The document summarizes key characteristics of the animal kingdom. It notes that the animal kingdom is the largest and most diverse of the five kingdoms, containing over 1.7 million known species. It describes several defining features of animals, including being multicellular and heterotrophic, producing energy primarily through aerobic respiration, and having tissues, organs and organ systems. The document also discusses animal cell structure, tissues, and how specialization at the cellular level allows for more efficient functioning.
crocodiles are the only reptiles having 4 chambered heart,flattened tail and body covered with scutes.hind limb is webbed and in this ppt you can discover all the facts about crocodile..hope you can enjoy
crocodiles are the only reptiles having 4 chambered heart,flattened tail and body covered with scutes.hind limb is webbed and in this ppt you can discover all the facts about crocodile..hope you can enjoy
A presentation about Arthropods, its general morphology, life cycle, and habitat. This presentation also covers the first three subphyla which are Trilobitomorpha, Chelicerata, and Crustacea. The role of arthropods in disease transmission is also covered in the slides.
Phylum Mollusca, Class Cephalopoda, Locomotion, Digestion,Reproduction, Devel...Dr. Muhammad Moosa
In this presentation, Phylum Mollusca Is described. After watching this you will learn Evolutionary Perspective of Mollusca and Relationships to Other Animals, Molluscan Characteristics, Class Gastropoda, Torsion, Shell Coiling, Locomotion, Feeding and Digestion, Other Maintenance Functions, Reproduction and Development, Gastropod Diversity, Class Bivalvia, Shell and Associated Structures Gas Exchange, Filter Feeding, and Digestion, Other Maintenance Functions Reproduction and Development, Bivalve Diversity, Class Cephalopoda, Shell, Locomotion, Feeding and Digestion, Other Maintenance Functions, Learning, Reproduction and Development, Class Polyplacophora, Class Scaphopoda, Class Monoplacophora, Class Solenogastres, Class Caudofoveata, Further Phylogenetic Considerations. It is part of BS Zoology Course, Animal diversity.
A presentation about Arthropods, its general morphology, life cycle, and habitat. This presentation also covers the first three subphyla which are Trilobitomorpha, Chelicerata, and Crustacea. The role of arthropods in disease transmission is also covered in the slides.
Phylum Mollusca, Class Cephalopoda, Locomotion, Digestion,Reproduction, Devel...Dr. Muhammad Moosa
In this presentation, Phylum Mollusca Is described. After watching this you will learn Evolutionary Perspective of Mollusca and Relationships to Other Animals, Molluscan Characteristics, Class Gastropoda, Torsion, Shell Coiling, Locomotion, Feeding and Digestion, Other Maintenance Functions, Reproduction and Development, Gastropod Diversity, Class Bivalvia, Shell and Associated Structures Gas Exchange, Filter Feeding, and Digestion, Other Maintenance Functions Reproduction and Development, Bivalve Diversity, Class Cephalopoda, Shell, Locomotion, Feeding and Digestion, Other Maintenance Functions, Learning, Reproduction and Development, Class Polyplacophora, Class Scaphopoda, Class Monoplacophora, Class Solenogastres, Class Caudofoveata, Further Phylogenetic Considerations. It is part of BS Zoology Course, Animal diversity.
PART I INTRODUCTION TO THE CELL 1
Chapter 1 Cells and Genomes 1
Chapter 2 Cell Chemistry and Bioenergetics 43
Chapter 3 Proteins 109
PART II BASIC GENETIC MECHANISMS 173
Chapter 4 DNA, Chromosomes, and Genomes 173
Chapter 5 DNA Replication, Repair, and Recombination 237
Chapter 6 How Cells Read the Genome: From DNA to Protein 299
Chapter 7 Control of Gene Expression 369
PART III WAYS OF WORKING WITH CELLS 439
Chapter 8 Analyzing Cells, Molecules, and Systems 439
Chapter 9 Visualizing Cells 529
PART IV INTERNAL ORGANIZATION OF THE CELL 565
Chapter 10 Membrane Structure 565
Chapter 11 Membrane Transport of Small Molecules and the Electrical
Properties of Membranes 597
Chapter 12 Intracellular Compartments and Protein Sorting 641
Chapter 13 Intracellular Membrane Traffic 695
Chapter 14 Energy Conversion: Mitochondria and Chloroplasts 753
Chapter 15 Cell Signaling 813
Chapter 16 The Cytoskeleton 889
Chapter 17 The Cell Cycle 963
Chapter 18 Cell Death 1021
PART V CELLS IN THEIR SOCIAL CONTEXT 1035
Chapter 19 Cell Junctions and the Extracellular Matrix 1035
Chapter 20 Cancer 1091
Chapter 21 Development of Multicellular Organisms 1145
Chapter 22 Stem Cells and Tissue Renewal 1217
Chapter 23 Pathogens and Infection 1263
Chapter 24 The Innate and Adaptive Immune Systems 1297
Glossary G: 1
Index I: 1
Tables The Genetic Code, Amino Acids T: 1
Arthropoda is coming under the Kingdom of animals,
Arthropoda is the largest group of animals. These found everywhere on the Earth.
