This document summarizes the larval forms of different classes of echinoderms. It describes the bipinnaria, branchiolaria, ophiopluteus, echinopluteus, auricularia, doliolaria larval forms found in classes like Asteroidea, Ophiuroidea, Echinoidea, Holothuroidea, and Crinoidea respectively. It discusses how comparing the larval stages across classes can help reveal their evolutionary relationships. The document concludes that echinoderm larvae exhibit fundamental similarities like pre-oral and post-oral loops, and V-shaped ciliated bands, indicating they evolved from a common ancestor.
ORIGIN OF CHORDATES
Animal kingdom is basically divided into two sub kingdoms:
Non-chordata- including animals without notochord.
Chordata- This comprising animals having notochord or chorda dorsalis.
Chordates were evolved sometime 500 million years ago during Cambrian period (invertebrates were also began to evolve in this period) .
Chamberlain (1900) pointed out that all modern chordates possess glomerular kidneys that are designed to remove excess water from body.
It is believed that Chordates have originated from invertebrates.
It is difficult to determine from which invertebrate group the chordates were developed.
Chordate ancestors were soft bodied animals. Hence they were not preserved as Fossils.
However, early fossils of chordates have all been recovered from marine sediments and even modern protochordates are all marine forms.
Also glomerular kidneys are also found in some marine forms such as myxinoids and sharks. That makes the marine origin of chordates more believable.
Chordates evolved from some deuterostome ancestor (echinoderms, hemichordates, pogonophorans etc.) as they have similarities in embryonic development, type of coelom and larval stages.
Many theories infers origin of chordates, hemichordates and echinoderms from a common ancestor.
ORIGIN OF CHORDATES
Animal kingdom is basically divided into two sub kingdoms:
Non-chordata- including animals without notochord.
Chordata- This comprising animals having notochord or chorda dorsalis.
Chordates were evolved sometime 500 million years ago during Cambrian period (invertebrates were also began to evolve in this period) .
Chamberlain (1900) pointed out that all modern chordates possess glomerular kidneys that are designed to remove excess water from body.
It is believed that Chordates have originated from invertebrates.
It is difficult to determine from which invertebrate group the chordates were developed.
Chordate ancestors were soft bodied animals. Hence they were not preserved as Fossils.
However, early fossils of chordates have all been recovered from marine sediments and even modern protochordates are all marine forms.
Also glomerular kidneys are also found in some marine forms such as myxinoids and sharks. That makes the marine origin of chordates more believable.
Chordates evolved from some deuterostome ancestor (echinoderms, hemichordates, pogonophorans etc.) as they have similarities in embryonic development, type of coelom and larval stages.
Many theories infers origin of chordates, hemichordates and echinoderms from a common ancestor.
INTRODUCTION
The term urogenital refers to something that has both urinary and genital origins. The word urogenital is used because the urinary and reproductive systems in males merge.
These are grouped together because of their proximity to each other, their common embryological origin and the use of common pathways (ex. urethra).
Kidneys and urinary ducts form the urinary system.
The Urinary system performs two important homeostatic processes like excretion and osmoregulation. This system is intimately associated both anatomically, and in terms of embryonic origin with the genital system.
The genital system includes the gonads which generate gametes and the genital ducts that serve as passages for the gametes.
Though functionally different the two organ systems the urinary and the genital system are treated together as the urino- genital system, since both develop from the same segmental blocks of trunk mesoderm or adjacent tissues and share many of the ducts.
Thus although the two systems have nothing common functionally they are closely associated in their use of common ducts and are studied under the broad heading of urinogenital system.
The function of the excretory system is crucial in considering the possible environment of the ‘vertebrate life ’. Several main functions can be attributed to all vertebrate excretory systems:
Excretion of nitrogenous waste products.
Maintaining homeostasis with regard to ions (i.e. salt balance).
Regaining valuable substances (glucose, salts, amino acids, etc.)
Maintaining a physiological osmotic value (i.e. water balance).
The excretory system is formed by a series of paired, segmental nephrons that begin with a nephrostome opening into the coelomic cavity.
A pair of glomeruli per segment, supplied by branches from the aorta, projects into the coelomic cavity close to these nephrostomes.
