This document provides guidance on writing a synthesis essay. It explains that a synthesis essay analyzes and evaluates multiple sources on a topic to present a new perspective. The document outlines the steps to writing a synthesis essay, including formulating a topic question, searching for and evaluating sources, summarizing each source, analyzing sources individually and in relation to each other, identifying themes, and developing a new insight. It provides examples of synthesizing two sources that have a thesis and antithesis on an issue. The document emphasizes analyzing sources and incorporating evidence to develop a critique and link analyses to the overarching synthesis question.
## Send to the Discussion Forum five topics you think would make val.docxtienmixon
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## Send to the Discussion Forum five topics you think would make valid studies for a sociologist and tell why you think a sociologist would be interested in them. ##Â
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We talked about common sense and the need for sociological research in, but I want us to discuss it a little further. Quite often we have heard or have said, ?Why, that?s just common sense.? Common sense has helped a lot of us through various situations in our lives, but it really can?t be relied on as a source of knowledge because it?s quite limited (How much common sense does one have?) and what we feel is ?correct? often is not. What may seem ?right? for you or is considered as common sense to you may not be for me.Â
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## Send to the Discussion Forum five things you think are common sense concepts, e.g., common sense tells us it?s foolish to cross the street when the light is green. ##Â
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When sociologists do research, they work from a model which has eight Basic Steps.Â
First
 they choose a topic that generally will have the following criteria for doing the study.Â
Curiosity
: Why do certain behaviors lead to certain outcomes? Why is it that two children raised by the same methods (it doesn?t matter if they are from upper or lower income families) turn out differently? One reaches their potential, the other doesn?t.Â
Interest
: A particularly interesting topic surfaces and sparks interest in the researcher.Â
Funding
: Often, grants from Federal, state, and local governments become available to study certain topics, e.g., what has made society so conducive to the formation of gangs?Â
Social Issues
: Social issues of global to local significance attract sociologists? attention. Things like drug cultures, unemployment, gangs, urban blight, etc.Â
Second,
 once the problem is identified, it must be defined. Then they will ask, ?What do we want to learn and why??Â
Third,
 they will take a look at any existing data or literature that isÂ
available. What have previous studies (if any) shown? What methods of study were used? When and where was the data collected? (Time, year, etc.)Â
Fourth,
 they will develop a hypothesis. What are the expected relationships between all of the variables according to what our theory predicts? Are they congruent or are there differences. If so why? (The hypothesis needsÂ
to have operational definitives, i.e. If this happens, a particular event, emotion, etc. then we can expect this result by this time.) It is very important that precise ways are used in measuring hypotheses.Â
Fifth,
 the choice of a research method is critical. Some methods will not work as well or at all when you are collecting data. Surveys, questionnaires, etc., all have to be specifically written and administered to obtain ?scientific? results. The way .
