Leveling is a surveying technique used to determine differences in elevation between points. It involves measuring vertical distances between a fixed benchmark and other points using a leveling instrument, leveling rod, and trigonometric leveling. There are two main methods for leveling - the height of instrument method and rise and fall method. Leveling is used to establish elevations, construct contour maps, and determine cut/fill volumes for engineering projects.
Introduction to surveying, ranging and chainingShital Navghare
This presentation contains the complete introduction of surveying. It also includes all the instrucments used in linear measurement and the terms related to Ranging and Chaining
Introduction to surveying, ranging and chainingShital Navghare
This presentation contains the complete introduction of surveying. It also includes all the instrucments used in linear measurement and the terms related to Ranging and Chaining
Course Contents:
Introduction; Linear measurements; Analysis and adjustment of measurements, Survey methods: coordinate systems, bearings, horizontal control, traversing, triangulation, detail surveying; Orientation and position; Areas and volumes; Setting out; Curve ranging; Global Positioning system (GPS); Photogrammetry.
Measuring of Horizontal angle Practical PartBahzad5
Surveying Engineering
Plane and Applied surveying 2
Theodolite practical part 1
Report number(1)
Report name: Setting up Theodolite Instrument Measuring Horizontal and Vertical Angle.
Apparatus:
Theodolite Instrument 1 No.
Tripod 1 No.
Pin 3 Nos.
Tape 1 No.
Range pole 2 Nos.
Object :
1. To perform temporary adjustment of theodolite instrument
2. Measuring of Horizontal angle H.A Face Left (F.L) and face right(F.R) .
3. Measuring of Vertical angle V.A Face Left (F.L) and face right(F.R)
Measuring Horizontal Angle
There are three methods of measuring horizontal angles:
i) Ordinary Method
ii) Repetition Method.
iii) Reiteration Method.
Angular measurement :
Angular measurement is made using surveying instruments which measure
both horizontally and vertically in degrees. Degrees are sexagesimal units which are subdivided into minutes and seconds in exactly the same manner as time.
Calculation and Measuring Horizontal Angle
i)Ordinary Method. To measure horizontal angle:
1-Set up the theodolite at station point ( O)
Direct telescope to point A and set the horizontal angle to the zero or 360°.
2-Turn the instrument clockwise and direct the telescope towards B and read the horizontal B and record both the readings.
3-The reading angles at B gives the
value of the angle AOB directly.
4-Change the face of the instrument
and repeat the whole process. The mean of the two readings gives
the second value of the angle AOB which should be approximately or
exactly equal to the previous value.
5-The mean of the two values of the angle AOB ,one with face left
and the other with face right ,gives the ,required angle free from all
instrumental errors.
ii) Repetition Method.
This method is used for very accurate work.
The No. of repetitions made usually in this method is
six, three with the face left and three with the face right
.In this way ,angles can be measured to a finer degree of
accuracy .
iii) Reiteration Method
It is generally preferred when several angles are to be
measured at a particular station.
This method consists in measuring several
angles successively and finally closing the Horizon at the starting point. The final reading of the point A should be same as its initial reading.
*Measuring Vertical Angle
Vertical Angle :
A vertical angle is an angle between the inclined line of sight and the horizontal. It may be an angle of elevation or depression according as the object is above or below the horizontal plane.
Prepared by:
Asst. Prof. Salar K.Hussein
Mr. Kamal Y.Abdullah
Asst.Lecturer. Dilveen H. Omar
Erbil Polytechnic University
Technical Engineering College
Civil Engineering Department
Plane Table Surveying is a graphical method of survey in which the field observations and plotting are done simultaneously.
It is simple and cheaper than theodolite survey. It is most suitable for small scale maps.
The plan is drawn by the surveyor in the field, while the area to be surveyed is before his eyes. Therefore, there is no possibility of omitting the necessary measurements.
Course Contents:
Introduction; Linear measurements; Analysis and adjustment of measurements, Survey methods: coordinate systems, bearings, horizontal control, traversing, triangulation, detail surveying; Orientation and position; Areas and volumes; Setting out; Curve ranging; Global Positioning system (GPS); Photogrammetry.