GK. artho = jointed ; podos = foot
Presentatiion to assist with teaching about mollusks, arthropods, spiders, earthworms, echinoderms. slugs and more.
This is not my own creation, but I really liked it. I added several videos which probably will not show up through slide share. The videos were my own addition.
in this presentation i give a detailed view of the bats and the salamanders which includes the reproductive system, respiration, digestive system, circulation system, their distribution, habit and habitat, external morphology, adaptation and conservation status
Phylum Platyhelminthes
Class Turbellaria
Class Monogenea
Class Trematoda
Class Cestoidea
Characteristics
Reproduction and Development
Presentation
Best of Luck
Ideally birds evolved from Dinosaurs, but they are closely related t.pdfanuragperipheral
Ideally birds evolved from Dinosaurs, but they are closely related to even reptiles. Biologists use
2 types of classification system:
According to the Linnaen system, organisms are grouped on the basis of their characteristics
without considering their ancestry. Based on this a reptile is an animal that is ectothermic and
consists of scales, and thus birds cannot be reptiles.
While in Phylogenetics,organisms are grouped only on the basis of their ancestry, and
characteristics are only used to discover this ancestry. So based on this a reptile is any animal
descending from reptiles, and birds (including mammals) would be considered as reptiles.
Looking back at history, the 1st group of reptiles evolved around 300 million years ago.
Around 40 million years later, a group of reptiles called therapsids branched off, that became
modern mammals.
Another group of reptiles split off in the next 120 million years, and one branch called the
dinosaurs was very successful. Dinosaurs was only distantly related to modern snakes, lizards,
and turtles, groups that had split off at different times.
But 65 million years ago there was a massive extinction event, and all dinosaurs were killed
except for a single group of feathered dinosaurs. These evolved over the next 65 million years
into modern birds. So birds aren\'t just closely related to dinosaurs, they really are dinosaurs!
This is what most people mean when they say that birds are reptiles, although technically
according to the phylogenetic system mammals are also reptiles.
Birds and reptiles are both vertebrates and are alike in ways:
1. They both lay eggs which have a protective shell. This is an adaptation to prevent drying-out,
necessary in evolution before vertebrates could lay their eggs on land.
2. Both birds and reptiles have lungs and thus breathe air.
3. Both birds and reptiles have scales on their skin. In birds, most of the body is now covered
with feathers, which are modified scales. You can still see the scales on birds\' legs.
4. It is thought that birds evolved from reptiles. These probably were able to fly as well.
Birds and reptiles differ in ways such as:
While most reptiles are ectothermic (\"cold blooded\"), birds are endothermic (\"warm blooded).
Thus birds have mechanisms like mammals that enable them to maintain a body temperature that
is independent of their surroundings. Their feathers and their high metabolic rate help keep them
warm in cold environments, for example.
While reptiles have a 3-chambered heart, birds have a 4-chambered heart. This allows them to
be more efficient, as the deoxygenated blood from the tissues is completely separated from the
oxygenated blood from the lungs.While reptiles have teeth, birds do not. They grind their food in
an organ called the gizzard.
Solution
Ideally birds evolved from Dinosaurs, but they are closely related to even reptiles. Biologists use
2 types of classification system:
According to the Linnaen system, organisms are grouped on th.