At a later stage of development, the glomerulus/nephrostome area becomes separated from the rest of the coelomic cavity by an epithelial fold.
The nephrons connect to a duct that is formed by caudal growth of the most anterior nephric tubules. These paired urinary ducts open near the anal region.
looking after the eggs or young until they are independent to defend from predators is known as parental care.
Amphibians show great diversity in Parental care.
Parental care is any behavior pattern in which a parent invests time or energy in feeding and protecting its offspring.
Parental care is a form of altruism since this type of behaviour involves increasing the fitness of the offspring at the expense of the parents.
The evolution of parental care is beneficial as it facilitates offspring performance traits that are ultimately tied to offspring fitness.
Parental care is evolved in those organism which produce limited no. of eggs to ensure the continuity of their race.
Affinities of Dipnoi or lungfishes towards fishes and amphibians and their phylogenetic relationship and position with respect to Chordates diversification.
They are not the father of amphibians rather they are the uncle of amphibians.
They might have originated from Latimaria like ancestor.
Moreover it is now confirmed that Dipnoi, Crossopterygii and Labirynthodint amphibians are originated from the common ancestor.
INTRODUCTION
The term urogenital refers to something that has both urinary and genital origins. The word urogenital is used because the urinary and reproductive systems in males merge.
These are grouped together because of their proximity to each other, their common embryological origin and the use of common pathways (ex. urethra).
Kidneys and urinary ducts form the urinary system.
The Urinary system performs two important homeostatic processes like excretion and osmoregulation. This system is intimately associated both anatomically, and in terms of embryonic origin with the genital system.
The genital system includes the gonads which generate gametes and the genital ducts that serve as passages for the gametes.
Though functionally different the two organ systems the urinary and the genital system are treated together as the urino- genital system, since both develop from the same segmental blocks of trunk mesoderm or adjacent tissues and share many of the ducts.
Thus although the two systems have nothing common functionally they are closely associated in their use of common ducts and are studied under the broad heading of urinogenital system.
The function of the excretory system is crucial in considering the possible environment of the ‘vertebrate life ’. Several main functions can be attributed to all vertebrate excretory systems:
Excretion of nitrogenous waste products.
Maintaining homeostasis with regard to ions (i.e. salt balance).
Regaining valuable substances (glucose, salts, amino acids, etc.)
Maintaining a physiological osmotic value (i.e. water balance).
The excretory system is formed by a series of paired, segmental nephrons that begin with a nephrostome opening into the coelomic cavity.
A pair of glomeruli per segment, supplied by branches from the aorta, projects into the coelomic cavity close to these nephrostomes.
At a later stage of development, the glomerulus/nephrostome area becomes separated from the rest of the coelomic cavity by an epithelial fold.
The nephrons connect to a duct that is formed by caudal growth of the most anterior nephric tubules. These paired urinary ducts open near the anal region.
looking after the eggs or young until they are independent to defend from predators is known as parental care.
Amphibians show great diversity in Parental care.
Parental care is any behavior pattern in which a parent invests time or energy in feeding and protecting its offspring.
Parental care is a form of altruism since this type of behaviour involves increasing the fitness of the offspring at the expense of the parents.
The evolution of parental care is beneficial as it facilitates offspring performance traits that are ultimately tied to offspring fitness.
Parental care is evolved in those organism which produce limited no. of eggs to ensure the continuity of their race.
Affinities of Dipnoi or lungfishes towards fishes and amphibians and their phylogenetic relationship and position with respect to Chordates diversification.
They are not the father of amphibians rather they are the uncle of amphibians.
They might have originated from Latimaria like ancestor.
Moreover it is now confirmed that Dipnoi, Crossopterygii and Labirynthodint amphibians are originated from the common ancestor.
Identify major groupings within the Lophotrochozoa and Ecdy gg g soz.pdffathimahardwareelect
Identify major groupings within the Lophotrochozoa and Ecdy gg g sozoa ; describe
distinguishing features among groups, where on Earth these organisms are typically found, and
how they make a living
Solution
Lophotrochozoa are a group or taxon of protostome animals. The taxon consists of 2 groups-
trochozoans and lophophorata. Trochozoans are characterized by the development of mouth
before anus in the embryo.They are worm like and produce trochophore larvae - larvae that have
2 bands of cilia around their middle. Lophophorata, on the other hand, are grouped by the
presence of lophophore characterized by a fan of ciliated tentacles surrounding their mouths.
