The document discusses various work study techniques such as method study, work measurement, operation process charts, flow process charts, and left-hand right-hand charts. It provides examples and explanations of each technique to analyze workflows and identify ways to improve efficiency by reducing unnecessary time and motion. The overall goal of these techniques is to streamline processes through layout and procedure optimization.
This document discusses various work charting methods used to analyze processes and jobs. It describes Pareto charts, fishbone diagrams, operations process charts, flow process charts, flow diagrams, worker and machine process charts, gang process charts, and two-handed process charts. The charts break down work into tasks, identify contributors to problems, and document the sequence, timing, and flow of operations performed by workers, machines, and materials through a process.
Lecture 1 work study according to amravati university syllabus rahulmeshram14
Work study is a systematic examination of work methods and processes to improve efficiency through optimal use of resources. It has three main components: more effective use of equipment, human effort, and evaluation of human work. Method study is a technique within work study that examines existing and proposed work methods to develop easier and more economical processes. The basic procedure for method study involves selecting work to study, recording the existing method, examining it critically, developing an improved method, defining and installing the new method, and maintaining it over time. The objectives of method study include improving manufacturing processes, working conditions, layouts, and safety standards to reduce effort and optimize resource use.
Recording techniques used in method study pptBeereddy Swapna
This document provides information on method study techniques for analyzing work processes. It defines method study and outlines its goals of improving efficiency and reducing costs. It then describes various process chart types for visually documenting work sequences, such as flow process charts, man-machine charts, and two-handed process charts. It also explains the symbols used in process charts and provides examples of charts mapping different work processes. Finally, it briefly introduces the technique of micro motion study for highly detailed analysis of short-cycle operations.
Flow Process Chart INDUSTRIAL MANAGEMENTManzarAli14
The document describes a flow process chart, which is a symbolic representation that illustrates the sequence of activities within a process. It notes that there are three common types - material, equipment, and man-type charts. Various symbols are used to represent different activity types like operations, inspections, storage, transportation, and delays. A two-handed process chart is also described, which separately records the motions of both hands of a worker to analyze unwanted motions and arrange efficient sequences. An example chart is provided.
This document provides information on charts and diagrams used in method study. It defines a process chart as a graphical representation of the steps in a process. It lists some common charts used in method study like outline process charts, flow process charts, two-handed process charts, and multiple activity charts. It also discusses flow process charts in more detail, including the types (man, material, equipment), symbols used to represent operations, inspections, transport, delays and storage, and examples of flow process charts. In conclusion, it outlines the key information typically shown in a flow process chart like the chart type, producer information, operator information, process stages, transport activities and more.
A Simo chart records the simultaneous motions of different body parts of a worker(s) on a common time scale, often based on analyzing filmed footage of an operation. It shows the therbligs or groups of therbligs performed by different parts of the body. Simo charts are used for short, rapid operations and are generally compiled from slow motion or paused film footage. They provide a micromotion-level view of an operation analogous to a man-type flow process chart. Movements are recorded against time measured in "winks" from a counter visible in filmed footage.
This document discusses flow process charts. It begins by explaining that a flow process chart provides a graphical presentation of all operations, inspections, delays, and storage that occur during a process, including necessary information like time required and quantity moved. It then describes the types of flow process charts for men, materials, and equipment. Several examples of flow process chart symbols are shown and explained. The document concludes by providing an example flow process chart for a typist's work and noting the key information typically shown in such charts.
The worker and machine process chart (Man-machine chart) shows the exact time relationship between the working cycle of a person and the operating cycle of a machine at a specific workstation. It can be used to detect idle time on machines and workers, optimize work distribution, and decide the appropriate number of workers. The example shows a man-machine chart for the current and improved methods of a casting production process. The improved method reduces the cycle time from 2 minutes to 1.4 minutes by decreasing the idle times for both the worker from 0.8 to 0.2 minutes and the machine from 1.2 to 0.6 minutes.
This document discusses various work charting methods used to analyze processes and jobs. It describes Pareto charts, fishbone diagrams, operations process charts, flow process charts, flow diagrams, worker and machine process charts, gang process charts, and two-handed process charts. The charts break down work into tasks, identify contributors to problems, and document the sequence, timing, and flow of operations performed by workers, machines, and materials through a process.
Lecture 1 work study according to amravati university syllabus rahulmeshram14
Work study is a systematic examination of work methods and processes to improve efficiency through optimal use of resources. It has three main components: more effective use of equipment, human effort, and evaluation of human work. Method study is a technique within work study that examines existing and proposed work methods to develop easier and more economical processes. The basic procedure for method study involves selecting work to study, recording the existing method, examining it critically, developing an improved method, defining and installing the new method, and maintaining it over time. The objectives of method study include improving manufacturing processes, working conditions, layouts, and safety standards to reduce effort and optimize resource use.