## Send to the Discussion Forum five topics you think would make val.docxtienmixon
Â
## Send to the Discussion Forum five topics you think would make valid studies for a sociologist and tell why you think a sociologist would be interested in them. ##Â
*****************************************************************************Â
We talked about common sense and the need for sociological research in, but I want us to discuss it a little further. Quite often we have heard or have said, ?Why, that?s just common sense.? Common sense has helped a lot of us through various situations in our lives, but it really can?t be relied on as a source of knowledge because it?s quite limited (How much common sense does one have?) and what we feel is ?correct? often is not. What may seem ?right? for you or is considered as common sense to you may not be for me.Â
*****************************************************************************Â
## Send to the Discussion Forum five things you think are common sense concepts, e.g., common sense tells us it?s foolish to cross the street when the light is green. ##Â
*****************************************************************************Â
When sociologists do research, they work from a model which has eight Basic Steps.Â
First
 they choose a topic that generally will have the following criteria for doing the study.Â
Curiosity
: Why do certain behaviors lead to certain outcomes? Why is it that two children raised by the same methods (it doesn?t matter if they are from upper or lower income families) turn out differently? One reaches their potential, the other doesn?t.Â
Interest
: A particularly interesting topic surfaces and sparks interest in the researcher.Â
Funding
: Often, grants from Federal, state, and local governments become available to study certain topics, e.g., what has made society so conducive to the formation of gangs?Â
Social Issues
: Social issues of global to local significance attract sociologists? attention. Things like drug cultures, unemployment, gangs, urban blight, etc.Â
Second,
 once the problem is identified, it must be defined. Then they will ask, ?What do we want to learn and why??Â
Third,
 they will take a look at any existing data or literature that isÂ
available. What have previous studies (if any) shown? What methods of study were used? When and where was the data collected? (Time, year, etc.)Â
Fourth,
 they will develop a hypothesis. What are the expected relationships between all of the variables according to what our theory predicts? Are they congruent or are there differences. If so why? (The hypothesis needsÂ
to have operational definitives, i.e. If this happens, a particular event, emotion, etc. then we can expect this result by this time.) It is very important that precise ways are used in measuring hypotheses.Â
Fifth,
 the choice of a research method is critical. Some methods will not work as well or at all when you are collecting data. Surveys, questionnaires, etc., all have to be specifically written and administered to obtain ?scientific? results. The way .
Who has the most power to influence the U.S. government How do y.docxharold7fisher61282
Â
Who has the most power to influence the U.S. government? How do you know? What powers do they have and where did those powers come from? Is their power legitimate? Why or why not? What checks exist to limit their power?
Papers should include a clear thesis statement. A minimum of two sources must be cited in APA formatâbe sure to include both in-text citations and a works cited page. Do not use material from any source without citing it; this is an example of plagiarism.
Rubric:
Thoroughly and clearly responds to all questions in prompt within page limit
Includes a clear thesis statement that explains the argument being made
Supporting evidence is factually accurate
Includes proper APA citations for sources used (minimum of two sources must be used)
Uses proper spelling, grammar, and punctuation
You can address :
¡ A particular branch of government (executive, legislative, or judicial)
¡ Interest groups
¡ The people
¡ Political parties
¡ The constitution
¡ The President
Global Organization Outline
1. Introduction
1. Main Claim: I think that my room projects that my interests are on playing computer games and using social media since I bought a set of devices specifically for playing computer games.
2. Contextualizing My Argument
1. Background Information: Does the popularity of the internet caused a negative effect on teenagers, such as the internet make people addicted to the game and social media. COR: Rebuttal: Poor self-control ability of people will cause them to indulge in the online world and waste their time and neglect their studies or works.
3. Reason 1: Because the most conspicuous thing in my room is my Alienware Laptop, there are lots of colorful lights on the laptop, this makes that looks like itâs designed for gaming. When I spend too much time on the computer, people will worry about my mental health, because I may be addicted to games and social networks, and unwilling to go outside and interact with people.
1. Grounds: âRSPH and the Young Health Movement (YHM) published a report examining the positive and negative effects of social media on young peopleâs health, including a list of social media platforms according to their impact on young peopleâs mental healthâ (Krietz). Warrants: Social media, video games are a way to interact with people and maintain friendship with others. âstudents claimed that it gave them more self-confidence, improved their relationships, and even made them more socially consciousâ (Beasley).
2. I spend a lot of time and money on playing games such as GTA 5, Rainbow 6, and spend a lot of time on social media such as Instagram, Snapchat...
4. Reason 2: My room layout makes me easily distracted by other things.
1. Grounds: because most of the space of my desk is occupied by my laptop, keyboard, mouse, and headphone...
2. Grounds: I have many games or anime pictures on my wall.
3. Grounds: Sometimes, when I decide to turn on the computer to study o.
Who has the most power to influence the U.S. government How do y.docxhelzerpatrina
Â
Who has the most power to influence the U.S. government? How do you know? What powers do they have and where did those powers come from? Is their power legitimate? Why or why not? What checks exist to limit their power?
