Lecture 2 of Research methods

1. TITLE
• The title of the research paper should clearly
identify the content and the subject matter of
the report.
• The author would do well to remember one
salient fact.
• All words in the title should be chosen with
great care, and their association with one
another must be carefully managed.

2. ABSTRACT
• Framework of the report
• Summary of the information in a document.
• It should not exceed 250 words
• (a) state the principal objectives and scope of
the investigation
• (b) describe the methodology employed
• (c) summarize the results
• (d) state the principal conclusions.

3. I. THE PROBLEM AND ITS
BACKGROUND
Introduction
• Includes the discussion and history of the topic
under consideration
• it introduces to your reader the “problem” by
providing a brief background of your research
• A specific issue to study.
• Include the basic reasons how and why you
came-up with the problem.
• the probable solution that you can offer.
• Review of Related Literature

4. • Locating summaries, books, journals, publications
and on-line references concerning the research
problem
• Try to find a topic that has been researched so
you can build on the previous researcher’s
findings.
• Research materials are from credible sources.
• The literature review typically includes the names
of the authors, the titles of their works and the
year of the publication of these works.

5. Statement of the Problem
• There should be an introductory statement which
reflects the main problem of the study.
• Sub-problem should include all the independent
and dependent variables which are reflected in
the framework .
• Sub-problems should be arranged in logical order
and extensive in coverage and must be mutually
exclusive in its dimension.
General Objectives
Specific Objectives

6. Hypothesis of the Study
• Your prediction as to the outcome of the
findings in the study. This must be a
statement not a question.
• It is a proposition which the researcher asserts
based on his own intuition, experience,
studies and observations but which is not
scientifically proven, it is adopted as a premise
to the solution of the problem envisioned in
the study.

7. Significance of the Study
• Explain how the study could cause changes or contribute
to knowledge in the community.
• This could be in the form of new knowledge in the field, a
check on the major findings of other studies, a check on the
validity of findings in a different population, a check on
other researcher’s findings using different methodology.
• It discusses the importance of the study to the society, the
country, the government, the community, the institution,
the agency concerned, the curriculum planners and
developers and to the researchers.
• It expounds on the study’s probable impact to education,
science, technology, on-going researches, etc.

8. Scope and Delimitation of the Study
• Tell about the parameters of the study
• Explains the nature, coverage, and the subject
area of investigation.
• Reason for limitation.

9. Conceptual Framework
• This is the schematic diagram which shows
the variables included in the study.
• Arrows or lines should be properly placed and
connected between boxes to show the
relationship between the independent and
dependent variables.
• All independent and dependent variables
should be clearly discussed and explained how
these would influence the results of the study.

10. Definition of Terms
• Any terminology that a novice reader might
need to know in order to understand the
study.
• The terms should be arranged alphabetically
and the definitions should be stated in
complete sentences.

11. II. METHODOLOGY
• Research methodology is a way to systematically solve
the research problem. It may be understood as a
science of studying how research is done scientifically
• Research methodology is wider than that of research
methods.
• Research methodology does not only include research
methods but also consider the logic behind the
methods use in the context of the research study and
explain why they are using a particular method.
• Describe the research design.

12. Schedule of Activities
• This includes a brief description in chronological
order of each activity. The starting date and
planned completion date are indicated in year
and month. Milestones or targets are also clearly
set. The use of a Gantt chart is encouraged.
Methods of Collecting Data
• This describes the target population and the
sample frame.
• It specifies the sampling technique used and how
the sample size is determined.

13. Locale and time of the Study
• This discusses the place or setting of the study. It describes
in brief the place where and when the study was
conducted. Only the important features which have the
bearing on the present study are included.
Research Instruments
• This explains the specific type of research instrument used
such as questionnaire, checklist, structured interview, trial
runs, and standardized instrument.
• The establishment of validity and reliability should be
explained and only experts should be chosen to evaluate
such instrument. Specific and appropriate statistical test
used should be given and the computed values derived.
Interpretation should be included in the discussion.

14. • Data Analysis
• Budgetary Requirements

15. III RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
• This is used to describe the various results and
findings. This section is where you will be
analyzing the data that you have obtained
from the methodological operation that you
have chosen. This section is where you will be
presenting the actual results of the analysis
that you have made based on your chosen
methodology.

16. IV. Summary, Conclusions and
Recommendations.
• This is where you will be discussing more of
the results of your research, its implications
on other fields as well as the possible
improvements that can be made in order to
further develop the concerns of your
research. This is also the section where you
need to present the importance of your study
and how it will be able to contribute to the
field of knowledge.

17. • Most people consider the conclusion part of a
report as a sub division of the Results and
Findings Section, but that is not correct, the
conclusion part of the report will describe the
conclusions that “you” feel are dominant,
whereas, the results and findings section
normally refers to the findings and results of the
methodology section. The importance of the
conclusions is indicated by the fact that they
should be said three times: once in the Abstract,
again in the Introduction, and again (in more
details) in the discussion of Summary,
Conclusions and Recommendations..

18. • References
• Appendices