Recording techniques used in method study pptBeereddy Swapna
This document provides information on method study techniques for analyzing work processes. It defines method study and outlines its goals of improving efficiency and reducing costs. It then describes various process chart types for visually documenting work sequences, such as flow process charts, man-machine charts, and two-handed process charts. It also explains the symbols used in process charts and provides examples of charts mapping different work processes. Finally, it briefly introduces the technique of micro motion study for highly detailed analysis of short-cycle operations.
Flow Process Chart INDUSTRIAL MANAGEMENTManzarAli14
The document describes a flow process chart, which is a symbolic representation that illustrates the sequence of activities within a process. It notes that there are three common types - material, equipment, and man-type charts. Various symbols are used to represent different activity types like operations, inspections, storage, transportation, and delays. A two-handed process chart is also described, which separately records the motions of both hands of a worker to analyze unwanted motions and arrange efficient sequences. An example chart is provided.
This document provides information on charts and diagrams used in method study. It defines a process chart as a graphical representation of the steps in a process. It lists some common charts used in method study like outline process charts, flow process charts, two-handed process charts, and multiple activity charts. It also discusses flow process charts in more detail, including the types (man, material, equipment), symbols used to represent operations, inspections, transport, delays and storage, and examples of flow process charts. In conclusion, it outlines the key information typically shown in a flow process chart like the chart type, producer information, operator information, process stages, transport activities and more.
A Simo chart records the simultaneous motions of different body parts of a worker(s) on a common time scale, often based on analyzing filmed footage of an operation. It shows the therbligs or groups of therbligs performed by different parts of the body. Simo charts are used for short, rapid operations and are generally compiled from slow motion or paused film footage. They provide a micromotion-level view of an operation analogous to a man-type flow process chart. Movements are recorded against time measured in "winks" from a counter visible in filmed footage.
This document discusses flow process charts. It begins by explaining that a flow process chart provides a graphical presentation of all operations, inspections, delays, and storage that occur during a process, including necessary information like time required and quantity moved. It then describes the types of flow process charts for men, materials, and equipment. Several examples of flow process chart symbols are shown and explained. The document concludes by providing an example flow process chart for a typist's work and noting the key information typically shown in such charts.
The worker and machine process chart (Man-machine chart) shows the exact time relationship between the working cycle of a person and the operating cycle of a machine at a specific workstation. It can be used to detect idle time on machines and workers, optimize work distribution, and decide the appropriate number of workers. The example shows a man-machine chart for the current and improved methods of a casting production process. The improved method reduces the cycle time from 2 minutes to 1.4 minutes by decreasing the idle times for both the worker from 0.8 to 0.2 minutes and the machine from 1.2 to 0.6 minutes.
it is a WORD FILE for METHOD STUDY.
college btech students specially MECHANICAL ENGNN. and PROFESSORS can access this file.
it is HELPFUL for an idea about the topic, for EDUCATION purpose and for PRESENTATION PAPER WORK IN SEMINARS etc.
The document discusses work study and method study. It provides details on the basic procedures for method study which include selecting work to study, recording the existing method, examining the facts critically, developing a more efficient method, defining the new method, installing it, and maintaining it. It describes different charts that can be used for process recording like operation process charts, flow process charts, two-handed process charts, and multiple activity charts. The principles of motion economy relating to the human body, work place arrangement, and tool/equipment design are also summarized.
The document discusses various recording techniques used in method study analysis. It describes process chart symbols that are used to represent operations, inspections, transport, storage, and combined activities. Several specific recording techniques are covered, including flow process charts, two-handed process charts, multiple activity charts, travel charts, and operation process charts. Motion study techniques like micro and macro motion study and film analysis are also summarized. Finally, common diagramming techniques like flow diagrams, string diagrams, cycle graphs, and chronocycle graphs are defined.
This document provides an overview of various methods engineering tools and techniques for analyzing and improving processes, including Pareto analysis, fishbone diagrams, Gantt charts, PERT charting, job/worksite analysis guides, operation process charts, flow process charts, worker and machine process charts, and gang process charts. It describes the purpose and components of each technique.
Work study is a technique used to examine human work and identify ways to improve efficiency. It involves two main components: method study, which examines and develops more effective work methods, and work measurement/time study which establishes the time required to complete a specified job. The work study process includes selecting a job to study, recording the current process, critically examining it to identify improvements, developing a new method, measuring the new method, installing it, and maintaining the improvements.
