A shear zone is a zone of strong deformation (with a high strain rate) surrounded by rocks with a lower state of finite strain.
It is characterized by a length to width ratio of more than 5:1.
In the Upper crust, where rock is brittle, the shear zone takes the form of a fracture called a fault.
In the lower crust and mantle, the extreme conditions of pressure and temperature make the rock ductile. That is, the rock is capable of slowly deforming without fracture.
A shear zone is a zone of strong deformation (with a high strain rate) surrounded by rocks with a lower state of finite strain.
It is characterized by a length to width ratio of more than 5:1.
In the Upper crust, where rock is brittle, the shear zone takes the form of a fracture called a fault.
In the lower crust and mantle, the extreme conditions of pressure and temperature make the rock ductile. That is, the rock is capable of slowly deforming without fracture.
How can minerals deposits be formed; GEOLOGICAL PROCESSES; Ore Fluids; Ore Forming Processes; Concentrating Processes; Magmatic mineral deposits; Residual mineral deposits ; Placer deposits; Sedimentary mineral deposits; Metamorhogenic mineral deposits; Hydrothermal mineral deposits ; Magmatic Deposits
Cumulate deposits: fractional crystallization processes can concentrate metals (Cr, Fe, PGE, Pt, Ni, Ti, Diamond ))
Pegmatites : late staged crystallization forms pegmatites and many residual elements are concentrated (Li, Ce, Be, Sn, U, Rare Earths (REE), Feldspar, Mica, Gems).
magmatic deposits; Mode of Formation of Magmatic Ores Deposits; Mode of Formation of Orthomagmatic Ores ; Fractional Crystallization (or Crystal fractionation ); Magmatic (or Liquid ) Immiscibility; Simple crystallization without concentration (Dissemination); Segregation of early formed crystals; (Layer Types); Injection of material concentrated elsewhere by differentiation Residual liquid segregation; Residual liquid injection; Immiscible liquid segregation; Immiscible-liquid-injection; Early magmatic deposit; Late magmatic deposit; Types of Magmatic Ore Deposits:Chromite; Fe-Ti (± V) oxides; Ni – Cu – Fe (± Pt) sulfides; Platinum Group Elements (PGEs); REE, and Zr in Carbonatites; Diamond in kimberlites.
The current ppt discusses the different types of lineations formed due to deformation.
Lineations are genetically related to the foliation planes on which they occur, particularly where both are shaped by mineral orientations. Therefore, the planar and linear fabrics are both together aspects of the same three-dimensional geometry, which is related to the shape of the finite strain ellipsoid or,
more important still, to the history of incremental strains.
Structural geology is the study of the three-dimensional of the rock units with respect to their deformational histories, Structure is spatial and geometrical configuration of rock components.
Structures are classified into two types:
Primary structures.
Secondary structures
Primary structures
Structures that form during deposition or crystallization of the rock, are the result of two processes:
Settling of solid particles from fluid medium in which they have been suspended, in most of the sedimentary rocks.
Crystallization of mineral grains from a liquid in which they have been dissolved as in igneous rocks.
Sedimentary basins are the depressions in the earth's crust where loose particles accumulate and finally lithified to form sedimentary rocks. Basins are particularly attractive to geoscientists from time immemorial due to the wealth hidden here in the form of oil, gas, coal etc. In this document you will find the types of basins, basin-fill types, methods of basin analysis and so on.
How can minerals deposits be formed; GEOLOGICAL PROCESSES; Ore Fluids; Ore Forming Processes; Concentrating Processes; Magmatic mineral deposits; Residual mineral deposits ; Placer deposits; Sedimentary mineral deposits; Metamorhogenic mineral deposits; Hydrothermal mineral deposits ; Magmatic Deposits
Cumulate deposits: fractional crystallization processes can concentrate metals (Cr, Fe, PGE, Pt, Ni, Ti, Diamond ))
Pegmatites : late staged crystallization forms pegmatites and many residual elements are concentrated (Li, Ce, Be, Sn, U, Rare Earths (REE), Feldspar, Mica, Gems).
magmatic deposits; Mode of Formation of Magmatic Ores Deposits; Mode of Formation of Orthomagmatic Ores ; Fractional Crystallization (or Crystal fractionation ); Magmatic (or Liquid ) Immiscibility; Simple crystallization without concentration (Dissemination); Segregation of early formed crystals; (Layer Types); Injection of material concentrated elsewhere by differentiation Residual liquid segregation; Residual liquid injection; Immiscible liquid segregation; Immiscible-liquid-injection; Early magmatic deposit; Late magmatic deposit; Types of Magmatic Ore Deposits:Chromite; Fe-Ti (± V) oxides; Ni – Cu – Fe (± Pt) sulfides; Platinum Group Elements (PGEs); REE, and Zr in Carbonatites; Diamond in kimberlites.
