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1. RESEARCH
METHODOLOGY
LABORATROY CLASS
(3RD YEAR 2023)
Prepared by
David Manyiel (DMLT@RHSI)

2. Let us identify the
RESEARCH
TITLEs/TOPICs

3. RESEARCHTITLE
EXAMPLE1:
• Factors Associated With HIV High Viral Load Among Children In Rumbek
State Hospital, lakes State, South Sudan

4. Research problem identification

5. RESEARCH TITLE
• REMEMBER FIVE Ws
• WHAT?
• WHERE?
• WHERE
• WHO?
• WHY?

6. Invesstigation
• WHAT?: factors Associated With HIV High Viral Load Among children
• WHERE?: at Rumbek State Hospital, lakes State, South Sudan
• :WHO?: children
• WHEN?: Between January to March 2023
• WHY?: No Proper ARVS taking daily

7. EXAMPLE 2:
What Malaria infections in pregnancy Problem
When Between Aug to Oct 2022 Period
Where At Rumbek State Hospital, Lakes, SS Location
Who Pregnant mothers in the R.S. H(Rumbek) Person involved
Why Because of vulnerability of the body due to body system changes to
certain level(pregnancy)
body system changes to certain level
during pregnancy

8. Parts of a Research Paper you need to consider
• Title (cover page)
• Abstract (brief summary
of your research project)
• Introduction (Chapter one)
• Literature Review (Chapter two)
• Methodology (Chapter three)
• Findings/Results (Chapter four)
• Discussion (Chapter five)
• Conclusion (Chapter six)

9. Abstract/summary of the research
• It is a brief summary of your research proposal in approximately 300-
400 words. It should include the research question, the
rationale/purpose for the study, the hypothesis (comprise), the
method and the main findings. Descriptions of the method may
include the design, procedures, the sample and any instruments that
will be used.
• Conclusion of your research project

10. Chapter one: introduction
• 1.0 introduction
Introduction: The main purpose of the introduction is to provide the
necessary background or context for your research problem. How to
frame the research problem proposal

11. Things to include under chapter one
• 1.0 introduction
• 1.1 Background of proposal
• 1.2 problem statement
• 1.3 purpose of study
• 1.4 research questions
• 1.5.1 General objectives
• 1.5.2 Specific objectives
• 1.6 Scope of the Study.
• 1.6.1 Content Scope
• 1.6.2 Geographical Scope
• 1.6.3 Time Scope
• 1.7 Organization of the Study

12. CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW
• What is a literature review? A literature review is a survey of scholarly
sources on a specific topic. It provides an overview of current
knowledge, allowing you to identify relevant theories, methods, and
gaps in the existing research that you can later apply to your paper,
thesis, or dissertation topic.

13. LITERATURE REVIEW
• Literature reviews are a vital part of a research project or paper, and
they are particularly important during graduate school. This handout
will focus on defining what a literature review is, how to organize and
synthesize information, and what the different parts of a literature
review are

14. five key steps to writing a literature review:
• Search for relevant literature
• Evaluate the sources
• Identify debates and gaps
• Outline the structure
• Write your literature review
A good literature review doesn’t just summarize sources—it
analyzes, creates, and critically evaluates to give a clear picture of the
state of knowledge on the subject.

15. literature review:
• The Purpose of a Literature Review
• A literature review demonstrates your ability to research; it also
showcases your expertise on your chosen topic. By including a
literature review in your project or thesis, you are also providing your
reader with the most prevalent theories and studies on your topic,
evaluations and comparisons of these studies, and gaps there may be
in the literature. This helps your reader understand your
project/thesis better. It also makes you a more credible and reliable
author.

16. literature review: provide references
• Examples
• Hager, M. & Russo, A. (2019). Graduate Writing Tutor Training.
Presentation, San Jose.
• Khan, S. (2018). LLD 250W Course Reader: Becoming a Professional.
Course reader, San Jose State University.
• Literature Reviews. (2007). Retrieved July 22, 2019, from
https://writingcenter.unc.edu/tips-andtools/literature-reviews/
Lunsford, A. (2010).
• The Everyday Writer (5th ed.). Boston, MA: Macmillan Higher Education

17. literature review
• Example: In Campbell’s (2005) article on how television has reshaped
politics, he discusses how television created a direct link between the
candidate and the American public. In a quote from Frank Stanton,
president of the Columbia Broadcasting System, “people have once
more become the nation, as they have not been since the days when
we were small enough each to know his elected representative”
(Campbell, 2005). However, in a separate article about how television
has affected American politics, they discuss how this type of
connection can be manufactured through turning presidential
candidates into celebrity-like personalities (Hart & Triece).

18. CHAPTER THREE: Research methodology
• What (exactly) is the methodology chapter?
• Your methodology chapter is where you highlight the theorical
underpinnings of your research and outline the specific research design
choices you’ve made. The point of the methodology chapter is to tell the
reader exactly how you designed your research and to justify your design
choices.
• The methodology chapter should comprehensively describe and justify all
the research design choices you made. For example, the type of
research you conducted (e.g. qualitative or quantitative), how
you collected your data, how you analysed your data and who or where
you collected data from (sampling).

