1) There are several methods for accurately setting out and measuring angles on a construction site, including using a builders square, the 3:4:5 method, optical equipment, and satellite navigation.
2) Setting out a rectangular building involves establishing corner points and boundary lines, measuring lengths and checking for square corners using the building diagonals.
3) Temporary corner profiles are erected and marked with setting out lines to aid in transferring measurements underground once excavation is complete.
Introduction of surveying in Civil Engineering.MD Sakib Hasan
Did you know about surveying ? Surveying is an integral part of Civil Engineering discipline. you will able to know about ,what is surveying ? and learn about it can be use in many fields and for many purposes .
*Introduction
*Controls For Setting Out
*Horizontal control
*Vertical control
*SETTING OUT A BUILDING
*The equipment required for the job
*Method(1):-By using a Circumscribing Rectangle
*Method(2):- By using centre-line-rectangle
* Setting out of culverts
*SETTING OUT A TUNNEL
Metric Chain : It Consists of galvanized mild steel wire of 4mm diameter known as link.
It is available in 20m, 30m, 50m length which consists of 100 links.
Gunter’s Chain : A 66 feet long chain consists of 100 links, each of 0.66 feet, it is known as Gunter’s chain.
This chain is suitable for taking length in miles.
Engineer’s Chain : A 100 feet long chain consisting of 100 links each of 1 feet is known as engineer’s chain.
This chain is used to measure length in feet and area in sq.yard.
Revenue Chain : it is 33 feet long chain consisting of 16 links.
This chain is used for distance measurements in feet & inches for smaller areas.
In this lecture we will cover
Applications of levelling
Equipment and procedures
Purposes of levelling
Some definitions
Applications
Longitudinal sections and cross sections
Plotting the profile
Procedure of profile
Procedure of cross-section:
Plotting the cross-section:
Prepared by:
Asst. Prof. Salar K.Hussein
Mr. Kamal Y.Abdullah
Asst.Lecturer. Dilveen H. Omar
Erbil Polytechnic University
Technical Engineering College
Civil Engineering Department
in this presentation, we should discuss what is the need for a survey in bridge construction site and what are the needed equipment use in construction. in this presentation, you should learn about how to locate activity of bridge construction.the different method should be learning in this presentation and it more effectively. it is more helpful in your career growth.
thank you
ASWINI & SAGAR
Introduction of surveying in Civil Engineering.MD Sakib Hasan
Did you know about surveying ? Surveying is an integral part of Civil Engineering discipline. you will able to know about ,what is surveying ? and learn about it can be use in many fields and for many purposes .
*Introduction
*Controls For Setting Out
*Horizontal control
*Vertical control
*SETTING OUT A BUILDING
*The equipment required for the job
*Method(1):-By using a Circumscribing Rectangle
*Method(2):- By using centre-line-rectangle
* Setting out of culverts
*SETTING OUT A TUNNEL
Metric Chain : It Consists of galvanized mild steel wire of 4mm diameter known as link.
It is available in 20m, 30m, 50m length which consists of 100 links.
Gunter’s Chain : A 66 feet long chain consists of 100 links, each of 0.66 feet, it is known as Gunter’s chain.
This chain is suitable for taking length in miles.
Engineer’s Chain : A 100 feet long chain consisting of 100 links each of 1 feet is known as engineer’s chain.
This chain is used to measure length in feet and area in sq.yard.
Revenue Chain : it is 33 feet long chain consisting of 16 links.
This chain is used for distance measurements in feet & inches for smaller areas.
In this lecture we will cover
Applications of levelling
Equipment and procedures
Purposes of levelling
Some definitions
Applications
Longitudinal sections and cross sections
Plotting the profile
Procedure of profile
Procedure of cross-section:
Plotting the cross-section:
Prepared by:
Asst. Prof. Salar K.Hussein
Mr. Kamal Y.Abdullah
Asst.Lecturer. Dilveen H. Omar
Erbil Polytechnic University
Technical Engineering College
Civil Engineering Department
in this presentation, we should discuss what is the need for a survey in bridge construction site and what are the needed equipment use in construction. in this presentation, you should learn about how to locate activity of bridge construction.the different method should be learning in this presentation and it more effectively. it is more helpful in your career growth.
thank you
ASWINI & SAGAR
A presentation with exhaustive information about the general idea of formwork, the various types, the newest introductions and a comparative study between the conventional and modern-day formwork.
