3. Objective
At the end of this module, participants will be able to apply
the fundamentals of hazard identification and analysis
through a case study
Module N° 4
ICAO Safety Management Systems (SMS) Course
3
4. Outline
Two definitions
First fundamental – Understanding hazards
Second fundamental – Hazard identification
Third fundamental – Hazard analysis
Fourth fundamental – Documentation of hazards
Questions and answers
Points to remember
Exercise 04/01 – International airport construction project
(See Handout N° 3)
Module N° 4
ICAO Safety Management Systems (SMS) Course
4
5. Two definitions
Hazard – Condition or object with the potential of causing
injuries to personnel, damage to equipment or structures,
loss of material, or reduction of ability to perform a
prescribed function
Consequence – Potential outcome(s) of the hazard
A wind of 15 knots blowing directly across the runway is
a hazard
A pilot may not be able to control the aircraft during
takeoff or landing is one of the consequences of the
hazard
Module N° 4
ICAO Safety Management Systems (SMS) Course
5
6. First fundamental – Understanding hazards
There is a natural tendency to describe hazards as their
consequence(s)
“Unclear aerodrome signage” vs. “runway incursion”
Stating a hazard as consequence(s) :
disguises the nature of the hazard
interferes with identifying other important consequences.
Well-named hazards :
allow to infer the sources or mechanisms of the hazard
allow to evaluate the loss outcome(s)
Module N° 4
ICAO Safety Management Systems (SMS) Course
6
7. First fundamental – Understanding hazards
Types of hazards
Natural
Technical
Economic
Module N° 4
ICAO Safety Management Systems (SMS) Course
7
8. Examples of natural hazards
Severe weather or climatic
events:
E.g.: hurricanes, major
winter storms, drought,
tornadoes, thunderstorms
lightning, and wind shear
Adverse weather conditions:
E.g.: Icing, freezing
precipitation, heavy rain,
snow, winds, and
restrictions to visibility
Module N° 4
ICAO Safety Management Systems (SMS) Course
8
9. Examples of natural hazards
Geophysical events:
E.g.: earthquakes, volcanic
eruptions, tsunamis, floods
and landslides
Geographical conditions:
E.g.: adverse terrain or large
bodies of water
Environmental events:
E.g.: wildfires, wildlife activity,
and insect or pest infestation.
Public health events:
E.g.: epidemics of influenza
or other diseases
Module N° 4
ICAO Safety Management Systems (SMS) Course
9
10. Examples of technical hazards
Deficiencies regarding:
E.g.: aircraft and aircraft
components, systems,
subsystems and related
equipment
E.g.: an organization’s
facilities, tools, and
related equipment
E.g.: facilities, systems,
sub-systems and related
equipment that are
external to the
organization
Module N° 4
ICAO Safety Management Systems (SMS) Course
10
11. Examples of economics hazards
Major trends related to:
Growth
Recession
Cost of material or
equipment
Etc.
Module N° 4
ICAO Safety Management Systems (SMS) Course
11
12. Second fundamental – Hazard identification
In order to identify hazards, consider:
Design factors, including equipment and task design
Procedures and operating practices, including
documentation and checklists
Communications, including means, terminology and
language
…
Module N° 4
ICAO Safety Management Systems (SMS) Course
12
13. Second fundamental – Hazard identification
… consider:
Organizational factors, such as company policies for
recruitment, training, remuneration and allocation of
resources
Work environment factors, such as ambient noise and
vibration, temperature, lighting and protective equipment
and clothing
...