The current ppt discusses the different types of lineations formed due to deformation.
Lineations are genetically related to the foliation planes on which they occur, particularly where both are shaped by mineral orientations. Therefore, the planar and linear fabrics are both together aspects of the same three-dimensional geometry, which is related to the shape of the finite strain ellipsoid or,
more important still, to the history of incremental strains.
Structural geology is the study of the three-dimensional of the rock units with respect to their deformational histories, Structure is spatial and geometrical configuration of rock components.
Structures are classified into two types:
Primary structures.
Secondary structures
Primary structures
Structures that form during deposition or crystallization of the rock, are the result of two processes:
Settling of solid particles from fluid medium in which they have been suspended, in most of the sedimentary rocks.
Crystallization of mineral grains from a liquid in which they have been dissolved as in igneous rocks.
Sedimentary basins are the depressions in the earth's crust where loose particles accumulate and finally lithified to form sedimentary rocks. Basins are particularly attractive to geoscientists from time immemorial due to the wealth hidden here in the form of oil, gas, coal etc. In this document you will find the types of basins, basin-fill types, methods of basin analysis and so on.
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What is fault?
Fault terminology
Fault plane:
Hanging wall
Foot wall
Slip and separation:
Separation
Classification of faults
Apparent movement as basis
Normal faults
Graben
Reverse faults:
Strike – slip faults
On the basis of altitude (dip and strike)
Mode of occurrences as basis
Parallel faults
Enechelon faults
Peripheral faults
Radial faults
On the basis of slip
Engineering consideration of faults
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The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
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Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
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Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
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The Indian economy is classified into different sectors to simplify the analysis and understanding of economic activities. For Class 10, it's essential to grasp the sectors of the Indian economy, understand their characteristics, and recognize their importance. This guide will provide detailed notes on the Sectors of the Indian Economy Class 10, using specific long-tail keywords to enhance comprehension.
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3. WHAT IS A FAULT?
A fault is a fracture, along which a
rock on one side move relative to the
rock on other side.
The real question is,
What is a fracture?
4. FAULT TERMINOLOGIES
• Fault plane
Planer surface along which rocks on opposite
side move.
• The walls:
1) Hanging wall
2) Foot wall
• Slips
1) strike slip
2) dip slip
3) oblique slip
5. NET SLIP
• Net slip is measured by the vector
that traces the displacement between
originally adjacent points.
• 3 components:
1-net slip
2- dip slip
3- strike slip
10. NORMAL FAULTS
• Also known as gravity faults by some geologist
• A detechmant fault is a special category of low
angle normal faults due to downhill sliding of rocks
from an uplifted region.
13. THRUST FAULT
• Thrust fault is a fault along which the
hanging wall moves up relative to foot wall
• Further classified into 3 types:
• Reverse fault: is thrust that dips > 45’
• Thrust: that dips <45’
• Overthrust: that dips < 10’ and has large net-
slip,
For example,
Longmen shan fault
Location: china
Status: active
15. STRIKE SLIP FAULTS
• Also called as wrench faults.
• walls slide pass each other or displacement
parallel to the strike.
• Further classify into 2 types:
• 1-Sinistral:Left lateral strike-slip fault (sinistral): Where
the side opposite the observer moves to the left.
• 2-dextral: Right lateral strike-slip fault (dextral): Where
the side opposite the observer moves to the right
Example is: an Andreas Fault..
16.
17. TEAR FAULTS
• Tear faults can be be defined as relatively small-scale,
local strike-slip faults that are associated with other
structures such as folds, thrust faults and normal faults
(Twiss and Moore 1992). The tear faults may be a result
of drastic lateral changes when the thrust front advances
or by differential shortening of the thrustal sheet. For
example as one part of the thrust sheet is shortened by
faulting and the other is shortened by folding, the
displacement is taken up by the tear fault. The
Jacksboro fault in the Appalachians is a good example
of a tear fault that segments the Pine Mountain Thrust
Belt (Twiss and Moores 1992).
19. STRIKE SLIP FAULTS
• It is also classified into transform faults and transcurrent
faults. Transform faults end at the junction of another
plate boundary or fault type, while transcurrent faults die
out without a junction. In addition, transform faults have
equal deformation across the entire fault line, while
transcurrent faults have greater displacement in the
middle of the fault zone and less on the margins. Finally,
transform faults can form a tectonic plate boundary,
while transcurrent faults cannot.
21. GEOMETRICAL CLASSIFICATION
i- rake of net slip
ii- attitude of fault w.r.t adjacent
beds.
iii- fault pattern
iv- apparent movement
v- dip of the fault
23. BASED ON RAKE OF NET SLIP
• Strike-slip Fault: in which netslip is parallel to strike of
fault. i.e strike=netslip and there is no dip slip.