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
The Indian economy is classified into different sectors to simplify the analysis and understanding of economic activities. For Class 10, it's essential to grasp the sectors of the Indian economy, understand their characteristics, and recognize their importance. This guide will provide detailed notes on the Sectors of the Indian Economy Class 10, using specific long-tail keywords to enhance comprehension.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Students, digital devices and success - Andreas Schleicher - 27 May 2024..pptxEduSkills OECD
Andreas Schleicher presents at the OECD webinar ‘Digital devices in schools: detrimental distraction or secret to success?’ on 27 May 2024. The presentation was based on findings from PISA 2022 results and the webinar helped launch the PISA in Focus ‘Managing screen time: How to protect and equip students against distraction’ https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/education/managing-screen-time_7c225af4-en and the OECD Education Policy Perspective ‘Students, digital devices and success’ can be found here - https://oe.cd/il/5yV
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
We all have good and bad thoughts from time to time and situation to situation. We are bombarded daily with spiraling thoughts(both negative and positive) creating all-consuming feel , making us difficult to manage with associated suffering. Good thoughts are like our Mob Signal (Positive thought) amidst noise(negative thought) in the atmosphere. Negative thoughts like noise outweigh positive thoughts. These thoughts often create unwanted confusion, trouble, stress and frustration in our mind as well as chaos in our physical world. Negative thoughts are also known as “distorted thinking”.
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
3. -all life on earth can be categorized into 5 major
Kinds- 5 kingdoms and Animal Kingdom is the
largest most diverse kingdom of life on earth.
Kingdom # of species
Bacteria 10,000
Protista 65,000
Fungi 100,000
Plants 300,000
Animals 1,700,000
KNOWN SPECIES IN EACH KINGDOM:
-over 2 million individual species have been
identified so far in all kingdoms and over 3/4ths
of all know species belong in animal kingdom.
4. Estimates of the total number of living animal
species, known & unknown, are difficult to make
yet all indications are that there are many more
species yet to be discovered:
each year ~ 13,000 new species are described
some of the most diverse areas on earth are
just beginning to be investigated.
eg. vertebrates
birds: 3 new bird species/yr described
fish: estimate only 40% of those in South America
have been described
5. eg. invertebrates
insects: 700 new species of insects are described each
year.
eg.
of 19 trees in one Panama study 1200 species of
beetles were collected and 80% of them were new
species.
eg. marine invertebrates of the deep ocean
only 1.5% of the deep ocean have been investigated
on an area the size of a parking lot off New England
coast
800 different species of inverts found recently
discovered whole new kind of community of 100’s
of new species of organisms
6. marine biologists estimate there may be up
to 10M invertebrate species in the deep ocean
alone
There are probably ~25 x’s more animal species
that have not yet been named than those that
have been named.
Also, all animals alive today comprise <10% of all
animals that have ever lived perhaps 500 Million
species of animals have lived on this earth in the
last billion years.
7. Even in terms of total numbers of individuals,
animals are second only to bacteria.
e.g,
Estimate 10,000 Trillion ants on planet all
the earth’s ants weigh ~ same as all earth’s
human population. There are more animals on
earth than stars in our galaxy.
8.
9. the CELL is the basic unit of life
ALL living things are composed of cells
1. ALL animals are multicellular
An organism can consist of one or more cells:
ounicellular = solitary cell
eg. bacteria, some protists
omulticellular = always consist of many Cells
eg. Horse, humans
10. A few marine species carry chloroplasts in
their skin cells and can do photosynthesis. But
these chloroplasts are taken from the algae they
eat.
A newly discovered species of sea slug
actually contains some of the genes for
photosynthesis in its own genome. But still needs
to steal chloroplasts to do photosynthesis.
2. ALL animals are heterotrophs
oAll life requires a set of nutrients
-chemicals that are essential to keep the
organism alive these nutrients may be used as
building blocks or as an energy source.
11. nutrients are used as building blocks to make
cells, tissues, skeletons, blood, etc.
organisms also need an energy source to “power”
everything that an organism does.
The direct source of a cell’s energy is the
breakdown of organic molecules (mainly
sugar).
ie. they use chemical energy energy is stored
in “chemical bonds” when you break bonds you
release energy organic molecules have lots of
bonds and store lots of energy.