Papers should include a clear thesis statement. A minimum of two sources must be cited in APA formatâbe sure to include both in-text citations and a works cited page. Do not use material from any source without citing it; this is an example of plagiarism.
Rubric:
Thoroughly and clearly responds to all questions in prompt within page limit
Includes a clear thesis statement that explains the argument being made
Supporting evidence is factually accurate
Includes proper APA citations for sources used (minimum of two sources must be used)
Uses proper spelling, grammar, and punctuation
You can address :
¡ A particular branch of government (executive, legislative, or judicial)
¡ Interest groups
¡ The people
¡ Political parties
¡ The constitution
¡ The President
Global Organization Outline
1. Introduction
1. Main Claim: I think that my room projects that my interests are on playing computer games and using social media since I bought a set of devices specifically for playing computer games.
2. Contextualizing My Argument
1. Background Information: Does the popularity of the internet caused a negative effect on teenagers, such as the internet make people addicted to the game and social media. COR: Rebuttal: Poor self-control ability of people will cause them to indulge in the online world and waste their time and neglect their studies or works.
3. Reason 1: Because the most conspicuous thing in my room is my Alienware Laptop, there are lots of colorful lights on the laptop, this makes that looks like itâs designed for gaming. When I spend too much time on the computer, people will worry about my mental health, because I may be addicted to games and social networks, and unwilling to go outside and interact with people.
1. Grounds: âRSPH and the Young Health Movement (YHM) published a report examining the positive and negative effects of social media on young peopleâs health, including a list of social media platforms according to their impact on young peopleâs mental healthâ (Krietz). Warrants: Social media, video games are a way to interact with people and maintain friendship with others. âstudents claimed that it gave them more self-confidence, improved their relationships, and even made them more socially consciousâ (Beasley).
2. I spend a lot of time and money on playing games such as GTA 5, Rainbow 6, and spend a lot of time on social media such as Instagram, Snapchat...
4. Reason 2: My room layout makes me easily distracted by other things.
1. Grounds: because most of the space of my desk is occupied by my laptop, keyboard, mouse, and headphone...
2. Grounds: I have many games or anime pictures on my wall.
3. Grounds: Sometimes, when I decide to turn on the computer to study o ...
Sick Around the WorldWatch Sick Around the Worldâ (either at ht.docxmckellarhastings
Â
Sick Around the World
Watch âSick Around the Worldâ (either at http://www.pbs.org/video/frontline-sick-around-the-world/ or at https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kfusssJW7TI) and answer the following questions:
1) What does âuniversal health careâ mean? Which countries in the film have universal health care?
2) How do the British pay for their National Health Service? What, according to the film, might Americans not like about the British system?
3) Japanese citizens visit doctors three times more often as Americans, and have longer life spans and lower infant mortality than Americans. How do the Japanese pay for their health care system?
4) In Germany, the rich pay for the poor, the ill are covered by the healthy, health insurance continues with or without employment, and doctors, who are private entrepreneurs, make less money than they did before reform. Why will doctors in Germany accept less money? Should the rich pay for the poor when it comes to health insurance? Why or why not?
5) Taiwan designed its health care system in 1995, after looking at health care in 10-15 other countries. What do you think works well in the Taiwanese system?
6) Evaluate the U.S. health care system in comparison to some of the other systems explained in the film. How does the U.S. system compare, in terms of access, cost, and equity? Compare the U.S. on each dimension to at least two other countries. Do you think the U.S. should adopt universal health care? Why or why not?
This assignment is participant observation, âethnographyâ. On the topic of cyberbullying
For the red paragraph, do the following :
- Relate the articleâs participant observation method with my method at the end of the
paragraph.
For the blue paragraph, do the following
- Imagine you are doing the participant observation (going through tik-tok video
comments), and you are taking notes while doing it, for example, offensive comments,
etc.