It also includes the study of causes of failure of formwork and the safety measures to be taken for preventing failure.
La desviación permitida de los pilotes de la verticalidad se menciona en prácticamente todas las especificaciones de pilotes,
con valores típicos que van del 1,33 al 2 por ciento. Del mismo modo, las especificaciones también limitan la tolerancia de rastrillado
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El razonamiento detrás de esta restricción para los cimientos piloteados no se comprende bien. Simulación de elementos finitos
realizado ha demostrado que superar los límites anteriores puede introducir grandes momentos flectores y fuerzas cortantes
en pilotes diseñados estrictamente para cargas axiales e incluso pueden provocar fallas estructurales.
The main outcome of this project is the construction sequence of HMR which primarily starts with excavation, erection of piers, launching girder process and assembling of segments. This project clearly gives a brief knowledge on how the post tensioning and pre stressing works are held at off site and onsite. This project enlightens about the safety requirements and measures taken during the pre-casting works and at on site works.
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Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
Students, digital devices and success - Andreas Schleicher - 27 May 2024..pptxEduSkills OECD
Andreas Schleicher presents at the OECD webinar ‘Digital devices in schools: detrimental distraction or secret to success?’ on 27 May 2024. The presentation was based on findings from PISA 2022 results and the webinar helped launch the PISA in Focus ‘Managing screen time: How to protect and equip students against distraction’ https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/education/managing-screen-time_7c225af4-en and the OECD Education Policy Perspective ‘Students, digital devices and success’ can be found here - https://oe.cd/il/5yV
Solid waste management & Types of Basic civil Engineering notes by DJ Sir.pptxDenish Jangid
Solid waste management & Types of Basic civil Engineering notes by DJ Sir
Types of SWM
Liquid wastes
Gaseous wastes
Solid wastes.
CLASSIFICATION OF SOLID WASTE:
Based on their sources of origin
Based on physical nature
SYSTEMS FOR SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT:
METHODS FOR DISPOSAL OF THE SOLID WASTE:
OPEN DUMPS:
LANDFILLS:
Sanitary landfills
COMPOSTING
Different stages of composting
VERMICOMPOSTING:
Vermicomposting process:
Encapsulation:
Incineration
MANAGEMENT OF SOLID WASTE:
Refuse
Reuse
Recycle
Reduce
FACTORS AFFECTING SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT:
Basic Civil Engineering Notes of Chapter-6, Topic- Ecosystem, Biodiversity Green house effect & Hydrological cycle
Types of Ecosystem
(1) Natural Ecosystem
(2) Artificial Ecosystem
component of ecosystem
Biotic Components
Abiotic Components
Producers
Consumers
Decomposers
Functions of Ecosystem
Types of Biodiversity
Genetic Biodiversity
Species Biodiversity
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The Art Pastor's Guide to Sabbath | Steve ThomasonSteve Thomason
What is the purpose of the Sabbath Law in the Torah. It is interesting to compare how the context of the law shifts from Exodus to Deuteronomy. Who gets to rest, and why?
The Indian economy is classified into different sectors to simplify the analysis and understanding of economic activities. For Class 10, it's essential to grasp the sectors of the Indian economy, understand their characteristics, and recognize their importance. This guide will provide detailed notes on the Sectors of the Indian Economy Class 10, using specific long-tail keywords to enhance comprehension.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
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Bills have a main role in point of sale procedure. It will help to track sales, handling payments and giving receipts to customers. Bill splitting also has an important role in POS. For example, If some friends come together for dinner and if they want to divide the bill then it is possible by POS bill splitting. This slide will show how to split bills in odoo 17 POS.
3. SETTING OUT
For measuring when setting out, builders may use a 30
metre setting out tape.
The tape measure can be either made of fabric or metal.
With constant use and pulling the tape tight a fabric tape
could tend to stretch which could give an incorrect reading.
Wipe all tapes clean after use and to maintain a metal tape,
lightly lubricate it with oil
4. SETTING OUT A 90 DEGREE
ANGLE (SQUARE)
For ease of construction and to keep building costs to a
minimum the majority of buildings are made up of a collection of
squares and rectangles. Squares and rectangles all have
angles/corners at 90 degrees.
There are several ways to set out or check a right angle on site.
