The document outlines the architectural and communication technologies for smart metering within electric utility systems, detailing the interactions between smart meters, collectors, and various communication networks like neighborhood area networks (NANs) and home area networks (HANs). It examines the benefits and challenges of different wireless protocols including Zigbee, Z-Wave, Wi-Fi, and LTE, as well as power line communications, highlighting their applications in load control and demand management. Additionally, it discusses security and privacy concerns, analytics requirements, and the importance of robust communication infrastructure to support the growing complexities of smart grids.

1. OSS layer for Smart Meter

2. Smart metering OSS layer

3. Electric Utility Communications
Architecture
Customer PremisesGeneration Transmission Distribution
Smart
Meter
Field
Devices
Power
Plant
Communications Networks
Control/Operations Centers
Regional
Interconnection
Wide
Area
Network
Backhaul/WAN
Neighborhood
Area Network
Distribution
Access
Point
Grid
Energy
Resources
Field
Area
Network
Field
Devices
Field
Devices
Field
Devices
Consumer
Electric
Products
Energy
Management
System
Public
Networks
3rd Party
Services
Workforce
Mobile
Network
Home Area
Network

4. AMI top priority in Smart Grid

5. Advanced metering Infrastructure

6. AMI topology

7. Metering Infrastructure Blue Print
Legend
• DSO Distribution System Operator
• NAN Neighbourhood Area Network
• Wireless

8. Smart meter Architecture

9. 3G Vs LTE support for Metering Apps

10. Smart meter Communication
• Smart Meter: as traffic generator assigned with a
global IPv6 address ,receives demand response data
from the collector.
• Router: takes the responsibility of relaying packets
from both smart meters and collectors. determines the
next hop for the packet to reach the final destination.
• Collector: serves interconnection between a NAN and a
WAN in the SG and aggregates all meter reading
information. collector node collects all meter reading
data and sends acknowledgement back to
corresponding meters.

11. Wireless Communication for Smart
Grid
• Wireless Communication Technologies:
– IEEE 802.15.4
– Z-wave
– IEEE 802.11
– IEEE 802.16
– LTE/LTE-A
– IEEE 802.22
– Cellular 3G/4G
– MBWA

12. Communication for NAN,HAN
• NANs are supposed to cover large geographical areas
where the user and/or field devices are distributed. To
cover large geographical devices for communication
purposes generally traditional infrastructure based
networks such as Wi MAX (Worldwide Interoperability
for Microwave Access) or 3G/4G based standards such
HSPA (High Speed Packet Access) or LTE (Long Term
Evolution) based networks are preferred.
• Smart meter Act as router for Home Area Network
HAN supporting bi-directional Demand mgmt.

13. IEEE 802.15.4- Zigbee
• ZigBee is a short-range, low-data rate, energy-
efficient wireless protocol , support star, tree
mesh topology and suitable for WSN.

14. ZigBee Advantage & Challenges -1
• ZigBee utilizes
– 16 channels in the 2.4GHz ISM band worldwide
– 13 channels in the 915MHz band in North America
– one channel in the 868MHz band in Europe
– It supports data rates of 250 kbps, 100kbps, 40 kbps,
and 20 kbps
• ZigBee Smart Energy Profile (SEP) aims to support
the needs of smart metering and AMI, and
provide communication among utilities and
household devices

15. ZigBee Advantage & Challenges -2
Advantage:
• Control of home appliances:
ZigBee end devices connected with relay can control
power supply switch of home appliances. ZigBee
Coordinator manage configuration, exchange info.
Between appliance and local HAN control.
• Direct Load Control
Local HAN auto control locally or remotely using AMI
infrastructure.
• Challenges: limited battery energy Supply, memory and
processing power

16. Z-wave
• Z-Wave is a proprietary, short-range, low-data
rate wireless RF mesh networking standard
• Z-wave uses the 908MHz ISM band in the
Americas, and its data rate is 40kbps
• Z-wave provides connectivity for devices such
as; lamps, switches, thermostats, garage
doors.
• Z-wave can be employed in the HAN segment
of the smart grid