These animals exhibit radial cleavage.
Lophotrochophora includes the following phyla
1. Phylum Ectoprocta:
These are mostly marine coelomates that use lophophore for feesing. They secrete and live in
zoecium (chitinous chamber).
2. Phylum platyhelminthes
These are mostly parasitic acoelomates. Some may live as scavengers or commensals. The are
flat and ribbon-shaped. They have an incomplete gut, no circulatory system, and a simple
nervous system. Their excretory system has small tubules lined with ciliated flame cells. They
are hermaphrodites.
3. Phylum Rotifera
These are small aquatic pseudocoelomate animals. They are mostly free living and a few are
paraitic. They have a ciliated food gathering organ at the tip of the head known as corona. They
have jaws in the pharynx and their digestive system has separate mouth and anus. They have
rudimentary circulatory system and they have separate sexes.
4. Phylum Annelida
They are segmented coelomates with a closed circulatory system. Their excretory system
includes nephrida. They have a digestive system with separate mouth and anus. Gas exchange is
through skin.They have setae. They are found in both terrestrial and aquatic habitats. They can
be parasites, carnivores, predators or scavengers.
5. Phylum Nemertea
They are partially coelomate and partially acoelomate animals. They are free living and possess
proboscis - a long muscular tube covered by a sheath to capture prey. They have a complete
digestive system, a simple nervous system, and a closed circulatory system.
6. Phylum Phoronida:
They are coelomate and marine. They use lophophore for feeding. They have a U-shaped gut and
they secrete and live in a chitinous tube.
7. Phylum Brachipoda:
They are characterized by the presence of 2 calcified shells.
Ecdysozoa also belons to the group of protostome animals characterized by a three layered
cuticle which is periodically molted,a process known as ecdysis. They lack locomotary cilia.
They produce amoeboid sperm. Their embryos donot undergo spiral cleavage unlike other
protostomes.
The group includes
Phylum arthropoda
The phylum includes invertebrate animals with an exoskeleton. They have jointed limbs and
their cuticle is made of chitin. They are segmented with an open circulatory system and a ladder-
like nervous system They are found in both a.
Cnidaria is a phylum containing over 9,000 species found only in aquatic and mostly marine environments. All cnidarians have radial symmetrical. There are two major body forms among the Cnidaria - the polyp and the medusa. Sea anemones and corals have the polyp form, while jellyfish are typical medusae.
Larval forms and their significance in arthropodaRekha Jalandra
This presentation is all about the larval forms being found in phylum arthropoda. It starts with the introduction of phylum arthropoda and then detailed information about the larval forms and their significance. i have included total 9 larval forms in this presentation.
Corals are marine invertebrates in class Anthozoa of phylum Cnidaria typically living in compact colonies of many identical individual "polyps".
Corals are gastrovascular marine organisms. Each one of these animals is known as a coral
"polyp". Coral Polyps are tiny, primitive marine organisms.
A single polyp has a tube-shaped body with a mouth which is surrounded by tentacles.
The polyp of hard corals produces a stony skeleton of calcium carbonate which form the base. Often the skeleton forms a cup-like structure in which the polyp lives. Coral polyps in colonies make up the cora reefs.
Rotifers are microscopic aquatic animals of the phylum Rotifera. Rotifers can be found in many freshwater environments and in moist soil, where they inhabit the thin films of water that are formed around soil particles.
The increased availability of biomedical data, particularly in the public domain, offers the opportunity to better understand human health and to develop effective therapeutics for a wide range of unmet medical needs. However, data scientists remain stymied by the fact that data remain hard to find and to productively reuse because data and their metadata i) are wholly inaccessible, ii) are in non-standard or incompatible representations, iii) do not conform to community standards, and iv) have unclear or highly restricted terms and conditions that preclude legitimate reuse. These limitations require a rethink on data can be made machine and AI-ready - the key motivation behind the FAIR Guiding Principles. Concurrently, while recent efforts have explored the use of deep learning to fuse disparate data into predictive models for a wide range of biomedical applications, these models often fail even when the correct answer is already known, and fail to explain individual predictions in terms that data scientists can appreciate. These limitations suggest that new methods to produce practical artificial intelligence are still needed.