1. Add summaries of relevant scenes, and behaviors you witnessed and quotes of offensive
comments in the paragraph.
2. Then develop a self-reflective âauto-ethnography.
3. Change one of the questions to â How does the offensive comments effect your
mental health?â then provide an answer for it
For the green paragraph,
- Write a paragraph discussing the ethnographic findings in relationship to the
thesis statement. This would be a âdiscussionâ or âanalysisâ paragraph.
For the pink paragraph,
Conclusion paragraph,
1. Provide summary of the argument,
2. Provide the significance of your research for anthropology,
3. Respond to a potential critique of your argument, .
Cyberbullying
Every day, the majority of US teenagers use the internet. Crimes and offenses against
young people, particularly children and teens, are common. Cyberbullying is among the crimes
majorly done by young people. Cyberbullying is the use of any electronic medium, including
social media, to harass another person to cause harm. It is the online victi.
Who has the most power to influence the U.S. government How do y.docxharold7fisher61282
Â
Who has the most power to influence the U.S. government? How do you know? What powers do they have and where did those powers come from? Is their power legitimate? Why or why not? What checks exist to limit their power?
Papers should include a clear thesis statement. A minimum of two sources must be cited in APA formatâbe sure to include both in-text citations and a works cited page. Do not use material from any source without citing it; this is an example of plagiarism.
Rubric:
Thoroughly and clearly responds to all questions in prompt within page limit
Includes a clear thesis statement that explains the argument being made
Supporting evidence is factually accurate
Includes proper APA citations for sources used (minimum of two sources must be used)
Uses proper spelling, grammar, and punctuation
You can address :
¡ A particular branch of government (executive, legislative, or judicial)
¡ Interest groups
¡ The people
¡ Political parties
¡ The constitution
¡ The President
Global Organization Outline
1. Introduction
1. Main Claim: I think that my room projects that my interests are on playing computer games and using social media since I bought a set of devices specifically for playing computer games.
2. Contextualizing My Argument
1. Background Information: Does the popularity of the internet caused a negative effect on teenagers, such as the internet make people addicted to the game and social media. COR: Rebuttal: Poor self-control ability of people will cause them to indulge in the online world and waste their time and neglect their studies or works.
3. Reason 1: Because the most conspicuous thing in my room is my Alienware Laptop, there are lots of colorful lights on the laptop, this makes that looks like itâs designed for gaming. When I spend too much time on the computer, people will worry about my mental health, because I may be addicted to games and social networks, and unwilling to go outside and interact with people.
1. Grounds: âRSPH and the Young Health Movement (YHM) published a report examining the positive and negative effects of social media on young peopleâs health, including a list of social media platforms according to their impact on young peopleâs mental healthâ (Krietz). Warrants: Social media, video games are a way to interact with people and maintain friendship with others. âstudents claimed that it gave them more self-confidence, improved their relationships, and even made them more socially consciousâ (Beasley).
2. I spend a lot of time and money on playing games such as GTA 5, Rainbow 6, and spend a lot of time on social media such as Instagram, Snapchat...
4. Reason 2: My room layout makes me easily distracted by other things.
1. Grounds: because most of the space of my desk is occupied by my laptop, keyboard, mouse, and headphone...
2. Grounds: I have many games or anime pictures on my wall.
3. Grounds: Sometimes, when I decide to turn on the computer to study o.
Who has the most power to influence the U.S. government How do y.docxhelzerpatrina
Â
Who has the most power to influence the U.S. government? How do you know? What powers do they have and where did those powers come from? Is their power legitimate? Why or why not? What checks exist to limit their power?
Papers should include a clear thesis statement. A minimum of two sources must be cited in APA formatâbe sure to include both in-text citations and a works cited page. Do not use material from any source without citing it; this is an example of plagiarism.