17. IEEE 802.11 - WiFi
• Data rate of IEEE 802.11 standards range from 1
Mbps to 100 Mbps
– It operates in the 2.4 GHz ISM band
• Wi-Fi is targeting Home Area Networks
(HAN), Neighborhood Area Networks (NAN) and
Field Area Networks (FAN) in the smart grid
• Wi-Fi is already being used for municipal-scale
network infrastructures outdoors

18. IEEE 802.16 - WiMAX
• WIMAX uses the licensed bands of 10-66 GHz
– The IEEE 802.16 standard also allows the use of license-exempt
sub 11GHz bands
• WIMAX can provide theoretical data rates up to 70Mbps
communication range 50km for fixed stations and 5km for
mobile stations
• WIMAX can provide long range communications for the
smart grid for automated reading WMAR wireless
automatic meter Reading.
• Real Time pricing: based on real time Energy Consumption.
• Outage detection and Restoration: 2 way communication in
Wi-MAX fast outage detection can be implemented.
• Challenges: WiMax tower is Expensive.High frequency
cannot penetrate obstacles while low frequecy licensed.

19. LTE and LTE-A
• The peak data rates for LTE is around 300Mbps at the downlink and
80Mbps at the uplink with 20MHz channel bandwidth and 4x4 MIMO
antennas
– LTE-A’s targeted peak downlink transmission rate is 1Gbps and the
uplink transmission rate is 500Mbps
• A typical LTE cell has a diameter of 4km
– By relaying technique, range can be extended

20. IEEE 802.22 –Cognitive Radio
• Cognitive Radio (CR) provides access to unlicensed
users to the spectrum that is not utilized by licensed
users
– A CR has the ability to sense unused spectrum, use it and
then vacate as soon as a licensed user arrives
• The bands that are planned to be used by 802.22 are
the UHF/VHF bands between 54 and 862 MHz and
their guard bands

21. Power Line Communications
• Power Line Communications (PLC) use the low
voltage power lines as the communication
medium
• PLC has been already used by some utilities for
load control and remote metering
– It can be integrated to the smart metering system
since the power lines already reach the meter
• As the PLC does not have external cabling cost, it
is considered to be convenient for HANs, NANs
and FANs in the smart grid

22. IEEE P1901/Broadband over Power Lines
• BPL has high data rates exceeding 100 Mbps
using frequencies below 100 MHz
• P1901 workgroup has selected two physical
layers for the standard
– Wavelet OFDM-based PHY
– FFT OFDM-based PHY.
• These PHY techniques aim to improve the
communication over the noisy power lines

23. ITU-T G.hn
• G.hn standard is developed for communication in
residential premises, offices, hotels, etc.
• G.hn is able to operate over all types of in-home
wiring including phone line, power line, coaxial
cable, and Cat-5 cable
– It uses a windowed OFDM-based PHY with a
programmable set of parameters
• G.hn can support bit rates up to 1Gbps
• G.hn devices aim to be interoperable with power
line devices that use the IEEE P1901 standard

24. ANSI/CEA-709
• ANSI/CEA-709 series of standards have been
developed for home control and automation
• ANSI/EIA 709.1 is also known as Lonworks
– Lonworks platform is a proprietary technology
– Lonworks operates in the 115-132MHz band
– Data rates of Lonworks can reach up to a few kbps
• NIST has included Lonworks as a candidate
standard along with IEEE P1901 and ITU G.hn

25. 3G/4G Cellular
• Range 824-894/1900 MHz.
• Licensed frequency band hence Costly.
• Mobile can receive data over serial/Ethernet
interface and transmit over second interface.
• Advantage:
1. SCADA interface for remote distribution.
CDMA for power system SCADA provides
cellular communication between RTU and
SCADA Server.

26. 3G/4G cellular continued
2. Monitoring and metering of remote DERs. Non critical
information exchange using SMS monitoring application using
GPRS.
Challenges: Call establishment indefinite time delay.Call dropout
affect large data Exchange. High monthly fees hence Expensive.