Measuring of Horizontal angle Practical PartBahzad5
Surveying Engineering
Plane and Applied surveying 2
Theodolite practical part 1
Report number(1)
Report name: Setting up Theodolite Instrument Measuring Horizontal and Vertical Angle.
Apparatus:
Theodolite Instrument 1 No.
Tripod 1 No.
Pin 3 Nos.
Tape 1 No.
Range pole 2 Nos.
Object :
1. To perform temporary adjustment of theodolite instrument
2. Measuring of Horizontal angle H.A Face Left (F.L) and face right(F.R) .
3. Measuring of Vertical angle V.A Face Left (F.L) and face right(F.R)
Measuring Horizontal Angle
There are three methods of measuring horizontal angles:
i) Ordinary Method
ii) Repetition Method.
iii) Reiteration Method.
Angular measurement :
Angular measurement is made using surveying instruments which measure
both horizontally and vertically in degrees. Degrees are sexagesimal units which are subdivided into minutes and seconds in exactly the same manner as time.
Calculation and Measuring Horizontal Angle
i)Ordinary Method. To measure horizontal angle:
1-Set up the theodolite at station point ( O)
Direct telescope to point A and set the horizontal angle to the zero or 360°.
2-Turn the instrument clockwise and direct the telescope towards B and read the horizontal B and record both the readings.
3-The reading angles at B gives the
value of the angle AOB directly.
4-Change the face of the instrument
and repeat the whole process. The mean of the two readings gives
the second value of the angle AOB which should be approximately or
exactly equal to the previous value.
5-The mean of the two values of the angle AOB ,one with face left
and the other with face right ,gives the ,required angle free from all
instrumental errors.
ii) Repetition Method.
This method is used for very accurate work.
The No. of repetitions made usually in this method is
six, three with the face left and three with the face right
.In this way ,angles can be measured to a finer degree of
accuracy .
iii) Reiteration Method
It is generally preferred when several angles are to be
measured at a particular station.
This method consists in measuring several
angles successively and finally closing the Horizon at the starting point. The final reading of the point A should be same as its initial reading.
*Measuring Vertical Angle
Vertical Angle :
A vertical angle is an angle between the inclined line of sight and the horizontal. It may be an angle of elevation or depression according as the object is above or below the horizontal plane.
Prepared by:
Asst. Prof. Salar K.Hussein
Mr. Kamal Y.Abdullah
Asst.Lecturer. Dilveen H. Omar
Erbil Polytechnic University
Technical Engineering College
Civil Engineering Department
Plane Table Surveying is a graphical method of survey in which the field observations and plotting are done simultaneously.
It is simple and cheaper than theodolite survey. It is most suitable for small scale maps.
The plan is drawn by the surveyor in the field, while the area to be surveyed is before his eyes. Therefore, there is no possibility of omitting the necessary measurements.
