World History

1. Chapter 35Chapter 35
Rebirth and RevolutionRebirth and Revolution
Nation-Building in East Asia andNation-Building in East Asia and
the Pacific Rimthe Pacific Rim
(1945 – present)(1945 – present)

2. Chinese Civil War EndsChinese Civil War Ends
 Mao’s China and Beyond --Mao’s China and Beyond --
 By 1949 – Mao Zedong has millions of peasantsBy 1949 – Mao Zedong has millions of peasants
in N. Chinain N. China
 Mao’s forces head South, chasing theMao’s forces head South, chasing the
GuomindangGuomindang
 Guomindang (Nationalists) flees to the island ofGuomindang (Nationalists) flees to the island of
Taiwan and establishes the Republic of ChinaTaiwan and establishes the Republic of China
 Communists and Mao take over mainland ChinaCommunists and Mao take over mainland China
and call it the People’s Republic of Chinaand call it the People’s Republic of China

3. Chinese RevolutionChinese Revolution
 Chiang Kai-Shek (Nationalist) v. MaoChiang Kai-Shek (Nationalist) v. Mao
Zedong (Comm.)Zedong (Comm.)
 China unites to fight Japan (1930s – 1945)China unites to fight Japan (1930s – 1945)
 During WW II, United States pumped $During WW II, United States pumped $
into Guomindang partyinto Guomindang party
 WW II ends, Chinese Civil War for fourWW II ends, Chinese Civil War for four
yearyear

4. Which one is the “Real” China?Which one is the “Real” China?
 Both claim they are theBoth claim they are the
true Chinatrue China
 Taiwan developsTaiwan develops
industrially, becomes anindustrially, becomes an
economic powerhouseeconomic powerhouse
 Taiwan’s credibility takesTaiwan’s credibility takes
a blow when the Uniteda blow when the United
Nations and the UnitedNations and the United
States recognize theStates recognize the
People’s Republic ofPeople’s Republic of
China as China in 1973China as China in 1973
 Taiwan refuses to unifyTaiwan refuses to unify
with China todaywith China today

7. Mao’s ReformsMao’s Reforms
 Collectivization of agriculture andCollectivization of agriculture and
industryindustry
– Increases productivity, especiallyIncreases productivity, especially
steelsteel
 Late 1950’s – Great Leap ForwardLate 1950’s – Great Leap Forward
– Huge communes created as a way ofHuge communes created as a way of
accelerating the creation of a trueaccelerating the creation of a true
Marxist stateMarxist state
 Reality check – production quotas areReality check – production quotas are
VERY highVERY high
 Local governments can’t produce theLocal governments can’t produce the
ridiculous quotas, so out of fear of beingridiculous quotas, so out of fear of being
punished, they lie and say the quotas arepunished, they lie and say the quotas are
being metbeing met
– ~30 million Chinese people starve to~30 million Chinese people starve to
deathdeath
– Truly a Great Leap Backward.Truly a Great Leap Backward.

10. Great Leap BackwardGreat Leap Backward
 Mao’s previous success is erasedMao’s previous success is erased
 Soviet Union withdrew supportSoviet Union withdrew support
– Soviets realize China isn’t following orders…Soviets realize China isn’t following orders…
 Mao turns focus to military (If Soviet’sMao turns focus to military (If Soviet’s
aren’t with China, they’re against China)aren’t with China, they’re against China)
– Elements of capitalism introducedElements of capitalism introduced
– 1964 – China tests its first atom bomb1964 – China tests its first atom bomb

11. Cultural Revolution - 1966Cultural Revolution - 1966
 Mao – purist, upset his country is straying fromMao – purist, upset his country is straying from
communismcommunism
 Revolution discourages development of aRevolution discourages development of a
privileged classprivileged class
– Erases all traces of Western-influenced knowledgeErases all traces of Western-influenced knowledge
– Closes universities for four yearsCloses universities for four years
– Sends students, professors, doctors, lawyers, andSends students, professors, doctors, lawyers, and
classical musicians to collective farms for “culturalclassical musicians to collective farms for “cultural
retraining”retraining”
– Political dissidents imprisoned or killedPolitical dissidents imprisoned or killed

