This document outlines the typical structure and sections of a thesis or dissertation. It discusses the key parts including preliminaries, text/body, and references. The body typically contains five major sections: introduction, literature review, methodology, results and discussion, and conclusions. Each section is then described in more detail, outlining what they should contain such as the problem statement, objectives, data collection procedures, analysis methods, and more. Sample paragraphs and examples are provided for many of the sections.
Definition of terms is usually an annex to a work (book, research paper, pamphlet,etc.) either at the beginning or more likely near the end with a list of acronyms, jargon, credits, etc. This is an important part of Research paper or report is that in which the key or important terms in the study are clearly defined.
Types and Functions
CONCEPTUAL
-Is the universal meaning that is attributed to a word or group of words and which is understood by many people.
CONCEPTUAL
It is abstract and most general in nature. The usual source of conceptual definition is the DICTIONARY which is the reference book of everyday language.
OPERATIONAL DEFINITION
-Is the meaning of the concept or term as used in a particular study. Unlike the conceptual definition, it is stated in concrete term in that it allows measurement.
The usual practice when using both types of definition is to state first the conceptual followed by the operational.
FUNCTIONS
FUNCTIONS
It establishes the rules and procedures the investigators will use to measure variables
It provides unambiguous meaning to terms that otherwise can be interpreted in different ways.
EXAMPLES
EXAMPLES
OPERATIONAL DEFINITION:
Reference:Basic Concepts and Methods in Research by Venancio B. ArdalesBest, John W. Research in Education Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey:Prentice Hall, 1970.Chen, Paul C.Y. “Traditional and Modern Medicine in Malaysia” Social Sciencee and Medicine 15A(1981):127-136
Definition of terms is usually an annex to a work (book, research paper, pamphlet,etc.) either at the beginning or more likely near the end with a list of acronyms, jargon, credits, etc. This is an important part of Research paper or report is that in which the key or important terms in the study are clearly defined.
Types and Functions
CONCEPTUAL
-Is the universal meaning that is attributed to a word or group of words and which is understood by many people.
CONCEPTUAL
It is abstract and most general in nature. The usual source of conceptual definition is the DICTIONARY which is the reference book of everyday language.
OPERATIONAL DEFINITION
-Is the meaning of the concept or term as used in a particular study. Unlike the conceptual definition, it is stated in concrete term in that it allows measurement.
The usual practice when using both types of definition is to state first the conceptual followed by the operational.
FUNCTIONS
FUNCTIONS
It establishes the rules and procedures the investigators will use to measure variables
It provides unambiguous meaning to terms that otherwise can be interpreted in different ways.
EXAMPLES
EXAMPLES
OPERATIONAL DEFINITION:
Reference:Basic Concepts and Methods in Research by Venancio B. ArdalesBest, John W. Research in Education Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey:Prentice Hall, 1970.Chen, Paul C.Y. “Traditional and Modern Medicine in Malaysia” Social Sciencee and Medicine 15A(1981):127-136
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An outline of the major components of the research proposal:
Cover Page:
Title (A case study of …….)
Purpose why the research is conducted
Name and Address of the investigator (Student researcher)
Name and Address of the advisor
Logo
Month and Place where the proposal is written
Acknowledgement
Table of Contents
List of Tables
List of Figures
List of Acronyms
Background of the study: General to specific or deductive order is recommended
Statement of the problem: (Justification of the study)
Research Objectives, Research Questions, and Research Hypothesis:
1.3.1 Research Objectives – Ends to be met in conducting the research
This shows what the investigator will analyze and how;
What comparisons to make and at what level
General Objective: Often one statement directly related to the topic.
Specific Objectives: Often 3-5;
What the researcher want to achieve
What to analyze and compare
1.3.2 Research Questions – Questions to be answered to meet the research objectives or produce implications of the hypothesis.
1.3.3 Research Hypothesis (Optional) – Tentative propositions to be tested in the research.
1.4 Research Methodology:
1.4.1 Data Type and Source (Decide one of them or both by giving justifications)
Qualitative V/s Quantitative (Give reasons)
Primary Sources (Decide on which method or methods to use by stating justifiable reasons)
Questionnaires
Interviews
Observations
Focus group discussions
Secondary Sources (Decide on which method or methods to use by stating justifiable reasons) and exactly state the sources from which you will get the data.
-Reports, manuals, internal publications, data base systems, Journals and Publications for assessing existing findings and internet.
-Books for assessing theories and principles related to the topic etc.
1.4.2 Study design:
Census V/s Survey (Decide which one to use and why?).
Survey Design (Decide on the survey designs to be used by investigator clearly stating the reasons for your decision).
Sample Size (Use the sample size determinations formula as a base and make adjustments with due regard to the target population and the homogeneity or heterogeneity of the population characteristics).
Sampling Design (Show how and why you are going to use the different techniques of probability and/or non-probability sampling techniques).
1.4.3 Data Collection:
State the data collection tool or tools to be used with necessary justifications written in the proposal.
Questionnaire design
Questionnaire testing or pretesting if necessary
Method of Reporting
Three broad sets of information of a normally degree-oriented research reports:
Prelims/ Preliminary Information
Main body of the research report, and
The reference materials
Fundamental Facts
Title Page
Supervisor’s Certificate
Acknowledgements
Table of Contents
List of Tables (if any) and,
List of Figures (if any).