5. BUILDERS SQUARE
Never presume that the square is accurate. It may have been
made faulty or damaged through use or neglect.
To check a square for accuracy lay it on a flat surface and draw
round the 90 degree end. Totally reverse the square and place it on
the lines you have just drawn. If the square follows the lines, it is
accurate, if it shows different it is faulty.
6. 3:4:5 METHOD
This method is also known as Pythagoras. A triangle having
sides measuring 3m, 4m & 5m, creates a perfect 90 degree
angle, at the corner. By using this method builders are able to
set out a square corner using just a tape measure.
A B
C
3m
5m
90
degrees
4m
7. SETTING OUT OTHER ANGLES
90 degree angles, and other angles, can also be set out using
optical equipment, such as a Site Square or a Theodolite.
Nowadays it is quite commonplace to use equipment
incorporating a laser beam and setting out buildings can now
be achieved with the use of satellite navigation.
8. SET OUT A 45° / 135° ANGLE
(FROM POINT A)
EQUIPMENT REQUIRED =
STRAIGHT-EDGE / BUILDERS SQUARE
CHALK OR PENCIL / TAPE MEASURE.
1.EXTEND WALL LINE XA TO B.
2.MEASURE ANY DISTANCE FROM A
(600mm) TO FIND POINT B.
3.DRAW LINE BC AT 90° TO LINE XB (USE
BUILDERS SQUARE OR 3:4:5 METHOD)
4.MEASURE FROM B TO C (600mm) –
same distance as in Step 2.
5.JOIN POINTS A TO C.
6.LINE AC CREATES A 45° ANGLE WITH
LINE BX & ALSO CREATES A 135° AT THE
ANGLE AT CAX
SETTING OUT OTHER ANGLES
C
135° 45°
A
X
B
IN A SQUARE ALL THE
ANGLES ARE 90°.
BY DRAWING A LINE
FROM CORNER TO
CORNER THE ANGLES
HAVE BEEN HALVED.
9. SET OUT A 60° / 120° ANGLE
(FROM POINT A)
EQUIPMENT REQUIRED =
STRAIGHT-EDGE / CHALK OR PENCIL / TAPE MEASURE / TRAMMEL SET
COMPASS OR LINE
STEP 1
1. EXTEND LINE XA.
USING A COMPASS SET AT ANY DISTANCE ((600mm) OR A PIECE OF LINE
AND CHALK SCRIBE AN ARC TO CREATE POINT B.
STEP 1
1. EXTEND LINE XA.
USING A COMPASS SET AT ANY
DISTANCE ((600mm) OR A PIECE OF
LINE AND CHALK SCRIBE AN ARC TO
CREATE POINT B.
X
A
C
B
10. STEP 2
PLACE COMPASS POINT ON B, WITH COMPASS SET TO SAME
DISTANCE, AND SCRIBE AN ARC, INTERSECTING THE PREVIOUS
ARC TO CREATE POINT C
X BA
11. STEP 3
DRAW A LINE FROM A TO C. THIS LINE CREATES A 60° & A 120°
ANGLE TO THE BASE LINE
BY JOINING B TO C CREATES AN EQUILATERAL TRIANGLE. THIS
SHAPE HAS ALL 3 ANGLES EQUAL
TO 60°
120° 60°
BAX
C
12. THE BUILDING LINE
This is an ‘imaginary’ line, determined by the Local Authority Highways
Department. This line is usually a measurement taken back from a
point on the highway – maybe the centre of the nearest road, the kerb
line of the pavement, or a manhole in the roadway.
Its’ function is for any possible future road widening; therefore to
make sure that any new construction will be far enough back from the
highway. Any infringement of this measurement could result in fines
or legal proceedings to remove any construction in front of this set
measurement.
Contacting the Highways Dept. will position this line. Consider that if
the construction faces more than one roadway, there could be more
than one Building Line measurement required.
14. SETTING OUT A RECTANGULAR
BUILDING
Setting out is required to locate the position of a building on the
ground. The setting out determines the positions of the walls,
which in turn determine where the ground is to be excavated and
the concrete poured, to create the foundation trenches.