12. New CurriculumNew Curriculum
 Once reopened, curriculum is adjusted toOnce reopened, curriculum is adjusted to
include only communist studies and vocationalinclude only communist studies and vocational
trainingtraining
 Little Red Book – Mao’s teachings onLittle Red Book – Mao’s teachings on
communism – becomes popular symbol forcommunism – becomes popular symbol for
forced egalitarianismforced egalitarianism
 Cultural Revolution prevents China fromCultural Revolution prevents China from
advancing economically or sociallyadvancing economically or socially
– By early 1970s, China opens back up to WesternBy early 1970s, China opens back up to Western
ideasideas

13. 1976 – Deng Xiaoping1976 – Deng Xiaoping
 Mao dies, Deng Xiaoping steps upMao dies, Deng Xiaoping steps up
 Changes education policyChanges education policy
 Changes Economic policies –Changes Economic policies –
– From strict command economy to including elementsFrom strict command economy to including elements
of free-market capitalismof free-market capitalism
– Allows limited business and property ownership toAllows limited business and property ownership to
encourage hard workencourage hard work
– Chinese gvt enters joint ventures with foreignChinese gvt enters joint ventures with foreign
companiescompanies
– Still strictly communist in political senseStill strictly communist in political sense

14. Tiananmen Square MassacreTiananmen Square Massacre
 June 1989 – about 1 million demonstratorsJune 1989 – about 1 million demonstrators
met on Tiananmen Square calling formet on Tiananmen Square calling for
democratic reform, bring in a statue – thedemocratic reform, bring in a statue – the
Goddess of Democracy and FreedomGoddess of Democracy and Freedom
 Chinese government reacts violently –Chinese government reacts violently –
sends troops into open fire, hundreds ofsends troops into open fire, hundreds of
people are killedpeople are killed

18. The bodies of dead civilians lie among mangled bicycles near Beijing's Tiananmen Square early JuneThe bodies of dead civilians lie among mangled bicycles near Beijing's Tiananmen Square early June
4, 1989. Tanks and soldiers stormed the area overnight, bringing a violent end to student4, 1989. Tanks and soldiers stormed the area overnight, bringing a violent end to student
demonstrations for democratic reform in Chinademonstrations for democratic reform in China

19. A rickshaw driver fiecely peddles the wounded people, with the help of bystanders, to aA rickshaw driver fiecely peddles the wounded people, with the help of bystanders, to a
nearby hospital Sunday, June 4, 1989. PLA soldiers again fired hundreds of roundsnearby hospital Sunday, June 4, 1989. PLA soldiers again fired hundreds of rounds
towards angry crowds gathered outside Tiananmen Square at noontowards angry crowds gathered outside Tiananmen Square at noon

20.  "Google Agrees to Censor Results in China,""Google Agrees to Censor Results in China,"
Associated Press, January 24, 2006.Associated Press, January 24, 2006.
 Online search engine leader Google Inc. hasOnline search engine leader Google Inc. has
agreed to censor its results in China, adhering toagreed to censor its results in China, adhering to
the country's free-speech restrictions in returnthe country's free-speech restrictions in return
for better access in the Internet's fastest growingfor better access in the Internet's fastest growing
market. Although China has loosened some ofmarket. Although China has loosened some of
its controls in recent years, some topics, such asits controls in recent years, some topics, such as
Taiwan's independence and 1989's TiananmenTaiwan's independence and 1989's Tiananmen
Square massacre, remain forbidden subjects.Square massacre, remain forbidden subjects.

21. Challenges TodayChallenges Today
 PopulationPopulation
 Economic and Political IssuesEconomic and Political Issues
– Deng Xiaoping died 1997Deng Xiaoping died 1997
– Jiang Zemin new leaderJiang Zemin new leader
 Human Rights IssuesHuman Rights Issues
– Communist party can stil jail criticsCommunist party can stil jail critics
– Tibet – accused of imperialistic tyrannyTibet – accused of imperialistic tyranny
 Falun Gong sect, Chinese Buddhism sect discriminatedFalun Gong sect, Chinese Buddhism sect discriminated
againstagainst
 Dalai LamaDalai Lama