In this talk, I will discuss our work in (1) building an integrative knowledge infrastructure to prepare FAIR and "AI-ready" data and services along with (2) neurosymbolic AI methods to improve the quality of predictions and to generate plausible explanations. Attention is given to standards, platforms, and methods to wrangle knowledge into simple, but effective semantic and latent representations, and to make these available into standards-compliant and discoverable interfaces that can be used in model building, validation, and explanation. Our work, and those of others in the field, creates a baseline for building trustworthy and easy to deploy AI models in biomedicine.
Bio
Dr. Michel Dumontier is the Distinguished Professor of Data Science at Maastricht University, founder and executive director of the Institute of Data Science, and co-founder of the FAIR (Findable, Accessible, Interoperable and Reusable) data principles. His research explores socio-technological approaches for responsible discovery science, which includes collaborative multi-modal knowledge graphs, privacy-preserving distributed data mining, and AI methods for drug discovery and personalized medicine. His work is supported through the Dutch National Research Agenda, the Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research, Horizon Europe, the European Open Science Cloud, the US National Institutes of Health, and a Marie-Curie Innovative Training Network. He is the editor-in-chief for the journal Data Science and is internationally recognized for his contributions in bioinformatics, biomedical informatics, and semantic technologies including ontologies and linked data.
Observation of Io’s Resurfacing via Plume Deposition Using Ground-based Adapt...Sérgio Sacani
Since volcanic activity was first discovered on Io from Voyager images in 1979, changes
on Io’s surface have been monitored from both spacecraft and ground-based telescopes.
Here, we present the highest spatial resolution images of Io ever obtained from a groundbased telescope. These images, acquired by the SHARK-VIS instrument on the Large
Binocular Telescope, show evidence of a major resurfacing event on Io’s trailing hemisphere. When compared to the most recent spacecraft images, the SHARK-VIS images
show that a plume deposit from a powerful eruption at Pillan Patera has covered part
of the long-lived Pele plume deposit. Although this type of resurfacing event may be common on Io, few have been detected due to the rarity of spacecraft visits and the previously low spatial resolution available from Earth-based telescopes. The SHARK-VIS instrument ushers in a new era of high resolution imaging of Io’s surface using adaptive
optics at visible wavelengths.
A brief information about the SCOP protein database used in bioinformatics.
The Structural Classification of Proteins (SCOP) database is a comprehensive and authoritative resource for the structural and evolutionary relationships of proteins. It provides a detailed and curated classification of protein structures, grouping them into families, superfamilies, and folds based on their structural and sequence similarities.
Seminar of U.V. Spectroscopy by SAMIR PANDASAMIR PANDA
Spectroscopy is a branch of science dealing the study of interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy refers to absorption spectroscopy or reflect spectroscopy in the UV-VIS spectral region.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy is an analytical method that can measure the amount of light received by the analyte.
Slide 1: Title Slide
Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Slide 2: Introduction to Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Definition: Extrachromosomal inheritance refers to the transmission of genetic material that is not found within the nucleus.
Key Components: Involves genes located in mitochondria, chloroplasts, and plasmids.
Slide 3: Mitochondrial Inheritance
Mitochondria: Organelles responsible for energy production.
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in mitochondria.
Inheritance Pattern: Maternally inherited, meaning it is passed from mothers to all their offspring.
Diseases: Examples include Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) and mitochondrial myopathy.
Slide 4: Chloroplast Inheritance
Chloroplasts: Organelles responsible for photosynthesis in plants.
Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in chloroplasts.
Inheritance Pattern: Often maternally inherited in most plants, but can vary in some species.
Examples: Variegation in plants, where leaf color patterns are determined by chloroplast DNA.
Slide 5: Plasmid Inheritance
Plasmids: Small, circular DNA molecules found in bacteria and some eukaryotes.
Features: Can carry antibiotic resistance genes and can be transferred between cells through processes like conjugation.