EQUIPMENT REQUIRED:-
DRAWING / 30M TAPE / 3M TAPE/ STEEL SETTING
OUT PINS / LUMP HAMMER
15. STEP 1
AFTER DETERMINING THE
POSITION OF THE BUILDING
LINE, SET OUT USING
STEEL PINS AND BUILDING
LINE TO POSITION THE
FRONTAGE LINE (AB) OF
THE NEW BUILDING
STEP 2
DETERMINE ONE OF THE
FRONT CORNERS (A) AND
SET LINE (AC), SQUARE TO
THE FRONTAGE LINE.
FRONTAGE LINE
C
A
B
D
STEP 3
MEASURE THE LENGTH OF
THE BUILDING ( A – B)
AND ESTABLISH POINT B.
STEP 4
ERECT LINE BD, MAKING
SURE THE ANGLE AT B IS
90 DEGREES.
C
A
16. CHECKING THE DIAGONALS
STEP 5
MEASURE THE WIDTH OF
THE BUILDING, A-C & B-D.
POSITION A LINE FROM
THESE 2 POINTS TO
COMPLETE THE
RECTANGLE.
D
C
B
A
STEP 6
TAKE A MEASUREMENT
FROM CORNER TO CORNER
(A - D & B - C). WHATEVER
A – D MEASURES THEN
B – C MUST MEASURE THE
SAME. IF BOTH
DIMENSIONS ARE THE SAME
THAT MEANS THAT EACH
CORNER IS PERFECTLY
SQUARE. IF DIMENSIONS
DIFFER THEN THE SETTING
OUT PROCESS MUST BE RE-
CHECKED FOR FAULTS.
STEP 7
AS A FINAL CHECK,
RE-CHECK ALL THE
DIMENSIONS FOR
ACCURACY
DC
BA
17. The next process is to erect CORNER PROFILES, set back from each corner.
As shown above, timber pegs are driven into the ground and a timber profile board
nailed across.
SETTING
OUT LINE
PROFILE
BOARD SIZE
APPROX.
75mm x 30mm
TIMBER PEGS APPROX.
50mm x 50mm
STEEL
SETTING
OUT PIN
SETTING
OUT LINE
18. CORNER PROFILES
Because the steel setting out pins will need to be removed for
excavation of the building, each timber corner profile, because it is set
back, can remain in position whilst the building foundations are
removed/excavated.
The setting out lines are extended from the steel setting out pins and the
positions of each line marked onto the profile board. When the
bricklayer begins to set out the external walls he/she can attach the lines
onto the relevant marks, without the need for having to set out the
building again.
19. THE POSITIONING OF SETTING OUT
PROFILES FOR A TYPICAL BUILDING
The setting out profiles are set back from the building so that they will
not get hit by machinery working on the excavation. If excavation was
to be carried out by hand the profiles could be positioned closer to the
works.
20. When the foundation concrete has set the original setting out lines are fastened to
the setting out profiles, once again.
The bricklayer now needs to transfer the lines positions onto the concrete
foundation.
This is achieved by carefully plumbing down where the lines travel and marking this
onto the concrete. These marks represent the positions of the walls from above
ground to below ground.
LINES PLUMBED DOWN AND POSITIONS
MARKED ON TO THIN SMEAR OF MORTAR.
BRICKWORK CAN THEN BE SET OUT, BELOW
GROUND LEVEL, IN THE CORRECT POSITION.
21. LEVELLING
Initially all four corners of a building will have to be built up to the same level.
This is usually firstly achieved for the horizontal damp proof level, which is generally 150 mm, above finished
ground level.
All buildings have a levelling DATUM point. This datum would be shown on the working drawing and it is quite
often the ground floor finished floor level, shown as F.F.L. More often than not this level is usually the same as
the D.P.C. level.
To find the F.F.L. / D.P.C. level of a proposed new building it may be necessary to transfer a level from a datum
elsewhere, possibly a long way away. This would be one of the first tasks to be done on a construction site and a
surveyor would set up the SITE DATUM or TEMPORARY BENCH MARK.
22. site datum or temporary bench mark is a point
where all levels, either above ground, or below
ground are initially taken from. can be a length
of steel angle iron set firmly into the ground
and surrounded by concrete. to protect the
datum from damage, by plant, it would be
positioned away from activities and
surrounded by a fence.
Symbol relating to a datum point
23. For greater distances more accurate devices
are required, such as :-
DUMPY LEVEL
QUICK SET LEVEL
TILTING LEVEL (AUTOMATIC)
THEODOLITE
LASER LEVEL