12. Organisms have developed two basic ways to
get these energy molecules:
Heterotrophs
Autotrophs
organisms that must eat organic molecules
and then break them down for energy.
eg. us and other animals
organisms that extract energy from sunlight or
some other source to make organic molecules
then they can break them down as needed for
energy.
ie. they don’t need organic molecules
in their diet
eg. plants, algae and some bacteria
13. sugars and organic molecules can be broken
down for energy with or without O2 gas.
Producing energy without the use of O2 is called
anaerobic respiration and is common in bacteria
and some fungi.
3. All but 3 newly discovered animals produce
energy primarily by aerobic respiration
Aerobic respiration extracts much more energy
from organic food.
eg.
anaerobic respiration of sugar = 2 units of energy
aerobic respiration of sugar = 36-38 units of
energy(19x’s more)
14. most efficient way to store energy for active
animals
eg. twice as efficient as storing extra energy as
starch as plants do.
some animals can use anaerobic respiration
temporarily or in specific tissues such as muscle
tissue but primarily rely in aerobic respiration for
most energy.
recently, 3 new species of loriciferans have been
found to completely lack mitochondria and get all
their energy from anaerobic respiration.
4. Most animals store extra energy as fats
or oils
15. •Swimming
5. Most animals are motile and much more
active than members of any other kingdom
Animal Records: Locomotion
Fastest fish
Barracuda = 27 mph
Fastest mammal
Seal = 25mph (40kph)
16. •Running
Fastest land mammal
Cheetah,(Acinonyx jubatus)= 60mph (96kph)
in spurts. Speeds up to 90 mph have been claimed,
not verified
Slowest land mammal
3 toed sloth(Bradypus tridactylus)= 6-8
ft/min (0.088mph)
17. •Flying
Fastest bird (horizontal flight):
Racing pigeons and Dunlin sandpipers = 110mph
Fastest diving flight:
Peregrine falcon = 82mph
(unverified to over 200mph)
(but horizontal flight 30 -60mph)
Racing pigeons
18. Fastest mammal flight:
Mexican free tailed bat = 48mph (others
suspected to be faster)
Fastest Insect:
Dragonflies, some Flies & Moths = 25-30mph
Black cutworm moth = 70mph (rides cold fronts)
Dragonflies
19. 6. Most animals have true tissues
Groups of interdependent cells specialized for a
particular function
Epithelial = covers body
Muscular = used for movement
Nervous = coordination and control
Connective = storage, transport, protection, etc
20. 7. Most with organs and complex organ
systems
Groups of interdependent tissues specialized for
a particular function
*Plants have simple organs= roots, stems, leaves
*Animals’ organs= grouped into complex
interacting organ systems
21. 8. Most animals have a head with distinct
sense organs and some kind of brain
9. Most animals have outgrowths, processes
or appendages for sensory functions,
collecting food &/or for movement.
e.g,
mouthparts
antennae
tentacles
fins
legs
wings
22. 10. Most reproduce both asexually and sexually
asexual:
e.g,
budding
fragmentation
Regeneration
sexual:
e.g,
monoecious
dioecious
protandry
Asexual: exact copies, clones
easier, quicker, don’t need a mate
Sexual: unique combination of traits
produces variation which allows adaptation
and evolution
involves specialized sex cells:sperm and egg
Reproduction at organismal level:
23. 11. Most animals show complex development,
with extended embryonic phase, often with
free living larval stages
All organisms (even bacteria) pass through a
characteristic life cycle
CHANGES IN SIZE AND SHAPE
eg. Frog: embryo - larva - adult
eg. Human: embryo – fetus – juvenile - adult
eg. Butterfly: embryo - caterpillar(larva) – pupa - adult
eg. Fly: embryo - maggot(larva) – pupa - adult
eg. Clam: embryo - larva(glochidium) – adult
Some involve alternation oftwo completely
different body forms; one that reproduces asexually,
one sexually.
24. The immature forms may be self sufficient
or completely dependent on mother for
nourishment and protection.
eg. embryos, larvae, nymphs, etc
The life cycle often involves
metamorphosis of one free living form into
another.
In some animals the embryonic or
immature stage is a dormant or resistant stage.