27. Mobile Broadband Wireless Access
(MBWA) or MobileFi
• High bandwidth, high mobility and low latency
in the licensed frequency bands below 3.5
GHz, by utilizing the positive features of both
IEEE 802.11 WLANs and IEEE 802.16 WMANs.
• Used for wireless backhaul for electric grid
monitoring and broadband communication for
plug-in electric vehicles .

28. Fiber Optic Communications
• Fiber optics is already used in the power grid to connect
utility head offices and substations
• Fiber optics is not impacted by electromagnetic
interference
• It is ideal for the high voltage operating environment
• Its major drawback of fiber is high deployment cost
• Optic Ethernet can be also utilized in the smart grid
• It is also possible to employ a combination of the
wireless and wired communication technologies in the
smart grid

29. Comparison of Communication Standards

30. Communication Enabled Smart
Grid Applications
• Direct Load Control (DLC)
• Wireless sensor network (WSN)-based demand
management
• iPower
• Sensor web services for energy management
• Machine-to-machine (M2M) communications
based demand management
• Energy saving applications on appliances
• Electric vehicle demand management

31. Direct Load Control (DLC)
• DLC means passing the control of several appliances to
the utility or an aggregator
– Appliances that can be remotely controlled are pool
pumps and the heating/cooling appliances
– A pilot study in Australia has shown that cycling air
conditioners have resulted in 17% of peak load reduction
• DLC requires simple communications between the
consumers and the utility
– Utility commands can be delivered to the customers
through smart meters
• Zigbee or one of the PLC standards can be a suitable
option for DLC

32. Wireless Sensor Network (WSN)-
based Demand Management
• in-Home Energy Management (iHEM) is a non-
intrusive, interactive demand management scheme
• Energy Management Unit and appliances communicate
wirelessly over the WSN
• iHEM aims to shift consumer demands to off-peak hours
• Unlike, DLC, iHEM suggests convenient start times for the
appliances

33. Intelligent and Personalized energy
conservation system by wireless sensor
networks (iPower)
• iPower:
– Implements an energy conservation application for multi-
dwelling homes and offices
– Employs a WSN, a control server, power-line control
devices and user identification devices
– Sensor nodes are deployed in each room and they monitor
the rooms with light, sound and temperature sensors
– They form a multi-hop WSN and send their measurements
to the gateway when an event occurs
• iPower combines wireless and power line
communication technologies

34. Sensor web services for energy
management
 Energy management application is a suit of three energy
management modules:
 The first module enables users to learn the energy consumption
of their appliances while they are away from home
 The second module is a load shedding application for the
utilities
• Load shedding is applied to the air conditioning appliances when the
load on the grid is critical
 The third module offers an application for energy generating
customers
• Customers can monitor and control the amount of energy stored and
energy sold back to the grid while they are away from home
 These applications utilize sensor web services

35. Machine-to-machine (M2M) communications
based demand management
• M2M communications have been implemented in the
Whirlpool Smart Device Network (WSDN)
• WSDN consists of HAN, the Internet and AMI
• WSDN utilizes several technologies together
– Wi-Fi connects the smart appliances and forms the HAN
– ZigBee and PLC connect the smart meters in the AMI
– Broadband Internet connects consumers to the Internet
• It enables remote access to appliance energy
consumption
• It also provides load shedding capabilities to utilities
during critical peaks

36. Energy saving applications on
appliances
• An appliance-to-appliance communication
protocol for energy saving applications
• Energy management protocol allows consumers
to set a maximum consumption value
• Based on this threshold, the residential gateway
is able to turn off the appliances that are in
standby mode once these limits are exceeded

37. Electric vehicle demand management
Home Gateway and Controller (HGC) communicates
with the PHEV
 Controls its charging and discharging profile based on
• Status of the roof-top solar power generation unit
• Demands of the smart appliances
 HGC also communicates with the other HGC devices in
the neighborhood and coordinates PHEV loads

