2. May 4May 4thth
MovementMovement
•1919- 3,000 students
from Beijing’s
universities protested
•First trueFirst true
nationalistnationalist
movement in Chinamovement in China
•Tiananmen SquareTiananmen Square
3. Sun Yat senSun Yat sen • LeaderLeader --
Nationalist Party:Nationalist Party:
((KMTKMT-- KuomintangKuomintang))
• Started to unite aStarted to unite a
China beset withChina beset with
warlordswarlords
• Allies: Soviets,Allies: Soviets,
Chinese CommunistChinese Communist
PartyParty
4. CHIANG KAI-SHEKCHIANG KAI-SHEK
• New leader of KMT at
death of Sun Yatsen.
• ““Northern Expedition”Northern Expedition”
militarily UNIFIEDUNIFIED
China under
Nationalists
5. Civil WarCivil War • Chiang ordered massacreChiang ordered massacre
of Communist Partyof Communist Party
members at Shanghai.
• German advisors helped
“eliminate the cancer of
Communism”
• Some escaped …including
Mao Zedong.
6. The Long March 1934-1935The Long March 1934-1935
• Communist nationalistsCommunist nationalists
forced to fleeflee to
countryside:
• Traveled 6,000 miles
• Took 370 days
• Through 11 provincesThrough 11 provinces
• Through 18 mountain ranges
• 100,000 set out
• 4-8,000 survived
7. Where were they going?Where were they going?
• Just running! Along the way
they were unwelcome by local
warlords…
• ““Long March” becameLong March” became
a badge of honor ina badge of honor in
the CCP.the CCP.
• Deng Xiaoping was a Long
Marcher – one of the last living
10. 1937 – 1945 Sino-Japanese War &1937 – 1945 Sino-Japanese War &
World War IIWorld War II
• Japanese occupied major coastal cities
• 20 million Chinese died in the war
12. Post World War II: WestPost World War II: West
Supported NationalistsSupported Nationalists
• Civil War resumed
• Japanese insisted on
surrender only to
Nationalists, per orders
from US
• Nationalists
disorganized & corrupt,
in debt…
• Printed more money to
pay war debt
hyperinflation
13. Nationalists Fled to TaiwanNationalists Fled to Taiwan
After 3 more years of civil war, Mao
proclaimed the creation of the
People’sPeople’s
Republic ofRepublic of
ChinaChina
14. Economic CHANGE in ChinaEconomic CHANGE in China
• All businesses wereAll businesses were
nationalized!nationalized!
• Land & homes were takenLand & homes were taken
from Gentry, redistributedfrom Gentry, redistributed
to peasants!to peasants!
• Peasants’ land wasPeasants’ land was
collectivized, and theycollectivized, and they
worked on state ownedworked on state owned
cooperative farms.cooperative farms.
15. Mao’s POLITICAL ChangesMao’s POLITICAL Changes
One-party totalitarian state:One-party totalitarian state:
Chinese Communist PartyChinese Communist Party
• Sacrifices for “the State”Sacrifices for “the State”
• Government attacked crime &Government attacked crime &
corruptioncorruption
16. Mao’s SOCIAL ChangesMao’s SOCIAL Changes
• Peasants encouraged to “speak bitterness”“speak bitterness”
against landlords (10,000 landlords killed as
result)
• Maoism/Communism replaced Confucianism.Maoism/Communism replaced Confucianism.
• Political educationPolitical education in new schools.
• Health careHealth care workers sent to remote areas.
• WomenWomen won equality (but little opportunity in
government, and were paid less than men)
• The extended family replaced by CommunistThe extended family replaced by Communist
comrades & party leaders.comrades & party leaders.
17. The Great Leap ForwardThe Great Leap Forward 1958-19601958-1960
• Mao’s plan toto increase agriculturalincrease agricultural
& industrial production:& industrial production:
• All life to beAll life to be collectivizedcollectivized
• Family houses torn down,
replaced with community
domiciles & farms
• Backyard steel furnaces set up, using
scrap metal to make iron & steel
18. The Great Leap Forward:The Great Leap Forward:
FAILURE!FAILURE!
• Initial production statistics were inflated to
show progress
• Backyard furnaces did not turn out iron of
acceptable quality
• Bad weather of 1950’s – 60’s contributed to
low farm production
•16 million Chinese starved16 million Chinese starved
19. Korean War - 1950Korean War - 1950
• China allied with North KoreaChina allied with North Korea
• By 1953 - War over but North and SouthBy 1953 - War over but North and South
remain enemiesremain enemies
20. Break with USSR - 1962Break with USSR - 1962
• Marxism, Leninism,Marxism, Leninism,
Stalinism, Maoism…Stalinism, Maoism…
• Considered the USSR too
revisionist – too much capitalism
• USSR consider CCP too revisionist
– too agricultural
• Both “ExportedBoth “Exported
Communism.”Communism.”