Rubric:
Thoroughly and clearly responds to all questions in prompt within page limit
Includes a clear thesis statement that explains the argument being made
Supporting evidence is factually accurate
Includes proper APA citations for sources used (minimum of two sources must be used)
Uses proper spelling, grammar, and punctuation
You can address :
¡ A particular branch of government (executive, legislative, or judicial)
¡ Interest groups
¡ The people
¡ Political parties
¡ The constitution
¡ The President
Global Organization Outline
1. Introduction
1. Main Claim: I think that my room projects that my interests are on playing computer games and using social media since I bought a set of devices specifically for playing computer games.
2. Contextualizing My Argument
1. Background Information: Does the popularity of the internet caused a negative effect on teenagers, such as the internet make people addicted to the game and social media. COR: Rebuttal: Poor self-control ability of people will cause them to indulge in the online world and waste their time and neglect their studies or works.
3. Reason 1: Because the most conspicuous thing in my room is my Alienware Laptop, there are lots of colorful lights on the laptop, this makes that looks like itâs designed for gaming. When I spend too much time on the computer, people will worry about my mental health, because I may be addicted to games and social networks, and unwilling to go outside and interact with people.
1. Grounds: âRSPH and the Young Health Movement (YHM) published a report examining the positive and negative effects of social media on young peopleâs health, including a list of social media platforms according to their impact on young peopleâs mental healthâ (Krietz). Warrants: Social media, video games are a way to interact with people and maintain friendship with others. âstudents claimed that it gave them more self-confidence, improved their relationships, and even made them more socially consciousâ (Beasley).
2. I spend a lot of time and money on playing games such as GTA 5, Rainbow 6, and spend a lot of time on social media such as Instagram, Snapchat...
4. Reason 2: My room layout makes me easily distracted by other things.
1. Grounds: because most of the space of my desk is occupied by my laptop, keyboard, mouse, and headphone...
2. Grounds: I have many games or anime pictures on my wall.
3. Grounds: Sometimes, when I decide to turn on the computer to study o ...
Sick Around the WorldWatch Sick Around the Worldâ (either at ht.docxmckellarhastings
Â
Sick Around the World
Watch âSick Around the Worldâ (either at http://www.pbs.org/video/frontline-sick-around-the-world/ or at https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kfusssJW7TI) and answer the following questions:
1) What does âuniversal health careâ mean? Which countries in the film have universal health care?
2) How do the British pay for their National Health Service? What, according to the film, might Americans not like about the British system?
3) Japanese citizens visit doctors three times more often as Americans, and have longer life spans and lower infant mortality than Americans. How do the Japanese pay for their health care system?
4) In Germany, the rich pay for the poor, the ill are covered by the healthy, health insurance continues with or without employment, and doctors, who are private entrepreneurs, make less money than they did before reform. Why will doctors in Germany accept less money? Should the rich pay for the poor when it comes to health insurance? Why or why not?
5) Taiwan designed its health care system in 1995, after looking at health care in 10-15 other countries. What do you think works well in the Taiwanese system?
6) Evaluate the U.S. health care system in comparison to some of the other systems explained in the film. How does the U.S. system compare, in terms of access, cost, and equity? Compare the U.S. on each dimension to at least two other countries. Do you think the U.S. should adopt universal health care? Why or why not?
This assignment is participant observation, âethnographyâ. On the topic of cyberbullying
For the red paragraph, do the following :
- Relate the articleâs participant observation method with my method at the end of the
paragraph.
For the blue paragraph, do the following
- Imagine you are doing the participant observation (going through tik-tok video
comments), and you are taking notes while doing it, for example, offensive comments,
etc.
1. Add summaries of relevant scenes, and behaviors you witnessed and quotes of offensive
comments in the paragraph.
2. Then develop a self-reflective âauto-ethnography.
3. Change one of the questions to â How does the offensive comments effect your
mental health?â then provide an answer for it
For the green paragraph,
- Write a paragraph discussing the ethnographic findings in relationship to the
thesis statement. This would be a âdiscussionâ or âanalysisâ paragraph.