38. Challenges in Smart Grid
Communications
• Wireless channels are
• Prone to interference due to the populated ISM bands
• Have lower bandwidth than wired communication technologies
• Do not penetrate well through concrete construction
• Their range is limited
• The impact of harsh smart grid environment on wireless
communications is not explored well
• Powerline communications suffer from
• Noisy channel conditions
• Channel characteristics that vary depending on the devices
plugged in
• Electromagnetic interference (EMI) due to unshielded power lines
• Poor isolation among units

39. Security in Smart Grid
Communications
• The potential security risks identified by NIST:
– Increased complexity causing device misconfiguration
based errors
– Increased number of interconnections increase the
risks of denial of service attacks, injection of malicious
software and compromised hardware
– Increased number of network nodes increase the
number of entry points and paths that might be
exploited by adversaries
– Increased amount of data increase the risk of
compromising data and violating user privacy

40. Privacy in Smart Grid
Communications
• Consumer privacy may be violated if high resolution
electricity consumption data is made available to
malicious users
– By looking at the consumption, it is possible to obtain
information on absence or presence, the number of
individuals in the property, sleep cycles, meal times, etc.
– A PHEV’s location can be tracked from its charging location
• Sophisticated attacks may benefit from data leakage
from consumer premises

41. NAN Challenges and solution
• Problem: radio coverage to 100% of service
area. NAN devices are fixed wireless Terminals
interacting with smart meter inside house
(may have low SNR).
• Solution : Radio Mesh network based NAN
using 6loWPAN(IPv6 Low power personal Area
network). IEEE 802.15.4
with neighborhood discovery functions.

42. Technologies For NAN
• Power Line Carrier PLC architecture: Cheap but slow.
meter reading data transmitted over electric line but
not optimum other factor as well transformer
electromagnetic interference.
• GSM Global satellite for Mobile: Expensive but good
coverage, telecom systems are built to scale.
• SMS for exchange messages between grid.
• 3G/4G, LTE Wimax: better choice due to high level of
reliance and accessibility.
• Weakness in Infrastructure network plugged by Short
range radio based 6LoWPAN (mesh network) with low
cost and Energy requirements.

43. Smart meter requirement
• QoS : requirement relaxed.
• Latency: low latency
• Reliability: All data packets must be delivered
to controller.
• Last mile connectivity between residence and
control utility IP technology outweighs Zigbee
and Wireless HART as IP is attached to NAN.
• 6lowWPAN based on IPv6 not limited in IP
address space also secure options in header.

44. Typical Telecom Stack

45. Unified Telecom Stack

46. Analytics For AMI
mathematical prediction algorithms it is possible to
predict how many standby generators need to be
used, to reach a certain failure rate
Random fuse networks or Percolation theory
fuse or diode: smoothen high low current density
Neural networks: Grid management
Markov processes: offline wind demand supply,
pricing, mathematical model
Maximum entropy : network congestion, game
theory.

47. Key drivers For Utility Services
Architecture
Safety
Reliability
Security
Stability
Robustness (environment)
Cost, automated efficiency Vs privacy.
Vendor capability on stack (lockin Vs flexibility)
Ubiquity

49. Gateway interaction with WAN
TLS connections provide authentication
, encryption and integrity to data transmitted.
Stored data at gateway is encrypted and
access control restrict access to data and
functionality.

50. Data Analytics requirement in Smart
Meter
• Data modeling
Understand energy consumption patterns
– Build user behavioral models from data
– Is current data enough to get new knowledge?
– Which sources to fuse?
• Data collection
Understand architectural needs
– Fusion, where and how?
– Scalability and hierarchy
– Which users of new knowledge?