Report Assignment 1 for Site Surveying module which requires us to do levelling measurement around the campus carpark, for the Bachelor of Quantity Surveying (BQS) Course Semester 2, Taylor's University Lakeside Campus
Contouring - Surveying...for civil Engineering and Architecture..Pramesh Hada
Contouring - Surveying...for civil Engineering and Architecture students. It contains all the syllabus according to Pokhara University, Nepal
---By Assistant Professor. Pramesh Hada
Nepal Engineering College
CHangunarayan, Bhaktapur
information on types of beams, different methods to calculate beam stress, design for shear, analysis for SRB flexure, design for flexure, Design procedure for doubly reinforced beam,
NIFTY FIFTY : - Indian Bench Mark Index Nifty has given breakout of its weekly target 8598 and made a high of 8672 Last week Nifty closed at 8641 after making a low of 8327. The Nifty Index rallied by 3.5% in
last week. Bull has shown strong control on Indian Market on Friday,
Level line - Horizontal line - Levels and Staves, Sprit level – Sensitiveness, Bench marks - Temporary and permanent
adjustments, Fly and Check leveling, Booking, reduction, Curvature and Refraction – reciprocal leveling - Longitudinal and cross sections
DEFINATION :-
The art of determining the relative heights of different points on , below or above the surface of the earth
Deals with measurement in – vertical plane
Aim – to determine relative height of different points - on , below or above the surface of the earth , to find undulation of the ground
Introduction to Surveying LEVELLING PROCEDURESBahzad5
Introduction to Surveying LEVELLING PROCEDURES
Review of levelling
• In this lecture we will cover :
Equipment and procedures
Purposes of levelling
Some definitions
Reading a staff
Temporary adjustment of level
Booking and reduction
Methods of booking
Applications
Leveling:-
Leveling defined as an operation for the measurement of the
difference in the elevation between points or for the determination
of the elevation of certain points above some given plane or
surface known as the datum surface , generally is taken as the
mean sea level (M S L)
Leveling
Is a type of surveying which is carried out for finding difference in
heights in engineering projects. Leveling is required for various
purposes such as for
calculation of the depth of cutting and fillings, for setting out
grades for sewerage and pipe lines, etc.
Types of Leveling and Application
I. Direct Methods :
II. Indirect Leveling
1. Simple Levelling .
2. Compound Levelling or Differential Levelling.
3.Flying Levelling.
4-Contours map
5. Longitudinal or profile Levelling.
6. Cross-section Levelling.
7.Reciprocal Levelling.
8-Precise Levelling.
Level instrument
Types of Level Instruments & Parts of level instrument
1. Dumpy Level
2. Tilting Level
3. Automatic Level
4. Electronic Level
5. Hand Level
6-Digital level
-Temporary adjustment of level.
-The procedure is repeated.. till the bubble remains in the center in both the positions.
-Leveling staves
*Types of Staff (Rod).
Reading Staff.
What is Leveling?
Prepared by:
Asst. Prof. Salar K.Hussein
Mr. Kamal Y.Abdullah
Asst.Lecturer. Dilveen H. Omar
Erbil Polytechnic University
Technical Engineering College
Civil Engineering Department
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
Francesca Gottschalk - How can education support child empowerment.pptxEduSkills OECD
Francesca Gottschalk from the OECD’s Centre for Educational Research and Innovation presents at the Ask an Expert Webinar: How can education support child empowerment?
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
Safalta Digital marketing institute in Noida, provide complete applications that encompass a huge range of virtual advertising and marketing additives, which includes search engine optimization, virtual communication advertising, pay-per-click on marketing, content material advertising, internet analytics, and greater. These university courses are designed for students who possess a comprehensive understanding of virtual marketing strategies and attributes.Safalta Digital Marketing Institute in Noida is a first choice for young individuals or students who are looking to start their careers in the field of digital advertising. The institute gives specialized courses designed and certification.
for beginners, providing thorough training in areas such as SEO, digital communication marketing, and PPC training in Noida. After finishing the program, students receive the certifications recognised by top different universitie, setting a strong foundation for a successful career in digital marketing.
2. LEVELLING
According to science
• Leveling is a branch of surveying which deals with the measurement
of relative heights of different points on, above or below the
surface of the earth. Thus in leveling, the measurements
(elevations) are taken in the vertical plane.
Simple Definition
• Leveling is the process used to determine a difference in elevation
between two points.
2
3. Definitions
• Station:- A point where the levelling staff is kept.
• Height of instrument:- It is the elevation of the plane of sight with
respect to assumed datum. It is also known as plane of collimation.
• Datum line ( M.S.L. ) :- Is the level (line) which are attributed to it
points levels on the surface of the Earth. Which is the average sea
level.
• Reduced level ( R.L) :- Is the high point from datum line.
• Benchmark (B .M ) :- Are fixed points information site and
attributed placed in different places until you start racing them
when conducting settlement .
• Back sight ( B.S.) :- Is the first reading taken after placing the device
in any position so that we see the greatest possible number of
points required to find the elevation .
3
5. • Fore sight (F.S) :- Is the last reading taken before the transfer device.
