Here are the steps to use the WISHA checklist: 1. Review the entire body checklist section and mark any items that apply to the overall job. 2. Review the lifting hazard section separately and mark any heavy, frequent or awkward lifts. 3. Total the number of checks in each section. Jobs with more than two checks in either section should undergo further evaluation. 4. The checklist is best used as a screening tool to identify jobs for more in-depth analysis rather than diagnosing specific problems.

1. Worksite Hazard Analysis
Presented By: Thomas Dean
Georgia Tech

2. Objectives
 Discuss the sub elements of worksite hazard
analysis
 Identify typical hazards in the workplace
 Review various techniques that can be used
to identify hazards in the workplace

3. Hazards Vs. Unsafe Behavior
 Unsafe behavior sometimes leads to unsafe
conditions that can cause accidents.
 Consider Maintenance Operations
 Unsafe behaviors may show weakness in the
safety management system.

4. Effective Worksite Analysis
 Worksite analysis involves a variety of worksite
examinations, to identify not only existing
hazards, but also conditions and operations
where changes might occur to create hazards
 Effective management actively analyzes the work
and the worksite to anticipate and prevent
harmful occurrences

5. Plan for Worksite Analysis
 Comprehensive Facility
Surveys
 Change Analysis
 Routine Job Hazard
Analysis (JHA)
 Periodic and Daily
Inspections

6. Comprehensive Survey
 Comprehensive surveys should be performed
depending on the business size and
hazardousness every 1-3 years
 Resources for comprehensive survey: private
consultants, insurance company, and state
funded programs

7. Change Analysis
 Change analysis is simply the management of
change in the work environment.
 Changes in the following items need to be reviewed:
 Facilities
 Materials
 Process Technology
 Equipment

8. Change Analysis
 A competent team consisting of managers,
engineers, superintendents and employees
should be involved
 How can you best manage change in the
work environment?

9. Job Hazard Analysis
 A job hazard analysis is a technique that focuses on
job tasks as a way to identify hazards before they
occur.
 It focuses on the relationship between the worker, the
task, the tools, and the work environment.
 After uncontrolled hazards are identified, take action
to eliminate them or reduce risk.

10. Job Hazard Analysis
 Performing a job hazard analysis is one of the
best methods to develop safe work
procedures for the equipment that is
operated.
 The JHA can also be used to train employees
in the hazards associated with task and what
control measures should be practiced.

11. JHA Team
 A Job Hazard Analysis requires the
cooperation of all parties involved that
includes:
 Safety Professional
 Engineers-Technical Advisor
 Supervisors-Frontline Personnel responsible
for making change
 Employee-Person most familiar with job

12. Communication of the JHA
 Safety Meetings
 Distribution of Copies
 SOP and Operations Manual
 What are some other methods?
 ___________________
 ___________________

13. What are the Possible Uses of a
JHA
 1._________________________
 2._________________________
 3._________________________

14. Prioritization of JHA
 Jobs with the highest  Jobs complex enough to
injury and illness rates have written instructions
 Jobs that have the  Jobs that are new to you
potential to cause facility
serious injury  Jobs that significantly had
 Jobs in which one changes in process
technology or procedures
simple human error
could cause injury

15. Steps for JHA
 Involve Employees  List, rank, and set
 Review accident history priorities for hazardous
 Conduct preliminary job jobs
review  Outline the steps or
tasks

16. Involvement of Employees
 They have a unique understanding of the job,
and this knowledge is invaluable for finding
hazards.
 Involving employees will help minimize
oversights, ensure a quality analysis.
 Get workers to “buy in” to the solutions
because they will share ownership

17. Job Review
 Discuss with employees the hazards that they know
exist.
 Brainstorm with them for ideas to eliminate or control
those hazards.
 If any hazards exist that pose an immediate danger,
to an employee’s life or health, take immediate action
to protect the worker.
 Any problems that can be corrected easily should be
corrected as soon as possible.

18. Outline the Steps
 Watch the employee perform the job and list each
step as the worker takes it.
 Be sure to record enough information to describe
each job action without getting overly detailed.
 Avoid making the breakdown of steps so detailed
that it becomes unnecessarily long or so broad that it
does not include basic steps.

