none

1. Understanding Data and
Ways to
Systematically
Collect the Data
2ND
Semester (Quarter 4)– Module 1

2. Objectives:
•Choose an appropriate research design;
•Describe sampling procedure and sample;
•Construct an instrument and establish its validity
and reliability;
•Plan data collection procedure;
•Plan data analysis using statistics and hypothesis
testing; and
•Present written research methodology.

3. Research Design
•The research design serves as the structure of your
study.
•It gives direction to the study and makes your
research more systematized.
•Each design has different purposes; the one you
choose can potentially affect your findings.
•The two main research designs are quantitative
research and qualitative research.

4. Qualitative Research Design
•This is done in order to generate new ideas with
regards to a certain phenomenon.
•Statistical analysis and mathematical computation
are not used in this type of design.

5. Quantitative Research
Design
•This type of design uses statistical analysis
and mathematical computations in order to
generate a conclusion. They commonly
follow a similar format with a few minor
alterations depending on the type of study
and approach to be used.

6. Sample
•It is a small part of a population. It
is meant to represent that
population as a whole for the
study that is being conducted.

7. Why use Sample?
•In large populations, not all the
members can be interviewed/
surveyed/etc. It would be impossible to
cover an extremely large group. A
sample is used in order to make data
collection easier and possible to do.

8. Advantages of Sampling
•Lessens the amount of respondents thus reducing
the costs of the research and making data
collection much easier and faster
•Researchers can manipulate and control data
better in using a sample as opposed to studying the
entire population.
•Easier to avoid errors and analyze data with
smaller numbers

9. Disadvantages of
Sampling
•There could be some biases in selecting the sample
due to some external factors out of the researcher’s
control or because of the researchers themselves.
•Sampling would require the researcher to know
about statistics in order to analyze and collect the
data correctly.

10. Different Sampling
Methods

11. Simple Random Sampling.
•Every single member of the population has an
equal chance to get selected as a respondent.
This type of sample requires the researcher to
name or number the entire population and select
randomly from them. This is the best method of
selecting a sample since it eliminates the bias
and it represents the entire population. However,
this method is hard to do.

12. Stratified Sampling
The population is divided into different groups
then the researchers would take equal
number of people to represent each of the
groups. This type of method can be difficult
to accomplish. However, it gives a good
representation of the population.

13. Opportunity Sampling.
•The type of sampling is also known as convenience sampling.
This method involves selecting respondents who are willing to
participate in the study. This is the fastest way to collect data but
it is prone to biases. In addition to this, the researchers
cannot claim that their sample represents the entire
population.

14. Systematic Sampling.
•All of the members of the population are
listed and numbered. The researchers
then take the every nth members of a
population. This can represent the entire
population but it is difficult to do.

15. Establishing Validity
•involves looking over your draft and
making sure that it will be able to
measure the data correctly and properly.
The following questions can serve as a
guide for you to make sure that the
questionnaire is done correctly:

16. •Is the questionnaire valid? In other words, is
the questionnaire measuring what it intended to
measure?
•Does it represent the content?
•Is it appropriate for the sample/population?
•Is the questionnaire comprehensive enough to
collect all the information needed to address the
purpose and goals of the study?
•Does the instrument look like a questionnaire?

17. Establishing Reliability
•involves making sure that the questionnaire is
reliable. This means making sure that the
questionnaire is accurate and precise in
collecting and measuring data. In order to do this,
the researchers can do a pilot test, wherein they
will give out the questionnaire to a few people to
make sure that it will perform correctly.

18. Additional Steps in Instrument
Development:
•Determine the purpose.
•Decide what you are measuring.
•Know your respondents.
•Choose a collecting method (online, face to
face interviews, telephone).

19. Methods of
Collecting Primary
Data

20. Observation
•Attempts to understand cause
and effect relationships
•Executed by the observer going
directly to the field to observe the
surroundings to gather data

21. Different Types of
Observation

22. Structured Observations
• when observation is done by
characterizing style of recording the
observed information, standardized
conditions of observation, definition of the
units to be observed, selection of applicable
data of observation

23. Unstructured Observation
• observation is done without planning before
observation

24. Participant Observation
• the observer is part of the
group in which he is observing

25. Non-participant
Observation
•the observer is observing
people without giving any
notice or information to them

26. Uncontrolled observation
•when the observation is done in
a natural setting and is done to
get spontaneous results

27. Controlled observation
•when observation takes place
in accordance to planning with
experimental procedure

28. Interview

29. •An oral verbal method in which the
interviewer asks questions directly to the
interviewee which aims to get information
relevant to the study
•Can be conducted face to face or by telephone
•Can be in-depth, semi-structured, unstructured,
depending on the information being sought

30. Survey

31. •One of the common methods of diagnosing and
solving social problems
•Captures information through the input of
responses to a research instrument containing
questions (i.e. such as questionnaire
•Information can be put either to the
respondents themselves (e.g. complete online
survey) or the researcher can input the data (e.g.
phone survey, mall intercept)

32. Methodology Section
(Chapter 3)

33. •It is the core of every paper as it is a
proof that the scientific method was
used. Through this section, their
study’s validity is judged. The
methodology must answer two
questions:

34. •How did you collect or
generate the data?
• How did you analyze the
data?

35. Reminders when writing
the
Methodology Section:

36. •Be direct and precise.
•It should include enough information so
the readers could repeat the experiment
and evaluate whether the results are
reproducible.

37. Parts of the Methodology
Section

38. Introduction of the Chapter.
•Write the coverage of the
chapter. What will be discussed.

39. Research Design.
•Write about the title of the investigation and
the kind of research design that will be used.
•Write also a conceptual definition of the
research design and write also what it intends to
measure.
•Cite your source after the definition.

40. Research Setting
•Write the place where the study will be
conducted.
•Indicate the population/respondents of the
study.
•Write a brief description about the
respondents of the study.

41. Research Subjects
• Write where your sample population will be taken.
• Write your sample population and any
limitation/restriction, if any (e.g. at least 1 year of stay in
school, at least 1 year teaching experience, etc.)
• Write about those who will not be included in your study
(e.g. those who are holding administrative positions will
not be included, those who are irregular students will not
be included, etc.)
• Include a table if needed to show the breakdown of your
respondents.

42. Research Instruments.
•Write the name/title of the instrument to be used in
your study.
•Write a description of the instrument. What is it,
what it intends to measure, what are its
components?
•Write something about its validity and reliability.
•Write about what will be the scoring procedure.
•Write how the scores will be interpreted.

43. Data Gathering Procedure
•Discuss how the researcher will be
gathering data (distribution and collection).
•To whom permission will be secured?
•What will be done with the collected data?
•How will the data be analyzed?

44. Statistical Treatment
•What statistical treatment will be used to
answer each of the research questions (if
applicable)?
•Write the formula for each and the source
for the formula.

45. THANK YOU!