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The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
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3. B. The Text
Five Major Sections
I.Introduction
II.Review of Related Literature
III.Methodology
IV.Results and Discussion
V.Summary, Conclusions, Recommendations
Note: In any section, if you’ll mention an idea which is not yours please always rephrase and write your source.
4. I. Introduction
introductory statement about the study
presents a general statement about the study (can be an issue or claim)
presents support about the general statement (organization or beneficiaries can be introduce also)
last paragraph contains either the aims or problems that the study would want to achieve or solve
a. Statement of the Problem
b. Significance of the Study
c. Objectives of the Study
d. Time and Place of the Study
e. Scope and Limitation
f. Definition of Terms
6. a. Statement of the Problem
•describes the problems to be investigated
•contains a general problem written in the form of a statement followed by the specific questions or sub- problems
8. b. Significance of the Study
•discusses the reasons in conducting the research
•if you have few beneficiaries you can just write it in one or two paragraph (why is it important to conduct the study & all the beneficiaries and how they can benefit from the study)
•but if you have many beneficiaries write the following:
1st paragraph (Why is it important to conduct this study)
2nd paragraph – main beneficiary (organization)
3rd paragraph – secondary beneficiary
4th paragraph – importance to the proponents/researchers
5th paragraph – importance to the future researchers
12. d. Time and Place of the Study
•includes the period when the study was conducted starting from the preparation of outline, data gathering (preliminary interview & RRL), conduct of survey to writing of the manuscript
14. e. Scope and Limitation
•describes the extent of the study
actual place where the study will only be conducted
duration of the conduct of the study
inclusions of the study (only specific aspect of the study or topic)
limit of the number of respondents
area limit (if applicable)
18. Chapter II – Review of Related Literature
•there should have a short introductory statement (could be one paragraph only) that describes what could be seen under this part
Reminders
get facts/ideas from a reliable source (encourage a source with author)
jot down your source for reference writing later
make rephrasing a habit
write only those which are relevant to your study
at the end of each topic, write a paragraph which explains its significance or relevance to your topic
19. Chapter III - Methodology
•discusses how the study was or will be conducted
•there should have a short introductory statement (could be one paragraph only) that describes what could be seen under this part
a. Research Design
b. Sources of Data
c. Data Gathering Procedure
d. Data Analysis
e. Statistical Treatment
f. Research Instrument
20. a. Research Design
•write the type of research methodology you’ll employ with your study (reason out)
•write also the step by step procedure that you are going to do to conduct the research
Descriptive/Qualitative - this type of research methods involve describing in details specific situation using research tools like interviews, surveys, and Observations. It focuses on gathering of mainly verbal data rather than measurements.
Descriptive/Quantitative - this type of research methods requires quantifiable data involving numerical and statistical explanations. Quantitative analysis hinges on researchers understanding the assumptions inherent within different statistical models. It generates numerical data or information that can be converted into numbers. The presentation of data is through tables containing data in the form of numbers and statistics.
21. Correlation/Regression Analysis – this research methodology involves determining the strength of the relationship between two or more variables (e.g. are violent video games correlated with aggression in children).
Quasi-Experimental - this research involves the comparison of two groups, one which is influenced by an external source and another which is not.
Experimental - involves the use of random assignment to place participants in two groups: an experimental group which receives intervention, and another control group without any intervention. It is using a positive control for you to base it or compare it in your result.
Meta-Analysis - this research method is useful for finding out the average impact of several different studies on a hypothesis.
22. b. Sources of Data
•provides information about the respondents / samples
•mention also the description of population (write also the total number of population)
•and write also how much percentage of the population was used as the respondents and mention only what formula did you use in order to get the number of respondents
•indicate also the sampling technique (manner employed in the selection of respondents / samples)
23. Sampling Technique
a. Probability sampling
Simple random sampling - each individual is chosen randomly and entirely by chance, such that each individual has the same probability of being chosen at any stage during the sampling process
Systematic sampling - a statistical method involving the selection of elements from an ordered sampling frame (criteria or reference/sequence of selection)
Stratified sampling - the population embraces a number of distinct categories, the frame can be organized by these categories into separate "strata." Each stratum is then sampled as an independent sub-population, out of which individual elements can be randomly selected.
These various ways of probability sampling have two things in common:
•every element has a known non-zero probability of being sampled; and
•involves random selection at some point.
24. Sampling Technique
b. Non-probability sampling
Quota sampling - the population is first segmented into mutually exclusive sub-groups, just as in stratified sampling. Then judgement is used to select the subjects or units from each segment based on a specified proportion.
Accidental sampling - (sometimes known as grab, convenience or opportunity sampling) is a type of nonprobability sampling which involves the sample being drawn from that part of the population which is close to hand
Panel sampling - the method of first selecting a group of participants through a random sampling method and then asking that group for (potentially the same) information several times over a period of time.
25. c. Data Gathering Procedure
•explains the detailed description of how data used in the study were collected (step by step)
26. d. Data Analysis
•write here how the gathered data were presented and analyzed (usually through tables and graphs or charts)
27. e. Statistical Treatment
•mention and write the statistical method used in conducting the study from identifying the respondents to analyzing of data
28. f. Research Instrument
•describes the instrument (survey questionnaire or interview form, etc.)