubs & Thorns.
23. TEMPERATE GRASSLANDS:-
• Temperate grasslands have hot summers and cold winters.
• Summer temperatures can be well over 100 degrees Fahrenheit, while
winter temperatures can be as low as -40 degrees Fahrenheit.
• They typically have between 10 and 35 inches of precipitation a year,
much of it occurring in the late spring and early summer.
• Other animals of this region include: deer, mice, jack
rabbits, snakes, fox, owls, blackbirds meadowlarks, sparrows,
quails, hawks and hyenas.
• Grasslands go by many names. In the U.S. Midwest, they're known
as prairies. In South America, they're called pampas. Central Eurasian
grasslands are referred to as steppes, while in Africa they're
named savannas.