19. What is a methodology in a research paper?
• The methodology in a research paper, thesis paper or dissertation is
the section in which you describe the actions you took to investigate
and research a problem and your rationale for the specific processes
and techniques you use within your research to identify, collect and
analyze information that helps you understand the problem.

20. Data collection methods
• Primary data collection methods
• E.g interview, observation,
questionaires, survey etc
• Secondary data collection
methods
• E.g books, Magazine, Internet
Journal etc

21. Why is the methodology chapter important?
• The methodology chapter is important for two reasons:
• Firstly, it demonstrates your understanding of research design theory,
which is what earns you marks. A flawed research design or methodology
would mean flawed results, so this chapter is vital as it allows you to show
the marker that you know what you’re doing and that your results
are credible.
• Secondly, the methodology chapter is what helps to make your
study replicable – in other words, it allows other researchers to undertake
your study using the same design, and compare their findings to yours. This
is very important within academic research, as each study builds on
previous studies.

22. SUBSECTIONS OF METHODOLOGY
• 3.0 Introduction
• 3.1study design
• 3.2 study Area
• 3.3 study population
• 3.4 sample size
• 3.5 Sample techniques
• 3.6.data collection
• 3.7 Dissemination
• Others

23. Introduction
• As with all chapters in your dissertation or thesis, the methodology
chapter should have a brief introduction. In this introduction, you
should remind your readers what the focus of your study is, especially
the research aims. As we’ve discussed many times on this blog,
your research design needs to align with your research aims, objectives
and research questions, so it’s useful to frontload this to remind the
reader (and yourself!) what you’re trying to achieve with your design
and methodology.
• In this section, you can also briefly mention how you’ll structure the
chapter. This will help orient the reader and provide a bit of
a roadmap so that they know what to expect.

24. Things to include under Research methodology
• The type of research you conducted
• How you collected and analyzed your data
• Any tools or materials you used in the research
• How you mitigated or avoided research biases
• Why you chose these methods

25. Subsection of chapter three:methodology
• 3.0 Introduction
• This chapter consists of study design, study area, study population,
sample size, sample technique, study variables, data collection
procedure tools, data collection procedure/techniques, data
processing, analysis and presentation, pre-test, ethical consideration,
study limitations and dissemination. A hospital-based, case-control
study was conducted over a 3-month period from July 2022 to
September 2022.

26. 3.1 Study design
• The study was carried out in one the main pediatric hospital in ABC County, , This
hospital represent main public hospitals providing low-cost health services to the
pediatric population from ABC and surrounding ABC central.
• A cross sectional descriptive study will be carried out to examine the factor
affecting children with Pneumonia at ABC Hospital.
• This design will be appropriate for this study since all the data will be collected at
point in time.
• The design will be chosen because it supports to collect the data once from the
participant at one point in time. Also due to it stinginess, it maximizes
completeness of key data and good control over the measurement process.

27. 3.2 Study area
• The study will be done at ABC(ABCHospital), the one of the mains
public hospitals in state/county that offers health care services,
located in location. It is the only referral hospital in the whole county
(County) with an estimated population more than one million. The
hospital offers many departments for Internal medicine, Obstetrics
and Gynecology, Orthopedics and Dental department. It offers a lot of
services both inpatient and outpatient services as well teaching
making it appropriate to chosen it for study.

28. 3.3 Study population
• The study is targeting all children under five (5) at ABC Hospital who
are present during the study period in their respective units or
departments

29. 3.4 Sample size
• A sample size was determined using sample size formula for single
populace by Odili & Eke (2010)
• Hence the target population (N) is less than 20. The investigator used
correction formula to reach a final corrected sample size
• Due to feasibility and time the study will be limited to 25
respondents, and they will be selected to participate in this study.

30. Resources, materials and tools
• The tools, materials and other resources you need for your research
and analysis are also important elements to describe in your
methodology. Software programs, mathematical and statistical
formulas and other tools that help you perform your research are
essential in documenting your methodology. This section of your
methodology can also detail any special techniques you apply to
collect data and identify important variables. Additionally, your
approaches to studying your hypothesis and underlying research
questions are essential details in your methodology.

31. CHAPTER FOUR: FINDING RESULTS,DATA ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION
Put your results experiments or finding under this chapter
• Findings are presented using:
• Table
• Graph
• Chart

32. CHAPTER FOUR
The results or findings on the data collected and analysed.
• Results of descriptive analyses
• Results of inferential analyses (Quantitative).
• Findings of text analyses (Qualitative)

33. Finding, data interpretation and presentation
Socio-demographic characteristics
It Splits data into groups or characteristics .
• Example: Gender
• Male
• Female

34. Characteristic Frequency, n (%)
Age (months)
2–5 54 (16.1)
6–11 69 (20.5)
12–23 39 (11.6)
24–59 174 (51.8)
Sex
Male 179 (53.3)
Female 157 (46.7)
Residence
Urban 154 (45.8)
Rural 182 (54.2)
Parental/care taker's education
No education 21 (6.3)
Primary 141 (42.0)
Secondary 99 (29.5)