Significance: Important in biotechnology for gene cloning and genetic engineering.
Slide 6: Mechanisms of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Non-Mendelian Patterns: Do not follow Mendel’s laws of inheritance.
Cytoplasmic Segregation: During cell division, organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts are randomly distributed to daughter cells.
Heteroplasmy: Presence of more than one type of organellar genome within a cell, leading to variation in expression.
Slide 7: Examples of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Four O’clock Plant (Mirabilis jalapa): Shows variegated leaves due to different cpDNA in leaf cells.
Petite Mutants in Yeast: Result from mutations in mitochondrial DNA affecting respiration.
Slide 8: Importance of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Evolution: Provides insight into the evolution of eukaryotic cells.
Medicine: Understanding mitochondrial inheritance helps in diagnosing and treating mitochondrial diseases.
Agriculture: Chloroplast inheritance can be used in plant breeding and genetic modification.
Slide 9: Recent Research and Advances
Gene Editing: Techniques like CRISPR-Cas9 are being used to edit mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA.
Therapies: Development of mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT) for preventing mitochondrial diseases.
Slide 10: Conclusion
Summary: Extrachromosomal inheritance involves the transmission of genetic material outside the nucleus and plays a crucial role in genetics, medicine, and biotechnology.
Future Directions: Continued research and technological advancements hold promise for new treatments and applications.
Slide 11: Questions and Discussion
Invite Audience: Open the floor for any questions or further discussion on the topic.
Professional air quality monitoring systems provide immediate, on-site data for analysis, compliance, and decision-making.
Monitor common gases, weather parameters, particulates.
This pdf is about the Schizophrenia.
For more details visit on YouTube; @SELF-EXPLANATORY;
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCAiarMZDNhe1A3Rnpr_WkzA/videos
Thanks...!
3. INTRODUCTION
1
Echinoderms are unisexual animal with no
sexual dimorphism.
Fertilization external.
Echinoderms are deuterosomes and hence
cleavage is radial, holoblastic and
indeterminate.
Development is mostly indirect having larval
stage in between.
4. LARVA
2
The larvae hatch in water , feed and grow
through successive larval stages to become
adults.
Larvae of echinoderms are bilaterally
symmetrical but lose symmetry during
metamorphosis.
Different classes of Echinoderms show
structurally different larval stages.
Comparision of the larval stages of different
classes can reveal their evolutionary ancestry.
LARVAL FORMS OF DIFFERENT
CLASSES
CLASS LARVAL FORMS
Asteroidia - Bipinnaria and Branchiolaria.
Ophiuroidea - Ophiopluteus
Echinoidea -Echinopluteus
Holothuroidea -Auricularia and Doliolaria
Crinoidea -Doliolaria
5. BIPINNARIA LARVA 3
It is the first larval form of Asteroidea.
It is bilaterally symmetrical , free swimming pelagic larva.
The pre oral region is elongated , postorial region is broad.
It possesses two ciliated bands, the pre oral and post oral bands.
The anterior end of the archenteron develop as mouth whereas
the blastopore becomes the anus.
The pre oral and post oral ciliated bands are continued over a
series of the prolongation called arms.
The following are the names and the number of arms developing
from pre oral and post oral ciliated bands:
Postero lateral arm - two
Post oral arm - two
Postero dorsal arm - two
Antero dorsal arm -two
Pre oral arm -two
Ventero median arm -one
Dorso median arm -one
The bipinnaria larva is free swimming and free feeding form.
After a short period of time, it transforms into branchiolaria
larva.
6. BRANCHOLARIA LARVA
4
Three additional arms are present on this larval form known as
branchiolarian arms.
These help the larva to adhere with the substratum.
These arms are neither ciliated nor have calcareous rods and the
coelomic cavity extends into these arms.
The three short arms are at pre oral lobe, one median and two
lateral arms.
They contain adhesive cells at their tips which act as a sucker.
The rest arms degenerate and become long, narrow and slender.
METAMORPHOSIS OF BRANCHIOLARIA
With the help of adhesive structures, it attaches to some object.
Anterior portion acts as stalk for some time while posterior part
having gut and coelomic chambers convert into a young starfish.