• Dip-slip fault: in which netslip is up or down the dip of
the fault i.e dipslip=netslip and there is no strikeslip
component, rake of netslip=90’
• Diagonal-slip Fault: in which netslip is diagonally up or
down the fault plane. There is bothe strike slip and
dipslip component, rake of netslip>0’ but <90’
24. BASED ON ATTITUDE OF FAULT
REALATIVE TO ATTITUDE OF
ADJACENT BEDS
• Strike fault: that essentially parallel to the strike of
the adjacent rocks.
25. BASED ON ATTITUDE OF FAULT
REALATIVE TO ATTITUDE OF
ADJACENT BEDS
• Bedding Fault: is variety of strike fault that is
parallel to the bedding
26. BASED ON ATTITUDE OF FAULT
REALATIVE TO ATTITUDE OF
ADJACENT BEDS
• Dip Fault: strikes essentialy
parallel to the direction of
dip of the adjacent beds.
27. BASED ON ATTITUDE OF FAULT
REALATIVE TO ATTITUDE OF
ADJACENT BEDS
• Oblique/diagonal Fault: that strikes obliquely or
diagonally to the strike of the adjacent rocks.
29. BASED ON ATTITUDE OF FAULT
REALATIVE TO ATTITUDE OF
ADJACENT BEDS
• Longitudinal Fault: is parallel to the strikes of the
regional structure.
• Transverse Fault: strikes perpendicularly or
diagonally to the strike of the regional structure.
31. BASED ON FAULT PATTERN
• Parallel Faults: set of faults having same strike and
dip. (dip may be change).
• En echelon fault: are relatively short faults that
overlap each other.
32. BASED ON FAULT PATTERN
• Peripheral Faults: are circular or arcuate faults that
bounds a circular area.
• Radial Faults: belongs to a system of faults that
radiates out from a point.
33.
34. BASED ON VALUE OF DIP OF
FAULT
This is based on the angle of the dip
of the fault.
a- high angle faults: that dips greater
than 45’
b- low angle faults: that dips less
than 45’
35. BASED UPON APPARENT
MOVEMENT
• Apparent Normal Fault: in which hanging wall
appears to have gone downward relative to
footwall.
• Apparent Thrust Fault: in which hanging wall
appears to have gone upward relative to footwall.
36. SYNTHETIC AND ANTITHETIC
FAULTS
• Synthetic and antithetic faults are terms used to
describe minor faults associated with a major fault.
Synthetic faults dip in the same direction as the
major fault while the antithetic faults dip in the
opposite direction. These faults may be
accompanied by rollover anticlines (e.g. the Niger
Delta Structural Style).
37. LISTRIC FAULTS
• listric faults can be defined as curved normal faults
in which the fault surface in concave upwards; its
dip decreases with depth. These faults also occur in
extension zones where there is a main detachment
fracture following a curved path rather than a planar
path.
38. DETACHMENT FAULTS
• Detachment faulting is associated with large-
scale extensional tectonics. Detachment faults often
have very large displacements (tens of km)
40. CRITERIA FOR FAULTING
• Several criteria are there, some of them
are discussed here:
1- discontinuity of structure
2- repetition or omission of strata
3- feature/characteristics of fault plane
4- silicification and mineralization
5- sudden change in sedimentary facies
6- physiographic data
45. GOUGE, BRECCIA & MYLONITE
• These are identified on the basis of size and
percentage of matrix given by:
Gouge : <0.1mm (30% matrix)
Breccia : >0.5 to <1mm (30% matrix)
Megabreccia: >0.5 mm (30% matrix)
Microbreccia <1mm (30% matrix)
Mylonite: <50 micrometer (50% matrix)
46. SILICIFICATION AND
MINERALIZATION
• Silicification is the process in which
a rock’s part is replaced due to
solution passage from the fractures.
• Due to different type of solution
precipetation, mineralization may also
found in faults.
47.
48.
49.
50. SUDDEN CHANGE IN
SEDIMENTARY FACIES
• By horizontal displacement, different
sedimentary facies of the same age
come in contact with each other.
51. PHYSIOGRAPHIC DATA
• Scarp: features that show a sudden
increase in slope and indicate the
presence of faults.
52. IMPORTANCE OF FAULTS
• This trap is formed by the movement
of permeable and impermeable layers of rock along
a fault line. The permeable reservoir rock faults
such that it is now adjacent to an impermeable rock,
preventing hydrocarbons from further migration.
53. MAJOR FAULTS OF PAKISTAN
• 1. Main Karakoram Thrust
• 2. Raikot Fault
• 3. Panjal-Khairabad Thrust
• 4. Riasi Thrust
• 5. Salt Range Thrust
• 6. Bannu Fault
• 7. Chaman Transform Fault
• 8. Quetta-Chiltan Fault
• 9. Pab Fault