For the pink paragraph,
Conclusion paragraph,
1. Provide summary of the argument,
2. Provide the significance of your research for anthropology,
3. Respond to a potential critique of your argument, .
Cyberbullying
Every day, the majority of US teenagers use the internet. Crimes and offenses against
young people, particularly children and teens, are common. Cyberbullying is among the crimes
majorly done by young people. Cyberbullying is the use of any electronic medium, including
social media, to harass another person to cause harm. It is the online victi.
A review of the growth of the Israel Genealogy Research Association Database Collection for the last 12 months. Our collection is now passed the 3 million mark and still growing. See which archives have contributed the most. See the different types of records we have, and which years have had records added. You can also see what we have for the future.
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty, In...Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Â
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty,
International FDP on Fundamentals of Research in Social Sciences
at Integral University, Lucknow, 06.06.2024
By Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Delivering Micro-Credentials in Technical and Vocational Education and TrainingAG2 Design
Â
Explore how micro-credentials are transforming Technical and Vocational Education and Training (TVET) with this comprehensive slide deck. Discover what micro-credentials are, their importance in TVET, the advantages they offer, and the insights from industry experts. Additionally, learn about the top software applications available for creating and managing micro-credentials. This presentation also includes valuable resources and a discussion on the future of these specialised certifications.
For more detailed information on delivering micro-credentials in TVET, visit this https://tvettrainer.com/delivering-micro-credentials-in-tvet/
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Â
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
The simplified electron and muon model, Oscillating Spacetime: The Foundation...RitikBhardwaj56
Â
Discover the Simplified Electron and Muon Model: A New Wave-Based Approach to Understanding Particles delves into a groundbreaking theory that presents electrons and muons as rotating soliton waves within oscillating spacetime. Geared towards students, researchers, and science buffs, this book breaks down complex ideas into simple explanations. It covers topics such as electron waves, temporal dynamics, and the implications of this model on particle physics. With clear illustrations and easy-to-follow explanations, readers will gain a new outlook on the universe's fundamental nature.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
Â
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasnât one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
Â
Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Â
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Executive Directors Chat Leveraging AI for Diversity, Equity, and InclusionTechSoup
Â
Letâs explore the intersection of technology and equity in the final session of our DEI series. Discover how AI tools, like ChatGPT, can be used to support and enhance your nonprofit's DEI initiatives. Participants will gain insights into practical AI applications and get tips for leveraging technology to advance their DEI goals.
Executive Directors Chat Leveraging AI for Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion
Â
Synthesisunit4 121023171541-phpapp02
1. Introduction to Unit 4:
Literature Review/
Synthesis Essay
Allyn and Bacon Chapters 8 and 13
2. The Next Step . . .
In past units, you have been asked to reflect, summarize,
and analyze on both the rhetorical and idea levels. You have
been asked to objectively critique a piece of writing with
both âwith the grainâ and âagainst the grainâpoints,
effectively outlining a single authorâs argument without
placing yourself into the conversation.
SYNTHESIS asks you to do many of these things but for
multiple sources AND to critique these sources both
individually and within relation to each other (and the
perceived general discourse on the topic). Synthesis asks you
to present what is known about a topic, what is unknown,
what needs to be investigated, and finally what new
perspectives were gained from the investigation.
3. Asking a Question . . .
âThe need to synthesize ideas usually begins when you pose a
problematic question that sends you on an intellectual journey
through a group of texts.ââ Ramage, Bean, and Johnson.
4. Two Types of Questions Youâll
Need
General Topic Questions:
What effect is technology having on the quality of human life?
Should Standardized testing be used in college admissions?
Is online learning effective?
Critical/Source Questions:
What are the common assumptions and conclusions?
What problems and solutions appear?
What are the differences in presentation/solutions etc.?
Do you side with a certain source more than others?