21. Cultural Revolution – 1960’sCultural Revolution – 1960’s
• Mao called upon studentsstudents to rebel againstto rebel against
authority to form units of the Red Guardauthority to form units of the Red Guard.
• Chaos in cities & rural areas
• Destruction of Temples
• Schools & offices closed
• Transportation disrupted
22. According to Mao:According to Mao:
“Although the bourgeoisie has been overthrown, it is still trying to
use the old ideas, culture, customs, and habits of the exploiting
classes to corrupt the masses, capture their minds, and endeavor to
stage a comeback.
The proletariat must do just the opposite: It must meet head-on every
challenge of the bourgeoisie in the ideological field and use the new
ideas, culture, customs, and habits of the proletariat to change the
mental outlook of the whole of society.
At present, our objective is to struggle against and crush those
persons in authority who are taking the capitalist road, to criticize
and repudiate the reactionary bourgeois academic "authorities" and
the ideology of the bourgeoisie and all other exploiting classes and to
transform education, literature and art, and all other parts of the
superstructure that do not correspond to the socialist economic base,
so as to facilitate the consolidation and development of the socialist
system.”
23. Cultural Revolution- 1960’sCultural Revolution- 1960’s
““Relationship between Teacher & student is as important as between
family members”
• Cultural revolutionaries
• assembled in large groups,
• held "great debates," and
• wrote educational plays.
• Western art, music,Western art, music,
philosophy, literature wasphilosophy, literature was
banned; artists werebanned; artists were
“reformed.”“reformed.”
• Those who could not
reform were exiled,
purged, rehabilitated,
disappeared…
24. Mao Purges the PartyMao Purges the Party
• Cult of PersonalityCult of Personality –
• Mao compares himself to the first emperor of China
• Party officials not considered loyal sent to work
in labor camps in countryside.
• Gang of FourGang of Four
• Mao’s loyal followers vs. other factions in the Party
25. U.S. “Opening” with ChinaU.S. “Opening” with China
• February 21, 1972, at 10:30
P.M., EST, Richard M.Richard M.
NixonNixon stepped down from
Air Force One alone, and
offered his hand to Premier
Chou En-lai, to
consummate one of the
most historic handshakes
in diplomatic history.
26. Later that day, Nixon met theLater that day, Nixon met the
aging Chairman, Mao Tse-tungaging Chairman, Mao Tse-tung
30. New Leader: Deng XiaopingNew Leader: Deng Xiaoping
• Launched economic
reforms
• Agricultural first
• ““It does not matter if the catIt does not matter if the cat
is black or white; whatis black or white; what
matters is how well itmatters is how well it
catches mice.”catches mice.”
• Direct contrast to ideology of
Mao, whose favorite saying
was “Better Red than expert.”
31. Tiananmen SquareTiananmen Square
• Economic reforms
Question of political reform
• Tiananmen Square,
May, 1989May, 1989
• Leaders of the Party saw
student protest as an attack on
their power
• Officially, only 200
demonstrators died
32. After Deng….After Deng….
• 1997
• Jiang ZeminJiang Zemin
• economic growth at alleconomic growth at all
costscosts
• widening gap betweenwidening gap between
rich and poor in China,rich and poor in China,
• social costssocial costs absorbed byabsorbed by
those left behind bythose left behind by
economic reform.economic reform.
33. New Leadership:New Leadership:
Hu JintaoHu Jintao
• Addressing the imbalances:
• Development v. environment,
• Rich v. poor
• Health issues
• Spring 2006 – Spent several days with
Microsoft’s Bill Gates & with Boeing
Airlines’ executives on the West Coast
of the U.S.
• Traveled to several college campuses
over a week’s time.
• Spent an afternoon with US president,
George Bush, before returning to
China.
34. Chinese – US Relations TodayChinese – US Relations Today
• Help with North
Korea!
• Permanent Seat
on Security
Council of UN
• Imbalance of
Trade w US ( our
major creditor!)
35. The Role of Women in Russian &The Role of Women in Russian &
Chinese RevolutionsChinese Revolutions
Russia
• Served in Red Army
• 65% of factory workers
• Government ordered
equal pay (though not
enforced
• Maternity leave with full
pay
• Women entered
professions
China
• New marriage law forbade
arranged marriage (met w/
resistance
• Worked alongside men in
factories
• State-run nurseries to care
for children
• Party leadership male
• Efforts to end foot binding
36. What will the future bring betweenWhat will the future bring between
the US and China?the US and China?
Hint: If you plan to go into business
or government, you should study
Chinese language and culture…
Editor's Notes
But Chiang sent troops North against the CCP, rather than to fight against the Japanese
Chiang’s generals made him promise to fight the Japanese aggression before fighting the CCP (kidnapped him & held him captive until he agreed).