51. Analysis Real Time data from Smart
meter Architectural Consideration

52. Hadoop Ecosystem

54. Model needs on Consumer Behavior
• Demand-Response decision support
– How far can behavioral adaptation go?
– How far can decision support go?
• Active controller for peak shifting
– Spot price vs. load in home
– Appliances and smart plugs
– Simple user control for decision support, schedule and
policy-based actuation
– Prioritized load groups in home
• Scale up a demonstration model home
– Simulation-based study for large-scale effect

55. Model needs on Consumer Behavior
• Capitalize on model of behavioral profiles
– Give advise to move between profiles
– Compare trends with current profile
• Improved model
– Fuse with additional data sources
– Improved real-time and alarms
• Innovative user interface
– Leverage the involvement, multi-modal?
• Added services
– Sub-meter installations for refined profiling
– Better CR for Utility companies

56. Scenario BPM for Smart meter
56
CreatedMeterReading
(Send)
CreatedMeterReading
(Receive)

57. Advanced Metering Infrastructure
AMI Components
Collector Collectors
• Various Vendors
• Neuhaus is just an example of a Multi Utility Controller (MUC)
Support Head-end side
• GPRS
• Ethernet (Web Interface)
• WLAN
• WiMAX
Support Meter side
• Wired Serial (RS-485)
• Wired M-Bus
• ZigBee
• Wireless M-Bus

58. Smart Meter
Electricity Meters
• Various Vendors
• Kamstrup is just an example
Interfaces
• Optical
• Wired Interfaces
• GPRS
• ZigBee
• Wireless M-Bus
Functionality
• Meter reading
• Pre-payment
• Tariffs
• Disconnect

59. M-Bus Protocol

60. Compare Protocol used by Application
on top of AMI.
Protocol CoAP XMPP RESTful HTTP MQTT
Transport UDP TCP TCP TCP
Messaging
Request/Respo
nse
Publish/Subscri
be
Request/Respo
nse
Request/Respo
nse
Publish/Subscri
be
Request/Respo
nse
2G, 3G, 4G
Suitability
(1000s nodes)
Excellent Excellent Excellent Excellent
LLN Suitability
(1000s nodes) Excellent Fair Fair Fair
Compute
Resources
10Ks
RAM/Flash
10Ks
RAM/Flash
10Ks
RAM/Flash
10Ks
RAM/Flash
Success
Storied
Utility Field
Area Networks
Remote
management
of consumer
white goods
Smart Energy
Profile 2
(premise
energy
management/h
ome services)
Extending
enterprise
messaging into
IoT
applications

62. Cisco Field Area Network (FAN)

63. Cisco Unified Architecture

64. Smart Meter BI
• Decision-making action framework
• Analysis of multiple device events to detect
– Tampering
– Outages
• Can be combined with multi-device detection for
transformer and substation outage detection
– Other abnormal situatiosn
• BI Analysis to detect patterns in comsumption
related to misconfiguration, tampering or
technical malfunction
– Using Business Intelligence for Utilities

65. Converged Infrastructure Issues
Water Electricity Gas
Other
Utilities
Water
Converged Services Platform on Smart Meter
IP Network
Collectors , Aggregators and Collection Component (SCADA system)
Network Providers/Telecom Operators (GSM,3G,LTE,WiMax)

66. AMI defense in Depth
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Layered Defense Framework
(Defense in Depth)
Corporate Perimeter - Defines the separation
between the public and corporate domains.
Remote Access – Methods and controls used to
manage access to assets located within the
corporate perimeter from locations external to that
perimeter.
Corporate Network – Equipment and topology
used to provide the general employee population
access to corporate computer resources.
Host Device Security – Operating Systems, access
accounts, network services, community strings and
removable media capabilities.
Applications – All non-operating system software.
Communications – Technology and protocols
used to communicate outside of a security
perimeter.
AMI – Contains Head-End system, Meter Data
Management Systems
Electronic Security Perimeter – Device(s) used
to control data flow between two security zones.
Definitions:
Source: http://smart-grid.tmcnet.com

67. Security Standards
• NIST guidelines for Control systems.
http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublicat
ions/NIST.SP.800-82r1.pdf
• ANSI C12.20 standards for smart meter
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ANSI_C12.20
• IEC 61107 is a communication protocol for
smart meters
• Open Metering System

68. Recommended ICS DID Architecture

69. Smart Meter Internal
• Data at rest : Microcontrollers, memory,
Radios
• Data In Motion: MCU to Radio, MCU to MCU,
MCU to memory, Board to Board, IR to MCU