• Change point(CP) or turning point(TP): The point at which both BS
and FS are taken.
• Intermediate sight ( I.S.) :- Is reading taken between the back sight
and fore sight reading .
• Elevation of line of sight ( H.I) :- Is the imaginary vertical level
determined by the line of sight to the amount of increase or
decrease for sea level .
5
6. • Tripod stand :- is a portable three-legged frame, used as a platform
for supporting the weight and maintaining the stability of some
other object.
PLUMB BOBTRIPOD STAND TRIPOD STAND
6
8. • Leveling Staff :-Is a wooden or metal ruler one side runway to meters
and centimeters. And is a ruler of solid wood 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 meters in
length and usually 4 meters .
8
9. • Leveling of the instrument is done to make the vertical axis of the
instrument truly vertical. It is achieved by carrying out the
following steps:
• Step 1: The level tube is brought parallel to any two of the foot
screws, by rotating the upper part of the instrument.
• Step 2: The bubble is brought to the centre of the level tube by
rotating both the foot screws either inward or outward. (The bubble
moves in the same direction as the left thumb.)
• Step 3: The level tube is then brought over the third foot screw again
by rotating the upper part of the instrument.
• Step 4: The bubble is then again brought to the centre of the level
tube by rotating the third foot screw either inward or outward.
9
10. • Step 5: By rotating the upper part of the instrument through 180 ° ,
the level tube is brought parallel to first two foot screws in reverse
order. The bubble will remain in the centre if the instrument is in
permanent adjustment.
10
11. TYPES OF LEVELLING
1] Simple levelling
2] Differential levelling
3] Fly levelling
4] Profile levelling
5] Cross sectional levelling
6] Reciprocal levelling
There are two methods for obtaining the elevations at different points:
1] Height of instrument (or plane of collimation) method
2] Rise and fall method
11
12. Simple levelling:-
• When the difference in the elevation of two nearby points is
required then simple levelling is performed.
12
14. Fly levelling
• Performed when the work site is very far away from the bench
mark.
• The surveyor starts by taking BS at BM and proceed towards
worksite till he finds a suitable place for temporary BM. All works
are done with respect to temporary BM.
• At the end of the day the surveyor comes back to original BM.
• This is called fly levelling.
14
15. Profile levelling:-
•Profile levelling, which yields elevations at definite points along a
reference line, provides the needed data for designing facilities such as
highways, railroads, transmission lines.
•Reduced levels at various points at regular interval along the line is
calculated.
•After getting the RL of various points the profile is drawn. Normally
vertical scale is much larger than horizontal scale for the clear view of
the profile.
15
17. METHODS
1] Height of Instrument method
• The basic equations are
• Height of instrument for the first setting= RL of BM + BS(at BM)
• Subtract the IS and FS from HI to get RL of intermediate stations
and change points.
• Checking: ΣBS -ΣFS = Last RL –First RL. This is –ve for FALL and +ve
for RISE.
17
19. METHODS
2] Rise and Fall method
• In this method the difference of the present staff reading is
subtracted from the previous staff reading.
• Previous reading –present staff reading = +ve, denotes RISE
• Previous reading –present staff reading = -ve, denotes FALL
• Checking: ΣBS -ΣFS = Last RL –First RL= ΣRise -ΣFall
19
21. BENCH MARK ELEVATED
e.g. 100m
?
TOP OF SLOPE
FIND THE DIFFERENT BETWEEN BENCH
MARK AND TOP OF SLOPE
Divide hill into 3 spots to make easier
Otherwise too far to see or level staff not
long enough
Back sight
9 m
Rotate dumpy round
Move level staff to new spot
Fore sight
2 m
Move dumpy level to new spot
Back sight
6 m
Fore sight
1 m
Rotate dumpy round
Move level staff to new spot
21
22. Ground
level
Back sight
[from dumpy
level]
Height of instrument
[ground level+ back sight
from dumpy level]
Fore sight
[from dumpy
level]
Height of new
point [height of
instrument fore
sight]
Bench
mark
100 9 109 2 107
107 6 113 1 112
Back sight
9 m
Fore sight
2 m
Back sight
6 m
Fore sight
1 m
Level of dumpy=109m
Level of dumpy=113m
9m
100m+
9m
6m
6m+107m
1m
2m
BENCH MARK ELEVATED
e.g. 100m
SO THE DIFFERENCE
IN HEIGHT IS
112-100=12M
22
24. • Contours are those lines you can
see on OS maps.