19. Outline the Steps
 Review the job steps with the employee to
make sure you have not omitted something.
 Include the employee in all phases of the
analysis—from reviewing the job steps and
procedures to discussing uncontrolled
hazards and recommended solutions.

20. Identifying the Hazards
 A job hazard analysis is an exercise in
detective work. Your goal is to discover the
following:
 What can go wrong?
 What are the consequences?
 How could it arise?
 What are other contributing factors?
 How likely is it that the hazard will occur?

21. Common Hazards in the
Workplace
Stressor Hazard Hazard Type Hazard Type
Type
Chemical Corrosive Fire Toxic
Explosion
Electrical Shock Short Circuit Fire-Static
Mechanical Moving Failure Noise
Parts Pressure
Ergonomic Strain Human Error Fatigue

22. Common Hazards in the
Workplace
Stressor Hazard Hazard Type Hazard
Type Type
Radiation Ionizing Non
Ionizing
Contact Struck By Struck Caught In
Against
Environment Temp. Visibility Weather
Misc. Slips Trips Falls

23. Hazard Identification Workshop
 Based on the following slides of machinery,
identify the potential hazards.
 Hint: Use the previous tables and analyze the
machinery and work environment
 Prepare to discuss your findings.

24. Hazard Identification

25. Hazard Identification

26. Hazard Identification

27. Hazard Identification

28. Controlling the Hazards
 The order of precedence and effectiveness of
hazard control is the following:
 1. Engineering controls.
 2. Administrative controls.
 3. Personal protective equipment.

29. Controlling the Hazards
 The most effective controls are engineering controls
that physically change a machine or work
environment to prevent employee exposure to the
hazard.
 The more reliable or less likely a hazard control can
be circumvented, the better.
 If this is not feasible, administrative controls may be
appropriate.
 This may involve changing how employees do their
jobs.

30. Controlling the Hazards
 Discuss your recommendations with all
employees who perform the job and consider
their responses carefully.
 If you plan to introduce new or modified job
procedures, be sure they understand what
they are required to do and the reasons for
the changes.

31. Engineering Controls
 Engineering controls include the following:
 Elimination/minimization of the hazard
 Substitution of equipment or process to decrease
hazard
 Isolation of the hazard with interlocks, machine guards,
blast shields, or other means; and
 Removal or redirection of the hazard such as with local
and exhaust ventilation.

32. Administrative Controls
 Administrative controls include the following:
 Written operating procedures, work permits, and safe
work practices;
 Exposure time limitations (used most commonly to
control heat stress and ergonomic hazards);
 Monitoring the use of highly hazardous materials;
 Alarms, signs, and warnings;
 Buddy system; and training

33. PPE
 Personal Protective Equipment is acceptable as a
control method in the following circumstances:
 When engineering controls are not feasible or do not
totally eliminate the hazard;
 While engineering controls are being developed;
 When safe work practices do not provide sufficient
additional protection; and
 During emergencies when engineering controls may
not be feasible.

34. JHA Exercise
 We are going to
perform an exercise on
grinding metal casting.
 Based on the steps,
please identify the
hazards and controls.

36. JOB HAZARD ANALYSIS
Job Title:
Job Description:
Date Conducted
Task Step Task Hazard Cause Hazard Control
Measures
Comments:

37. Periodic Review of JHA
 Reviewing job hazard  Review the JHA after
analysis ensures that it accidents, you may
remains current and determine that you need to
continues to prevent change the job procedure to
accidents and injuries. prevent similar incidents.
 It is possible that during the  Review after all close calls
review process you will and discuss the situation
identify hazards that were with all employees that do
not identified in the initial the job.
analysis.

38. Safety and Health Inspections
 Cover entire worksite
 Regular intervals
 Inspectors trained
 Hazards tracked to
correction

39. Objectives for Inspections
 There may be many objectives to the
inspection process:
 Meet OSHA or other legal responsibility
 Involve the team
 Identify areas of undue risk and control
hazards
 Identify and develop positive attitudes
 Suggest better methods of doing job

40. Inspections
 OSHA recommends that you perform general
workplace inspections.
 Check the standard so that you know what
must be inspected.
 What are some examples of items that must
be inspected?