25. 13. Probably some of the most unique chemicals
produced by animals are a huge variety of venoms
venomous creatures are found throughout the
animal kingdom
estimated 100,000 venomous animals from
corals and sponges to spiders, scorpions, snakes,
etc.
each carries its own unique coctail of toxins,
mostly, various kinds of proteins
26. 14. All living organisms constantly adapt to
their environment in many ways through
physiological, anatomical or behavioral changes
some adaptations can be in the form of changes
in growth and physiology
eg. fur color of the same species may vary
across habitats adapting to temperature or
amount of sunlight
eg. same species of bird may have harder
stronger beak in one habitat than another
depending on type of food available.
some adaptations involve behavioral changes and
learning
eg. tool use among animals
27. 15. adaptations also occur across generations
as the most useful traits are selected for and
passed on while harmful traits are eliminated
evolution by natural selection
eg. same species in different ecosystems
eg. reproductive displays
eg. niches and evolution = marsupials in
Australia
29. a) longest
longest animal in existence is a Nemertean =
60 M (180’) long
"Lions Mane" jellyfish = ~150’ long.
A. Largest Animal
b) tallest living animal
Giraffe, Giraffa camelopardalis = 19’ (5.8 m)
"Lions Mane" jellyfish
30. c) most massive
1. Blue whale, Balaenoptera musculus,
would be bigger in every other dimension (weight,
girth, displacement).
eg. Mature blue whales typically measure
anywhere from 75 feet (23 m) to 100 feet (30.5 m)
from head to tail and can weigh as much as 150
tons (136 metric tons).
The largest blue whale
on record is a 110’ female that
weighed 195 tons (177 tonnes).
31. 2. largest of all reptiles:
"Earth-shaking lizard“(Seismosaurus hallorum)
=120 feet long (37 m); 30-80 tons
3. Largest animal ever to have walked on land:
Sauropod dinosaur (Argentinosaurus)
=90 tons (82 tonnes).
32. B. Smallest Animal
C. Longest Lived Animal
Some unusual invertebrates are microscopic being
made up of <100 cells
Confirmed: The ocean quahog (Arctica
islandica), a type of clam, lived in the deep
water off iceland before being dragged onto
a ship, age was confirmed by growth rings
on shell.
33. Invertebrates (unconfirmed estimates):
eg. biochemical and nuclear evidence indicates that
some Sea Urchins may live up to 200 years
eg. some Crinoids may live for 1000’s of years
eg. some Sea Anemones are essentially immortal,
can live 1000’s of years
Cold Blooded Vertebrates:
eg. Orange roughly up to 150 years
eg. Chilean Sea Bass is claimed to live over 100 yrs
34. eg. A Madagascar radiated tortoise (Geochelone
radiata) = ~188-192 years
Presented to the Tongan royal family by the British
explorer Captain Cook in either 1773 or 1777, died in 1965,
lived to the age of at least 188 years old! The animal was
called Tui Malila.
eg. A Giant Galapagos Tortoise Harriet, collected in
1835, lived in captivity until she died in 2006 at
about 177 years old.
35. Warm Blooded Vertebrates
eg. unconfirmed report of a bowhead whale living to
be 245 yrs old; dated from stone and metal harpoon
points found in the whales & chemical testing
eg. some Macaw birds may live up to 100 years
36. eg. primates are generally the longest lived as a group
and man is the longest lived of the primates: 122 years
(Jeanne Louise Calment, 1875 - 1997).
mammals with shortest lifespan are tiny shrews:
maybe 1 to 1.5 years.
[The faster you live, though, the shorter you live]
37.
38. Animal cells are “eukaryotic” cells
Animal cells lack cell walls
much larger, much more complex
most genetic material is contained in
prominent nucleus
lots of internal and surface structures
including organelles
the thin flexible cell membrane forms the
outer boundary of each cell
not rigid, but flexible
also acts as a gateway for things moving into
and out of the cell
39. Organelles and other internal structures
provide a division of labor and allow the cells to
work much more efficiently.
eg. Mitochondria = energy factories
eg. Vacuoles = storage containers
eg. Ribosomes = energy factories
eg. lysosomes = cellular digestion
Animal cells make much more use of proteins
for structure, movement, nerve impulses and
metabolism
*many more ribosomes (protein factories)
40. Animals are generally much more active, have a
much higher metabolism than the members of
other kingdoms
they therefore require much more energy than
species in any other kingdom
almost all this energy is the product of aerobic
respiration inside mitochondria
*animal cells have many more
mitochondria than those of other organisms
41.