35. Prevalence N n % p-value
Overall 336 86 25.6
Age specific 0.127
2–5 54 20 37.0
6–11 69 13 18.8
12–23 39 11 28.2
24–59 174 42 24.1
Gender specific 0.767
Male 179 47 26.3
Female 157 39 24.8
Prevalence of pneumonia among children aged 2 to 59 months presenting with acute respiratory symptoms
Eighty-six (25.6%) children under-five years had pneumonia; 24 (27.9%)
of these had the severe form. Pneumonia was more prevalent in children below
6 months of age and affected more of males than females (Table 3).
Table 3
Prevalence of pneumonia by age and sex

36. 0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
1_3 4_7 8_11 12_15 16_19 20_23 24_27
PARTICIPANTS AGE GROUP

37. Conclusion
• The prevalence of pneumonia was at 25.6% in this study. This
prevalence is low compared to findings in a study at Rumbek state
hospital National Referral Hospital in Uganda which recorded
prevalence of pneumonia in under-fives at 53.7% this could be
because of the difference in the study setting. Since Rumbek state
hospital is near the city, children are likely to be affected by
environmental pollution,

38. Continu…………………
• overcrowding and exposure to smoke due to indoor cooking with
biomass which predispose to pneumonia with a high odds of above
1.5 as found in some studies Because most children under-five years
visit hospitals due to symptoms of acute respiratory infection 3, the
prevalence of pneumonia in this study is almost similar to the hospital
based studies among all under-fives (33.5%) in South Sudan 20.2%)
in Sudan and (21%) in Kenya .

39. Present the descriptive data
1. explaining the age, gender, or relevant related information on the
population (describe the sample).
2. Summarize the demographics of the sample, and present in a table
format after the narration (Simon, 2006).
3. Otherwise, the table is included as an Appendix and referred to in
the narrative of chapter four (American Psychological Association,
2001)

40. Chapter five

41. Chapter five:
• Subsections under chapter five
• discussion
• limitation
• Recommendation
• and Conclusion

42. Chapter five
Introduction Introduce the chapter with:
1. the purpose statement as the connecting link among chapters; it
should appear in the introduction of each chapter (Creswell, 2004).
2. a brief overview of why and how the study was done.
3. a review of the questions or issues being addressed.
• 4. a brief summary of the results or findings.

43. Learning Goals:
• Understand the components of Chapter 5
• Write the introduction to include the problem, purpose, research questions and brief
description of the methodology.
• Review and verify findings for the study
• Write the Summary of Findings
• Compose Implications/suggestions for Practice
• Compose Recommendations for Research
• Integrate the components into a coherent/comprehensible chapter

44. What goes in Chapter 5?
• Introduction
• Summary of Findings – In this discussion assert that you have answered
your research questions.
• Implications/suggestions for Practice
• Recommendations for Research
• Conclusion

45. Chapter five
A well-written Chapter 5 should include information about the following:
• Put all your finding and chapters context/contents here in chapter five which
include the following
1. Methods and Procedures
2. Summarize the approach.
3. Major Findings
4. Summary of findings
5. Interpretation of findings
6. Context of findings
7. Implications /suggestions of findings
8. Discussion on limitations of study
9. Discussion on future directions of research/field

46. discussion
• Create a strong concluding statement that will enable the reader to see the
message clearly.
• Refer to the hypotheses(theories), objectives, or questions. Assess the
meaning of the results by evaluating and interpreting. Theory should be
reasonable, firmly justified, and subject to test. This is the hardest part to
write because committees may challenge the interpretation of the data in
the Defense. List the primary research questions from Chapter 1 and
answer them with the results. Cite several studies from Chapter 2 for
comparison and contrast with the results.

47. Limitations of Study
• Internal and external validity issues
• Measurement and statistical issues
• Future Directions
• Remember: – Be a critical thinker
• Avoid common problems
• Use an outline to write the chapter
• Financial constraint/ restrictions
• Transport challenges
• Inaccuracy of data you collected

48. Recommendations
• These can take two forms:
• recommendations for further study,
• or recommendations for change, or both.
• Each recommendation should trace directly to a conclusion.
• Suggestions for Further Research areas that the results of the study
imply would be useful for future research by other researchers
(Creswell, 2014). Consider the study expansion or implementation
with different populations

49. Recommendations
• Recommendations state who needs to pay attention to the research
results, and how the results might be disseminated (Simon, 2006).
Relate each recommendation back to the problem. Include a narrative
of topics that need closer examination to generate a new round of
questions. Be sure to make specific recommendations for leaders in
the field and policy makers.

50. Conclusion
• The conclusions relate directly to the research questions or
objectives. They represent the contribution to the knowledge. They
also relate directly to the significance of the study, which is always, in
some way, to improve the human condition. These are the major
generalizations, the answer to the problem(s) revealed in Chapters 1
and 2. For the first time in the dissertation, the researcher can state a
personal opinion when the collected data support it.

51. References
• These will follow the specific format of an individual style guide, such
as APA, Chicago, or other. Every name and year in the body of the text
should be repeated in the list of references with no exceptions.

52. Lecturer works