41. Employee Involvement
 What are some reasons for involving
employees in the process?
 Demonstrate commitment to safety
 Allow them to become familiar with the
process safety requirement.
 _____________________
 _____________________
 _____________________

42. Documenting the Inspection
 A checklist of workplace specific hazards
should be developed. To accomplish this:
 List the potential hazards in the workplace
 Examine the work areas to locate hazards
 Check with employees and records

43. Resources for Checklist
 Insurance and safety consultants
 Accident/incident investigation reports (past
problems)
 Small business handbook
 Manufacturer Specifications
 JHA and/or employee input
 Standards that apply to industry

44. Checklist Development
 Avoid making the checklist: vague, excessive detail,
and overwhelming.
 Checklist is a tool.
 As the inspectors become more skilled, the less
reliance there will be on this checklist.
 You should get the point that hazards rarely are
identified and hazards are corrected immediately.

45. Examination of the Workplace
 Identify conditions that might develop
 Location of the hazard
 Severity potential

46. Safety Inspection Report

47. Safety Inspection Workshop
 Mock inspection of a company is to be
performed.
 Identify the hazards in the slides and rate the
severity.
 Be prepared to discuss your results.

48. Inspection Report
Date: Inspection Team:
Number & Findings
Classification
Hazard Classification
A = Loss of life, body part, extensive damage
B = Serious injury or property damage
C = Non-disabling injury or minor damage

49. Safety Inspection

50. Safety Inspection

51. Safety Inspection

52. Safety Inspection

53. Safety Inspection

54. Safety Inspection

55. Safety Inspection

56. Safety Inspection

57. Safety Inspection

58. Safety Inspection

59. Safety Inspection

60. Safety Inspection

61. Safety Inspection

62. Safety Inspection

63. Safety Inspection

64. Safety Inspection

65. Safety Inspection

66. Safety Inspection

67. Safety Inspection

68. Safety Inspection

69. Safety Inspection

70. Safety Inspection

71. Safety Inspection

72. Safety Inspection

73. Hazard Reporting
 Effective hazard reporting systems will:
 encourage employees to report hazards and
effectively track them for prioritizing.
 create feedback between management and
the employee reporting the hazard.
 have a system to analysis the hazards
reported to determine its effectiveness.

74. Accident Investigation
 All accidents and incidents need to be
investigated.
 What is an accident?
 Why do we investigate accidents?
 Why should near misses be investigated?

75. Accident Investigation

76. Causes of Injuries and Accidents
 Direct Causes
 Indirect Causes
 Root Causes

77. Trend Analysis
 Trends need to analyzed over time to identify
any emerging patterns of injury and intervene
to prevent its recurrence.
 Review injury records over time
 What items should be trended over time to
determine any emerging pattern?

78. Summary
 Worksite hazard analysis consists of:
 Change analysis
 JHA
 Workplace inspections
 Hazard Reporting
 Trend Analysis
 Effective programs will result in the identification of
potential and existing hazards.

79. Task Analysis Tools

80. Review the Basics
 Risk Factors
 Ergonomic Body Divisions

81. Risk Factors
 Force
 Frequency
 Posture
 Duration
 Contact Stress
 Environment
 Vibration

82. Ergonomic Body Division
 Upper Extremity
 Lower Extremity
 Trunk

83. Recognizing a WMSD Problem
 Use OSHA 200/300 logs
 Accident Reports
 Workman’s Compensation info
 Employee Surveys
 Visual Cues

84. Body Part
Discomfort Form
and Rating Scale

85. What is a Task Analysis Tool
 A narrative, quantitative and/or checklist
system that provides a standardized evaluation
of a job/task
 Tools based on biomechanical and
physiological information compiled and
calculated providing a relative risk of
injury probability
 Can be specific for body region and/or
risk factors

86. Why do we need these tools?
 Provide guidance
• Where to begin corrective actions
• Helps direct efforts toward specific body
division, risk factors
 Involve employees
• Employees can perform assessments
 Provide a level of measurement
• Shows improvement of tasks
• Baseline data

87. How do we use them?
Two criteria for use:
• What are you trying to find out?
 General vs. Specific information
• What limitations must be considered?
 Various tools are only able to assess
specific body regions