42. Single celled organisms like protozoa are “jacks
of all trades”
e.g, move, feed, produce energy,
respond to stimuli, Reproduce, etc
In multicellular organisms such as animals
the large size and complexity dictates that
individual cells specialize rather than performing
all tasks each group of cells becomes specialized
to do one or a few tasks very well ( much more
efficiently):
eg. muscle cells =contraction & movement
eg. bone cells = support
eg. Blood = circulation
43. While they become more efficient at one or a
few specific jobs, they lose their independence and
can no longer exist on their own
Tissues are groups of similar cells performing
similar functions includes cells and any secretions
(=matrix) they produce.
There are 4 basic animal tissues:
1. Epithelial
2. Connective
3. Muscular
4. Nervous
44. 1. Epithelial Tissues
this is the most primitive animal tissue.
-presumably the first true animal tissue to
evolve.
It forms the outer coverings of animals lines
the inner and outer surfaces of all organs.
Consists of cells fitted tightly together
45. Functions of Epithelial Tissues:
1. Protection
from microbes, physical injury, water loss, etc
2. Absorption
of food, water etc in the intestine
3. Transport
sometimes have Cilia (tiny hairlike processes) that move
things along a tube
eg. oviducts - move egg toward uterus
eg. respiratory tract - move dust and bacteria out of lungs
4. Filtration
in kidneys
5. Gas exchange
lungs
6. Secretion
eg. form glands that secrete various substances
eg. mucous, sweat, digestive juices
46. 2. Connective Tissues
the most widespread and abundant type of
tissue in animals
the most diverse in structure and function
most connective tissues are heavily
vascularized
47. connective tissues have an abundance of
matrix(the noncellular matrix often comprise the
majority of the tissue volume)
*the nature of the matrix and the fibers it
contains identifies the specific kind of connective
tissue
* fibers composed mainly of collagen a
uniquely “animal” protein
(esp. skin, tendons, ligaments,
cartilage)
48. Functions of Connective Tissue:
1. Glue
eg. areolar tissue
2. Support & movement
eg. bone & cartilage
3. Nutrient Storage
eg. bone, adipose
4. Temperature Homeostasis
eg. fat for heat production and cold
insulation
5. Transport
eg. blood, lymph
49. 3. Muscle Tissues
elongated cells, spindle shaped, up to 1 ft long
muscle fibers
-highly contractile and elastic cells all cells
contract to some degree, but muscle cells are
much stronger and contract much more efficiently
eg. our calf muscles can support 1 ton muscle
cells generally stop dividing at birth (# fixed at
birth) but each cell can expand greatly in volume.
50. Functions of Muscle Tissue:
1. Movement
both voluntary movements such as swimming
or running
and internal involuntary movements of various
organs such as the pumping heart, and
peristalsis of the digestive organs.
2. Posture
3. Heat generation
used for movement
51. 4. Nervous Tissues
nerve cells are also elongated into long fibers
typically large cell body with one or more long
fibers extending from it.
grouped together to form extensive
interconnected network of “wires” that extend
throughout the body.
nerve cells are able to conduct impulses to
send signals throughout the animal body.
52. Functions of Nervous Tissue
1. To sense internal and external
environmental changes,
2. Coordination and control of muscles
and glands.
Stem Cells
Most adults retain some kinds of “embryonic cells” called
stem cells can later differentiate into replacement cells and
tissues.
53.
54. The greater specialization of cells and tissues
increases the efficiency by which animals can
carry out life’s basic processes and allows for
almost limitless opportunities for evolutionary
variations and adaptations to numerous kinds of
habitats and environmental conditions.
To understand and appreciate the complexity
of different kinds of animals we’ll focus on the
most familiar (and most complex) animal ! US
55. 1. Skin (integumentary system)
outer covering of the animal
(plants also have outer covering, epidermis, but
it’s much simpler in structure and function)
*in some animals (usually relatively small
ones) is a simple covering that allows food,
gasses and waste products to easily diffuse in
and out of the animal
*in terrestrial animals it may serve as a
waterproofing layer to keep animal from drying
out
skin often contains various sense organs
56. in some skin is hardened to offer support
in some animals the skin color is
important in behaviors:
communication
camouflage
reproductive behaviors,etc.
many animals can quickly change the color of
their Skin =chromatophores.