This detaches itself and starts leading a free life.
7. OPHIOPLUTEUS LARVA
5
This is the larval form of class Ophuroidea.
This is free swimming, bilateral symmetrical form having a
single ciliated band.
It possesses long arms with ciliated bands at the margin.
It has two anterio lateral two post oral, two posterior dorsal and
two posterio lateral arms.
Out of these posterior lateral arms are the longest and directed
forward.
It has comparatively smaller, pre oral lobe.
The post anal part of the body is quite well developed.
Larva consists of coelomic chambers and archenteron.
There being no attachment stage.
Free swimming larva, metamorphose into tiny serpent star,
which sinks to the bottom to begin its adult existence.
8. ECHINOPULTEUS LARVA 6
It is a microscopic, free swimming larva of Echinoidea.
It resembles the Ophiopluteus larva where the only
diffence is that it has more arms.
This larva shows ciliated bands which are developed into
arms.
Fully developed larva consists of six arms supported by
calcareous rods and its tips are pigmented.
Postero lateral arms are very short and directed outwards
or backwards.
Locomotion is by ciliated bands, which in some cases
become thickened and called Epaulettes.
There is no attachment stage.
Metamorphosis is extremely rapid taking place in about an
hour.
9. AURICULARIA LARVA 7
It is the first larval form of Holothuroidea.
It is transparent, free swimming , pelagic larva of about 0.5-1
mm in length.
Arms are absent. Ciliated bands are well developed.
It swims about by a ciliated band which forms pre oral loop and
an anal loop.
Alimentary canal is developed which opens with mouth and
ends with anus.
Internally the larva has a curved intestine with sacciform
stomach.
10. DOLIOLARIA LARVA 8
It is the second larval form of Holothuroidea.
It is a transitional stage from Auricularia larva.
It is barrel shaped with continuous ciliated band which breaks
into three to five flagellated rings.
Mouth is shifted to anterior and anus to posterior pole.
Metamorphosis is gradual, during which it acquires five
tentacles and one to two functional podia.
As such it is sometimes called Pentacula.
After appearance of more tentacles and podia sea cucumber
settles to the sea bottom and leads an adult mode of life.
In some cases, there is no Auricularia stage, the embriyo directly
develops into doliolaria larva
11. DOLIOLARIA LARVA 9
It is t5he larval form of Crinoidea.
It is free swimming larva having four to five ciliated bands.
It contains an apical tuft of cilia which will be sensory.
On the mid ventral line, near apical plate , adhesive pit will be
present over the first ciliated band.
Between second and third ciliated band lies stomodeum or
vestibule.
Skeleton also develops at this larval stage.
After swimming for some time it will develop a stalk.
It is called pentacrinoid larva.
Larva now attaches itself and internal organs rotate to 90 degree
from the ventral to posterior position.
Larva forms a stalk and is now called as Cystidean or
Pentacrinoid larva.
This after sometime metamorphoses into an adult.
12. HOMOLOGY AND PHYLOGENY OF ECHINODERM LARVAE
10
Except for the crinoids, a sedentary group, the larvae of Asteroidea,
Holothuroidea, Echinoidea and Ophiroidea exhibit some fundamental
resemblances:
Having pre oral and post oral loops.
Having V-shaped ciliated bands.
Presence of gut with its divisions and openings.
Coelom enterocoelic.
These are some common features indicating that they had a common
ancestor.
13. CONCLUSION
11
In echinoderms eggs and sperms are released in water and
fertilization takes place in water forming zygote.
Echinoderms are deuterosomes and hence cleavage is radial,
holoblastic and indeterminate.
The larvaes are bilaterally symmetrical but lose symmetry
during metamorphosis.
Different classes of echinoderms shoe structurally different
larval stages and their comparision can reveal their evolutionary
ancestory.
14. SIGNIFICANCE
12
They help in the dispersal of species.
They help to study the different group of echinodermata.
The larval stages are useful in finding the homologies and
affinity of various group.
15. REFERENCE:
13
1. Invertebrate zoology by Robert debornis.
2. Zoology for degree students by S.chand.
3. en.m.wikipedia .org
4. https://courses.lumenlearning.com