88. Types of Analysis Tools
Checklists
• Easy to use
• Less time consuming
• Minimal training
• Very sensitive: One check,
task must be considered

89. Types of Analysis Tools
Quantitative
• Less sensitive
More specific training
• Provide a relative risk assessment

90. Types of Analysis Tools
Narrative
• More formal training and
experience required
• Provides specific areas
for improvement
• Very time consuming

91. Checklists
 Washington State Checklist (WISHA)
 NIOSH
 University of Michigan

92. WISHA
 Checklist system that identifies
“caution or hazard zone jobs”
 Incorporates each of the risk factors
including vibration and contact stress
 Has separate evaluation for heavy,
frequent or awkward lifting
 Uses verbal cues to guide user through
evaluation criteria
 Not generally left or right side independent

93. WISHA
 Does address combination of risk factors
 Great “first cut” ergonomic tool
 Draw Backs
• High sensitivity: identify many jobs
• Doesn’t separate frequency component
by body part

94. Using WISHA
 3 basic sections
• Entire body checklist
• Lifting hazard section
• Vibration hazard analysis
 Entire body checklist
• Identify if a particular hazard exist as a
result of a risk factor for a body part
• If a hazard exists then corrective action is
needed

95. Using WISHA
 Lifting hazard analysis
• Calculated weight limit is adjusted by:
• Compares the actual weight lifted to a
calculated weight limit
• Actual weight lifted > Weight limit =
Hazard exists

96. Using WISHA
 Vibration hazard analysis
• Compares the time an employee uses the
machine to a pre-measured vibration value
• Plot time vs. vibration data on graph
• Intersection point indicates degree of hazard
• Vibration data: www.lni.wa.gov/wisha/ergo

97. Job Strain

98. Quantitative Tools
 Job Strain Index
 Rapid Upper Limb Assessment
 ACGIH Threshold Limit Value – HAL
 Rapid Entire Body Assessment
 Rodgers Muscle Fatigue Analysis
 Snook Push/Pull Hazard Tables

99. Job Strain Index
 Only evaluates hand, wrist and elbow
(distal upper extremity)
 Assess task based on posture, frequency
and force
 FORCE driven
 Doesn’t consider vibration or contact stress
 Index based on a relative risk (1-1053)
• 7 considered hazardous

100. Job Strain Index
 Can assess right and left sides independently as
well as worst case
 Used in meat packing, small part assembly,
keyboarding and other highly repetitive hand
motions

101. Strain Index Elements
 Intensity of exertions (force)
 Duration of Exertion (% cycle)
 Efforts per minute
 Hand/wrist posture
 Speed of work
 Duration of task per day

102. Using the Job Strain Index
 Assign a value for each of the 6 elements
 Multiply each element = strain index
 Compare calculated value to decision threshold provided
 Decision Threshold
• <3 safe
• 3-5 uncertain
• 5-7 some risk
• >7 hazardous

103. Job Strain

104. Job Strain

105. JHA/Work Methods

106. JHA/Work Methods
Videotaping Tips
 Announce the name of the job on the tape
 Tape 5 to 10 minutes for each task
 At least 3-4 cycles
 Start with whole body shots and then zoom in on
problems areas
 Try different angles to get the best shot

107. JHA/Work Methods
Step 1: Breaking The Job Down
 List each step in order of occurrence
 Be sure to record enough information
 Can use Gilbreth’s terms to describe steps
 Can use video or photos

108. JHA/Work Methods
Gilbreth’s Table of Work Elements
 Search  Assemble
 Select  Disassemble
 Grasp  Use
 Reach  Unavoidable Delay
 Move  Avoidable Delay
 Hold  Plan
 Position  Rest to overcome fatigue
 Inspect

109. JHA/Work Methods
Step 2: Identify the Hazards
 Look for Risk Factors in each job
 Repeat the job observation until all
hazards identified
• Video and photos can be especially helpful
 Consider abnormal activities and conditions

110. JHA/Work Methods
Step 3: New Procedure or Protection
 Can the job be performed in another way?
 Can you make physical changes to the job?
 Does the job have to be performed?
Can it be done less often?

111. Work Methods

112. Work Methods

113. What does the worker need to
know from this presentation?