2. Skeletal System
especially terrestrial animals (in land plants
support was also an important consideration =
cellulose & lignin)
57. 3 main kinds of support system in animals:
1. Exoskeleton
secreted by the skin
grows at edges (clams &
snails)
or must be shed periodically
for growth (insects and other
arthropods)
on the outside or especially good protection
(eg. clams, crabs, snails, insects)
Red Rock Crab
58. eg. vertebrates
eg. Human Skeleton
is made of over 200 bones
grows continuously throughout life
very active tissue
recycled every ~7 years
subdivided in axial (skull, vertebrae, rib
cage) & appendicular skeleton (arms &
legs)
2. Endoskeleton
internal or grows within the body
59. Human Skeleton Functions in,
1. Support
strong and relatively light; 10% body weight
2. Movement
framework on which muscles act
act as levers and pivots
3. Protection
some of our most delicate organs are well
protected by being encased in bone
eg. brain, lungs, heart, reproductive
system
60. 3. Hydrostatic skeleton
muscles of body wall control fluid pressure
eg. most worms, jellyfish, octopus
3. Muscular System
unique to animals
animals are much more active than any other
kingdom
Octopus
61. General Functions of Muscles:
1. Movement
most animals are motile
walk, run, crawl, swim, fly, climb, etc
a few animals are sessile
but even these have internal muscles
that circulate blood, move food through
digestive tract, etc
some muscle are voluntary
some are involuntary
2. Heat Production
important for warm blooded animals like us
muscle generate lots of heat
62. 4. Digestive System
functions to break down the food so that it can be
absorbed and used by the body
most animals digest the food after it is eaten, not
before as in fungi or some plants. But a few (eg.
spiders) predigest their food.
lots of specialization in structures depending on
how an animal gets its food & what kind of food it
prefers
eg. predator, herbivore, parasite, filter
feeder, fluid feeder
63. in most animals the organs of digestive system
form essentially a long continuous tube that is
open at both ends
alimentary canal (GI tract)
mouth – pharynx – esophagus –
stomach - small intestine - large intestine - anus
in some animals the digestive system is a simple
sac, opened at one end food is eaten, digested and
the wastes are “spit out” the mouth
eg. corals, jellyfish, flatworms
64. near the beginning of the system food is physically
and chemically digested
eg. typically the mouth is armed with the
appropriate tools to rip and tear the food into
smaller pieces
eg. most absorption occurs in the small
intestine a few things (water, alcohol) can be
absorbed by the stomach; and the large
intestine can absorb additional water and
nutrients released by bacterial action
65. our small intestine is greatly modified for
absorption surface area is greatly increased for
more efficient absorption of nutrients:1”
diameter x 10’ long
if smooth tube= 0.33 m2 (3 sq ft) but: interior
is folded, also has fingerlike projections = villi &
microvilli
Total Area = 200m2 (1800 sq ft) -in us, once
the nutrients are absorbed they go to the liver
for processing and storage.
66. 5. The Respiratory System
like plants, all animals require O2 to produce
energy and release C02 as a waste product
oxygen gas is needed as a nutrient; carbon
dioxide gas is a waste product of respiration
(energy production).
since animals are more active than plants
they require more efficient ways to get oxygen
(plants just used simple pores:
• Stomata or lenticels,or pneumatophores
openings through which gases are
exchanged with the atmosphere. )
67. functions as this gas exchange system in animals.
in very small animals there is no specific
“organ” =breath through their skin!
Air breathing animals have different
requirements than those that extract oxygen
from water:
Aquatic animals
Gasses diffuse much slower in water than in
air
water contains 20 times less oxygen
than air
*aquatic organisms must have more
efficient respiratory systems
68. high surface area provided by gills, book gills, etc.
numerous flaps or feather-like structures
exposed on the sides of the animal
must keep water moving across gills
*gills in constant motion
*water is constantly pumped over gills
Air breathers
easier to extract O2 from air
air contains 20 times more air than water but
air dries respiratory surface.
respiratory organs must be protected and kept
moist:
lungs, trachea, book lungs, etc.