Module N° 4
ICAO Safety Management Systems (SMS) Course
13
14. Second fundamental – Hazard identification
… consider:
Regulatory factors, including the applicability and
enforceability of regulations; certification of equipment,
personnel and procedures; and the adequacy of
oversight
Defences including detection and warning systems, and
the extent to which the equipment is resilient against
errors and failures
Human performance, including medical conditions and
physical limitations
Module N° 4
ICAO Safety Management Systems (SMS) Course
14
15. Sources of hazard identification
Internal
Flight Data Analysis
Company voluntary
reporting system
Audits and surveys
External
Accident reports
State mandatory
occurrence system
As a reminder
Predictive
Proactive
Reactive
Module N° 4
ICAO Safety Management Systems (SMS) Course
15
16. Hazard identification
By whom?
By anybody
By designated personnel
How?
Through formal processes
Depends on the organization
When?
Anytime
Under specific conditions
Module N° 4
ICAO Safety Management Systems (SMS) Course
16
17. Hazard identification
Specific conditions
Unexplained increase in
safety-related events or
infractions
Major operational
changes are foreseen
Periods of significant
organizational change
Module N° 4
ICAO Safety Management Systems (SMS) Course
17
18. Third fundamental – Hazard analysis
ABC of hazard analysis
State the generic
hazard
Identify specific
(Hazard statement) components of Naturally leading
the hazard
Airport construction Construction
to specific
consequence(s)
equipment
Closed taxiways
…
Module N° 4
Aircraft colliding with
construction equipment
Aircraft taking wrong
taxiway
…
ICAO Safety Management Systems (SMS) Course
18
19. Third fundamental – Hazard analysis
Efficient and safe operations or provision of service require
a constant balance between production goals...
maintaining regular aerodrome operations during a
runway construction project
...and safety goals
maintaining existing margins of safety in aerodrome
operations during runway construction project.
Aviation workplaces may contain hazards which may not be
cost-effective to address even when operations must
continue
(Cost-benefit analysis further discussed in Module 5)
Module N° 4
ICAO Safety Management Systems (SMS) Course
19
20. Fourth fundamental – Documentation of hazards
Appropriate documentation
management is important
as:
It is a formal procedure
to translate operational
safety data into hazardrelated information
It becomes the “safety
library” of an
organization
Module N° 4
ICAO Safety Management Systems (SMS) Course
20
21. Fourth fundamental – Documentation of hazards
Tracking and analysis of
hazards is facilitated by
standardizing:
Definitions
Understanding
Validation
Reporting
Measurement
Management
Module N° 4
ICAO Safety Management Systems (SMS) Course
21
22. Fourth fundamental – Documentation of hazards
Hazards
Hazards
Method
Identification
Management
Reactive method
•ASR
•MOR
•Incident reports
•Accident reports
Assess the
consequences
and prioritize
the risks
Assign
responsibilitie
s
Proactive method
•ASR
•Surveys
•Audits
Develop
control and
mitigation
strategies
Predictive method
•FDA
•Direct
observation systems
Documentation
Information
Safety
management
information
Trend analysis
Implement
strategies
Inform
person(s)
responsible for
implementing
strategies
Safety
bulletins
Report
distribution
Re-evaluate
strategies
and
processes
Seminars and
workshops
Feedback
Module N° 4
ICAO Safety Management Systems (SMS) Course
22
23. The focus of hazard identification
Accidents
1 – 5
Serious incidents
30 – 100
Hazard identification is a
wasted effort if restricted to
the aftermath of rare
occurrences where there is
“Practical drift”
serious injury, or significant
damage.
Incidents
100 – 1000
Latent conditions
SMS
Module N° 4
1000 – 4000
ICAO Safety Management Systems (SMS) Course
“Practical drift”
23
25. Questions and answers
Q: Define the concept of hazard.
A:
Hazard – Condition or object with the potential of
causing injuries to personnel, damage to equipment or
structures, loss of material, or reduction of ability to
perform a prescribed function.
Slide number: 5
Module N° 4
ICAO Safety Management Systems (SMS) Course
25
26. Questions and answers
Q: Provide three examples of areas/factors to consider
when identifying hazards.
A:
Design factors, including equipment and task design.
Procedures and operating practices, including
documentation and checklists.