22.  In 1991 the Dalai Lama alleged that Chinese settlers in
Tibet were creating "Chinese Apartheid":
 The new Chinese settlers have created an alternate
society: a Chinese apartheid which, denying Tibetans
equal social and economic status in our own land,
threatens to finally overwhelm and absorb us.[88][89]
 The Central Tibetan Administration states that the
number that have died in the Great Leap Forward, of
violence, or other indirect causes since 1950 is
approximately 1.2 million,[90] According to Patrick
French, a supporter of the Tibetan cause who was able
to view the data and calculations, the estimate is not
reliable because the Tibetans were not able to process
the data well enough to produce a credible total

23.  The government of Tibet in Exile also saysThe government of Tibet in Exile also says
that, fundamentally, the issue is that of thethat, fundamentally, the issue is that of the
right to self-determination of the Tibetanright to self-determination of the Tibetan
people. The Dalai Lama has stated hispeople. The Dalai Lama has stated his
willingness to negotiate with China forwillingness to negotiate with China for
genuine autonomy.genuine autonomy.

24. Four TigersFour Tigers
 Or, according to your book – FourOr, according to your book – Four
DragonsDragons
 Taiwan, Singapore, Hong Kong, and S.Taiwan, Singapore, Hong Kong, and S.
KoreaKorea

25. Hong KongHong Kong
 Fell under British rule after Opium WarsFell under British rule after Opium Wars
 1949, received many refugees from the Chinese1949, received many refugees from the Chinese
RevolutionRevolution
 Functioned under British control until 1997Functioned under British control until 1997
– HK prospers from tradeHK prospers from trade
 Especially textiles and electronicsEspecially textiles and electronics
 Britain turns Hong Kong over to ChinaBritain turns Hong Kong over to China
– -Beijing agrees not to change HK’s social or economic-Beijing agrees not to change HK’s social or economic
system for 50 yearssystem for 50 years
– HK’s people have self-governmentHK’s people have self-government

26. SingaporeSingapore
 Only 200 sq miles and 2 million pop.Only 200 sq miles and 2 million pop.
 Singapore wins independence from Britain in 1959 and from MalayaSingapore wins independence from Britain in 1959 and from Malaya
in 1963in 1963
 Lee Kwan Yew – autocratic PM for 30 yrsLee Kwan Yew – autocratic PM for 30 yrs
– Supports free-market economySupports free-market economy
– Keeps labor costs low (and attracted foreign capital)Keeps labor costs low (and attracted foreign capital)
– Expands Singapore’s harbor, economy boomsExpands Singapore’s harbor, economy booms
 Government welcomed skilled immigrants, education for all peopleGovernment welcomed skilled immigrants, education for all people
in Chinese and Englishin Chinese and English
– Encouraged high tech industries, manufacturing, and tourismEncouraged high tech industries, manufacturing, and tourism
– Economy flourishes, government sets up successful public housingEconomy flourishes, government sets up successful public housing
program and most married couples became homeowners with the helpprogram and most married couples became homeowners with the help
of government loansof government loans
 Lee and his successors are criticized, claim order is more importantLee and his successors are criticized, claim order is more important
than individual freedomthan individual freedom

27. KoreasKoreas
 At end of WWII US and Soviets divide Korea into N andAt end of WWII US and Soviets divide Korea into N and
S with the 38S with the 38thth
parallelparallel
 North Korea becomes ruled by Kim Il Sung and seesNorth Korea becomes ruled by Kim Il Sung and sees
Soviets as communist allySoviets as communist ally
 Sout Korea – led by Syngman Rhee – has US supportSout Korea – led by Syngman Rhee – has US support
 Kim Il Sung wants to reunite Korea, US and UN getKim Il Sung wants to reunite Korea, US and UN get
readyready
 UN forces led by General McArthur nearly reachUN forces led by General McArthur nearly reach
Chinese-Korean borderChinese-Korean border
 China joins and sponsors N. KoreaChina joins and sponsors N. Korea
 Korean War 1950-1953Korean War 1950-1953
 Armistice signed 1953 – StalemateArmistice signed 1953 – Stalemate
 US has strong military presence in S. KoreaUS has strong military presence in S. Korea