69. often the respiratory system is closely associated
with some kind of circulatory system to more
effectively collect and distribute the oxygen.
eg. Human lungs
some of the most efficient
lots of area for gas exchange contain
millions of microscopic alveoli
surrounded by capillaries
total surface area ~ 70M2(=760
ft2~20’x38’)
70. everything going in or out of body must go
through the circulatory system to get to where
its going.
in small organisms gas exchange and food
and wastes enter and leave by simple
diffusion
in large, multicellular organisms some kind
of circulatory system is needed to move
things around
is the major connection between external
and internal environment.
6. Circulatory System
71. Can be “open” or “closed” system:
Open system (eg. insects)
fluid sloshes around in body cavity pumping
heart keeps fluid in motion
Closed system (vertebrates; us)
blood flows in closed system of vessels over
60,000 miles of vessels (mainly capillaries)
arteries - capillaries - veins
Typically, the circulatory system consists of:
“plumbing”
blood vessels: arteries,
capillaries, veins
“pumps”
heart
72. 7. The Endocrine System
virtually all multicellular organisms use chemicals
to coordinate activities and communicate
in animals, chemicals (= hormones) are used to
help control long term activities such as growth,
development, reproductive cycles, etc
virtually all organs produce various hormones
but in some organs hormone production is their
main job.
eg.
• Thyroid gland -secretes a hormone that
controls metabolism and growth.
• Pituitary gland - secretes a hormone that
stimulate and control the functioning of almost all
the other endocrine glands in the body. Etc.
73. 8. Nervous System
Animals are much more active than
members of the other two multicellular
kingdoms. Animals move much more quickly,
must respond to things much quicker chemicals
may take minutes or hours to produce a
response
Animals need a system to control quick reactions:
•Movements
•Emergencies
•etc
All major animal groups except sponges
have some kind of nervous system.
74. cells of the nervous system are highly
specialized for receiving stimuli and conducting
impulses to various parts of the body.
made up mainly of neurons
-long thin fiber like cells up to 4 ft long
very high metabolic rate (highest of any cells in
body) require glucose, can’t use alternate fuels.
require lots of O2 – only aerobic metabolism
can’t survive more than a few minutes without
O2
many of an animals coordination is hard wired
into circuits that produce predictable responses
to stimuli.
75. reflex
a rapid, automatic, predictable motor
response to a stimulus
•Unlearned
•Unplanned
•involuntary
“hard wired” into our neural anatomy
Kinds of Nervous Systems
animal nervous systems range from very
simple to increasingly complex:
eg. Nerve net:
no brain
76. simple coordination of swimming or feeding
movements
eg. jellyfish & corals
eg. Ganglia and nerve cords
very minimal “central processing”
nerve cords can be paired; dorsal, ventral,
lateral, etc.
Coral Reef
77. eg. flatworms, segmented worms, arthropods
Earthworm
eg. True brain and spinal cord
in vertebrates only
nervous system is organized into 2
major subdivisions:
•CNS: brain and spinal cord
•PNS: cranial nerves and spinal nerve
78. 9. The Senses
monitor and allow organism to respond to its
environment
senses provide direct contact between animal
and its surroundings
no animal is completely aware of its
environment -only selectively aware
eg. those that live in caves depend more
on smell and sound
eg. those that live on surface of land rely
heavily on sight
eg. those that live in water use smell,
currents and vibrations
79. sensory receptors are transducers
biological converter of energy or a
biological entity that converts energy in
one form to another
information presents itself in different energy
forms
receptors convert one form of energy into
nerve impulses that the brain can interpret
our body has millions of sensory receptors
some we are consciously aware of
most are internal, and help maintain body at
an unconscious level
81. 10. Excretory System (Urinary System)
excretory wastes = metabolic wastes
chemicals & toxins produced by cells during
metabolism
all organisms must get rid of excess materials
and wastes
•fungi, protists, bacteria - diffusion;
•plants - stomata, converted to “secondary
plant products” for defense or support or
stored in woody tissue)
having greater metabolism, animals generate
more wastes
need more effective way to get rid of wastes
82. main job of excretory system is to collect and
eliminate toxic wastes
may also help to stabilize salt and water
balance in body
11. Reproductive System
most animals reproduce both asexually and
sexually
most vertebrates reproduce only sexually
animals typically go through more complex
stages of development
sometimes spending years in immature
forms
83. some animals go through an alternation of
generations
contains ovaries and testes for sexual
reproduction
sometimes contains organ for development
of young
only major human system that doesn’t
work continuously
only activated at puberty