5. How to attack this essay
assignment
Step 1: Formulate a topic/ topic question
Step 2: Search for sources
Step 3: Briefly evaluate, summarize, and analyze sources (Annotated
Bibliography). Think about the tension between sources and what realizations
might come from this tension.
Step 4: Summarize each source.
Step 5: Analyze each source on idea levels (Your Analysis should lead into
your Synthesis)
Step 6: Identify main issues or themes in your chosen sources. Explore
similarities and differences in ideas.
Step 7: Explore your own views on the original synthesis question and how
your views have evolved since your exploration. What do you want to say
about the connections between the texts and what they mean. What new
insights have you gained? What should be done?
6. A closer look at analyzing your sources and
incorporating text
Think about analyzing sources like a pie, sandwich, or
an Oreo cookie.
The top bread: Introducing the aspect of the topic you
are critiquing/providing context.
The meat/ cream center/ fruit filling: Comparison and
Contrast, your critique, textual evidence.
The Bottom bread: Reflection on your analysis, what
does this critical point mean for your synthesis
question? How can you link this to another critique pt?
Is there another source that opposes this criticism?
7. Structure of the Synthesis
Essay
Introduction (Presents Synthesis question, provides
topic context, hooks reader)
Summary of texts (each source should be summarized)
Thesis Statement
Analytical Sections (Should logically flow toward your
synthesis and be connected via transitions.)
Synthesis Sections (Realizations/ Evaluations)
Conclusion (Reiterates values and limitations of the
text you have analyzed. Pulls together your new
insights. Leaves the reader thinking about your views.
8. For now, letâs focus specifically on synthesis and how one
pulls together ideas from multiple sources in order to
present a dialogue and forward your views.
9. What was Synthesis again?
Synthesis is the result of comparing two or more
contrasting ideas. The original idea is called a 'thesis'
and the second, opposite idea is called an 'anti-thesis'.
In academic writing it is often necessary for writers to
consider different points of view and decide whether to
support one point of view, the other point of view, a
combination of them, or neither of them. This can be
followed by, and support, the writer's opinion.
In the following example, notice how the writer
summarizes the arguments of the two authors before
giving the synthesis.
10. Example 1:
Thesis
This study has therefore revealed that
children who play computer games on
a regular basis experience a number
of medical problems. The evidence
suggests that the most serious
problem is crooked posture, which is
caused by their being hunched over
their computers for considerable
periods of time. Another common
problem associated with playing
computer games over long periods
(when the same moves are constantly
repeated) is that of pain in the hands
(Source: Brown)
Anti-Thesis
It is claimed that computer games have
negative physical effects on eyesight,
hands and posture. However, all of these
are caused by the computer hardware
and equipment, not by the software.
The same physical effects occur from
prolonged usage of computers for any
reason, such as word-processing. In fact,
carpal tunnel syndrome was identified
as a workplace ailment caused by office
programs, not games. These physical
effects can all be reduced or eliminated
by better hardware and more attention
to ergonomics, such as higher-resolution
and higher-contrast screens, and
supportive furniture
(Source: Smith)
11. Example 1: Synthesis A
The effects of playing computer games on physical
health are controversial (Brown , 2000; Smith, 2003).
Although Brown (2000, p.141) states that computer
games can cause physical problems such as bad posture
and pain in the hands, Smith (2003) argues that these
problems are caused by the hardware, not the games.
In my opinion the games cause physical health
problems because they encourage long periods of
computer use on harmful hardware.
12. Example 1: Synthesis B
The effects of playing computer games on physical
health are controversial (Brown , 2000; Smith, 2003).
Brown (2000, p.141) suggests that computer games can
cause physical problems such as bad posture and pain
in the hands. However, Smith (2003) points out that
these problems are caused by the hardware, not the
games. I believe that the physical health problems are
caused by games as they encourage long periods of
computer use on harmful hardware.
13. Example 1: Synthesis C
The effects of playing computer games on physical
health are controversial (Brown , 2000; Smith, 2003).