• A contour line is an imaginary
line that joins points of equal
height above sea level.
• They can be used to learn about
the shape of the land (the relief).
• A map with only a few contour
lines will be flat (and often low
lying)
• If a map has lots of contours it is
a mountainous or hilly area.
• The actual pattern of the lines
will tell you more detail about
the area too.
Steep slopes
Area that is
flatter with only
a gentle slope
24
25. CONTOURS
• Contour An imaginary line on the ground surface joining the points
of equal elevation is known as contour.
• In other words, contour is a line in which the ground surface is
intersected by a level surface obtained by joining points of equal
elevation. This line on the map represents a contour and is called
contour line.
• Contour Map :-A map showing contour lines is known as Contour
map.
• A contour map gives an idea of the altitudes of the surface features
as well as their relative positions in plan serves the purpose of both,
a plan and a section.
25
26. Contouring
• The process of tracing contour lines on the surface of the earth is called
Contouring.
• PURPOSE OF CONTOURING
• Contour survey is carried out at the starting of any engineering
project such as a road, a railway, a canal, a dam, a building etc.
i) For preparing contour maps in order to select the most economical
or suitable site.
ii) To locate the alignment of a canal so that it should follow a ridge
line.
iii) To mark the alignment of roads and railways so that the quantity of
earthwork both in cutting and filling should be minimum.
26
27. iv) For getting information about the ground whether it is flat,
undulating or mountainous.
v) To find the capacity of a reservoir and volume of earthwork
especially in a mountainous region.
vi) To trace out the given grade of a particular route.
vii)To locate the physical features of the ground such as a pond
depression, hill, steep or small slopes.
27
28. METHODS OF CONTOURING
• There are mainly two methods of
locating contours:-
(1)Direct Method and
(2) Indirect Method.
28
29. 1] Direct Method:
• In this method, the contours to be
located are directly traced out in the
field by locating and marking a
number of points on each contour.
• These points are then surveyed and
plotted on plan and the contours
drawn through them.
• This method is most accurate but
very slow and tedious as a lot of time
is wasted in searching points of the
same elevation for a contour.
• This is suitable for small area and
where great accuracy is required
29
DIRECT METHOD OF
CONTOURING
50
48
B.M.
46
30. Procedure:
• To start with, a temporary B.M is established near the area to be
surveyed with reference to a permanent B.M by fly levelling.
• The level is then set up in such a position so that the maximum
number of points can be commanded from the instrument station.
• The height of instrument is determined by taking a back sight on the
B.M. and adding it to the R.L. of bench mark.
• The staff reading required to fix points on the various contours is
determined by subtracting the R.L. of each of the contours from the
height of instrument.
30
31. 2. INDIRECT METHOD
• In this method the points located and surveyed are not necessarily
on the contour lines but the spot levels are taken along the series of
lines laid out over the area .
• The spot levels of the several representative points representing
hills, depressions, ridge and valley lines and the changes in the
slope all over the area to be contoured are also observed.
• Their positions are then plotted on the plan and the contours drawn
by interpolation.
• This method of contouring is also known as contouring by spot
levels.
31
32. • This method is commonly employed in all kinds of surveys as this is
cheaper, quicker and less tedious as compared to direct method.
There are mainly three method of contouring in indirect method:
• (I) BY SQUARES [SQUARE METHOD]:-
• In this method, the whole area is divided into number of squares,
the side of which may vary from 5m to 30m depending upon the
nature of the ground and the contour interval. The square need not
be of the same size throughout.
• The corners of the squares are pegged out and the reduced levels
of these points are determined with a level.
32