Communications, including means, terminology and
language.
Slide number: 12
Module N° 4
ICAO Safety Management Systems (SMS) Course
26
27. Questions and answers
Q: Name three specific circumstances when hazard
identification is essential.
A:
Unexplained increase in safety-related events or
infractions.
Major operational changes are foreseen.
Periods of significant organizational change
Slide number: 17
Module N° 4
ICAO Safety Management Systems (SMS) Course
27
28. Points to remember
1. Hazards have potential consequences
2. Sources of hazard identification
3. ABC of hazard analysis
4. Hazard documentation: the “safety library” of an
organization
Module N° 4
ICAO Safety Management Systems (SMS) Course
28
29. Hazards
Exercise 04/01 – International airport
construction project (Handout N° 3)
Module N° 4
ICAO Safety Management Systems (SMS) Course
29
30. International airport construction project
Group activity:
A facilitator will be appointed, who will coordinate the
discussion
A summary of the discussion will be written on flip charts,
and a member of the group will brief on their findings in a
plenary session
Scenario:
Construction project to enlarge and repave one of the
two crossing runways at an international airport (150,000
movements a year)
Module N° 4
ICAO Safety Management Systems (SMS) Course
30
32. Construction project – Phase 1
Phase 1
Module N° 4
ICAO Safety Management Systems (SMS) Course
32
33. Scope of the work
Phase 1
Increase the width of runway 17-35 from 45 to 60 meters
from a point 200 m from the intersection with runway 1028 to the south and strengthen the runway (from asphalt
to concrete) to increase its Pavement Classification
Number (PCN)
Estimated time to complete the work
Seven (7) months
Module N° 4
ICAO Safety Management Systems (SMS) Course
33
34. Construction project – Phase 2
Phase 2
Phase 1
Module N° 4
ICAO Safety Management Systems (SMS) Course
34
35. Scope of the work
Phase 2
Increase the width of runway 17-35 from 45 to 60 meters
from a point 200 m from the intersection with runway 1028 to the north and strengthen the runway (from asphalt
to concrete) to increase its PCN
Estimated time to complete the work
Seven (7) months
Module N° 4
ICAO Safety Management Systems (SMS) Course
35
37. Scope of the work
Phase 3
Complete the construction work of runway 17-35 for
the central area of the last 400 m at the intersection
of runway 17-35 and runway 10-28 (from asphalt to
concrete), increasing its width from 45 to 60 meters
and its PCN
Estimated time to complete the work
Four(4) months
Module N° 4
ICAO Safety Management Systems (SMS) Course
37
38. Scope of the work
Runway 10-28 utilization during the construction work
Continuous utilization of runway 10-28 during the threephase of runway 17-35 construction project. [To maintain
regular aerodrome operations (production) and existing
margins of safety (protection) in the operations during the
runway construction project]
Length of runway 10-28 is currently 4.100 m and during
Phase 3 its length will be reduced, leaving a distance of
2.600 m for aircraft operations measured between
threshold 10 and the intersection of runway 10-28 with
taxiway Golf
Module N° 4
ICAO Safety Management Systems (SMS) Course
38
39. Identify hazards
Your task
Identify the hazards using brainstorming techniques.
Brainstorm a list of possible hazards, their
components and their related consequences (use a
flip chart)
Complete the attached log (Table 04/01) as follows:
List type of operation or activity
State the generic hazard (hazard statement)
Identify specific components of the hazard
List hazard-related consequences
It is recommended to conduct the hazard identification
and analysis per each construction phase of runway 1735
Module N° 4
ICAO Safety Management Systems (SMS) Course
39
40. Table 04/01 – Hazard identification
N°
Type of
operation
or activity
Generic hazard
(hazard statement)
Specific
components of
the hazard
Hazard-related
consequences
1
2
3
4
5
Module N° 4
ICAO Safety Management Systems (SMS) Course
40