According to Brown (2000, p.141) computer games
can cause physical problems such as bad posture and
pain in the hands. Smith (2003) disagrees, and argues
that these problems are caused by the hardware, not
the games. I contend that the physical health problems
are due to the long periods of computer use on
harmful hardware which occur when children are
playing computer games.
14. Example 2
Thesis
As was noted earlier, the majority of
computer games produced today have
violence as their principal theme.
Despite the growing concerns of parents
and teachers in the past decade, it
would appear from my research that
violence in computer games is
becoming increasingly realistic and
explicit. We are thus faced with the
familiar question: Does playing violent
computer games lead to aggressive
behaviour in young people? This is
clearly a highly complex issue. Research
conducted in the past decade has
revealed that young people who
regularly play violent computer games
have a tendency to be more aggressive
than those who do not. Perhaps not
surprisingly, my findings tend to
support this position. (Walker)
Anti-Thesis
On the issue of violence, the modern
media surrounds us with violence.
Movies such as 'The Matrix', television
programs such as the news, newspaper
reports of sports such as boxing, and
radio dramas often involve violence. It is
difficult to watch TV for one evening
without seeing an explosion, car chase,
death or violence. Children's programs
are especially violent, as is shown by
Tom and Jerry. If young children are
expected to realise that it is only a
cartoon, teenagers playing computer
games can also recognise that it's only a
game.In addition, many computer
games are non-violent, for example, 'The
Sims' is a very popular game of social
interaction, and football playing and
management games involve almost no
violence. (Smith)
15. Example 2: Synthesis A
Walker's findings (2001, p.116) show that 'young
people who regularly play violent computer games have
a tendency to be more aggressive than those who do
not'. If this research compares children who have been
equally exposed to violence in other media, Smith's
(2003) arguments about violence in the media are not
relevant. In addition, Walker only examined violent
computer games, so Smith's argument about non-
violent computer games is irrelevant.
16. Example 3
THESIS: One problem that Internet users
have to deal with is the huge quantity and
variety of sources of possible interest to
them. This creates problems of how to select
relevant information. The problems are
aggravated by a lack of effective search tools.
Many search facilities are limited in their
capabilities and are consequently not able to
deal with the volume of available resources.
Some search engines often return a huge
number of results to usersâ queries, and the
details provided in the search output often
lack enough detail to enable users to assess
the relevance of the sites which are listed.
However, other search engines source a
limited number and kind of sites. This
makes the list of sites they provide both
restrictive and possibly biased. It is hard for
the untrained eye to detect these
restrictions.
ANTI-THESIS: Although, for a novice
user, the results returned by Internet
search engines may appear confusing
and any bias may not be obvious, these
problems are becoming less serious.
Firstly, although some search engines
have problems, there is a wide range of
engines available. Users can choose a
search engine which suits them and
gives informative and relevant results.
Secondly, modern search engines often
identify sponsored links. If users find
that their search engine refers them to
sites that give irrelevant commercial
links, they can use a different search
engine. Finally, as the Internet becomes
more mature, users become more
experienced. Therefore they can
increasingly use search terms or
advanced search functions which give
better results. (Smith)
17. Example 3: Synthesis
Cuisinier (2000) criticises search engines for returning
too many results with not enough, or biased,
information. According to Smith (2003), the situation
is improving as users have a choice of search engines,
and sponsored links are now often identified.
However, I believe that there is still room for
improvement, as searching the Internet is still too time-
consuming. I suggest that search engines need to
improve their ability to understand questions in
sentence form.
18. Exercise:
Using the sources you have collected:
1)How would you describe each writerâs perspective or
angle of vision? In one or two sentences, summarize the
main points of each article. Come up with a paragraph
in which you cite the main ideas for each source and
come up with an evaluative statement.
2)List ideas that the pieces have in common
3) List contradictions or differences.
4) Free-write your own response to these readings,
exploring what questions they raise for you or personal
experiences that they might remind you of.