This document discusses methods engineering and method study. It describes method study as the systematic analysis and examination of work methods to develop more effective procedures. The key steps of method study include selecting processes to study, recording current methods, examining recordings for inefficiencies, developing improved methods, evaluating changes, defining new standards, installing changes, and maintaining improvements. A variety of charts and diagrams are used to record work including flow diagrams, string diagrams, process charts, and therblings analysis which divides tasks into elemental motions. The overall aim is to eliminate unnecessary steps and make processes more efficient.
A chronocycle graph traces and analyzes the path of motion made by a worker. A flash bulb is attached to an object and a camera records the traces with long exposure, showing the motion pattern as dots spaced in proportion to speed. This allows studying velocity, acceleration, and hesitation at different locations. The principles of motion economy for the human body, workplace arrangement, and tool design aim to minimize unnecessary motion and make work most efficient. A chronocycle graph can verify that these principles are followed.
This document discusses string diagrams and micro and macro motion studies. It explains that string diagrams can be used to record and examine the irregular movements of workers between different work centers. The steps for constructing a string diagram are provided. String diagrams can be used to identify bottlenecks, underutilized paths, and ensure work stations are correctly located. Micro motion study involves analyzing basic hand, arm, and body movements of workers. Therbligs with specific colors and symbols are used to record micro motions. Macro motion study describes basic hand movements using therbligs during a work cycle.
The document provides steps for quickly improving a new department:
1. Create a current state process map to understand the flow.
2. Identify bottlenecks limiting capacity. Address bottlenecks first by implementing OEE and SMED to reduce changeover times.
3. Create department metrics to measure waste like non-value added time, workload variation, and inventory levels. Implement processes like DMAIC or PDCA to continuously improve.
Ergonomics aims to optimize human well-being and system performance through understanding interactions between humans and other system elements. It is concerned with integrating people, including those with specific needs or who are aging, with technology. The RULA method scores observed body positions to identify urgencies for improving ergonomic conditions. Prioritizing higher scoring issues and linking improvements to milestones while empowering stops ensures focusing first on people. Re-evaluating scores with continuous kaizen activities maintains progress.
The document discusses the basic motion elements or "therbligs" used in work measurement and analysis. It describes the 18 standardized therbligs which represent fundamental manual motions. These include elements like reach, grasp, transport, hold, release, position, use, assemble, etc.
It then provides an example of how therbligs can be used to analyze the motions in a simple task like shaving. Each motion, such as locating the razor, selecting it, grasping it, and positioning it on the face, is represented by a therblig.
Finally, it introduces the concept of work factor analysis which breaks down manual tasks into standardized motion elements and assigns time values in order to set productivity standards.
Work study techniques like method study and work measurement are used to systematically examine human work to improve efficiency and reduce costs. Method study involves systematically recording the current work method, critically examining it to identify alternatives, developing an improved method, installing it, and maintaining the new standard. It aims to simplify work processes, reduce fatigue, optimize resource usage, and improve productivity. Various charts can be used to record work including process charts, two-handed process charts, and micro-motion study (SIMO) charts. Macro-motion studies examine overall processes while micro-motion studies analyze individual motions and gestures.
This document discusses work study and method study. It provides:
- An overview of work study and its objectives of efficiently utilizing resources to achieve quality work.
- Details on method study, which systematically examines work methods to develop easier and more effective techniques.
- The objectives of method study, which include improving processes, working conditions, and reducing effort.
- The basic procedure for method study, which involves selecting work, recording existing methods, examining facts critically, developing improved methods, defining and installing new methods, and maintaining changes.
Time study is a technique for measuring and analyzing the time required to complete each element of a specified job under normal conditions. It involves breaking down jobs into individual elements, observing workers complete elements using a stopwatch, and analyzing the data to determine time standards. There are three main timing methods - flyback uses a stopwatch that resets between elements, cumulative records continuous time and subtracts to find element times, and differential times small elements by timing groups with and without the element. While flyback avoids calculations, continuous method provides total time and some unions prefer it to avoid potential lost time from flyback resets.
This document discusses work measurement techniques including method study, work measurement, micro-motion study, and therbligs. Micro-motion study involves filming operations to analyze motions, recording data using SIMO charts, and identifying unnecessary movements. It aims to standardize efficient work methods. Principles for efficient work include using both hands simultaneously, employing momentum, continuous curved motions, and designing tools for easy access and mechanical advantage.
method study is the branch of an industrial Engg. specially the sub branch of mechanical engg.
those who r the college students of engg. specially mechamnical 8mechanical can download this .it is very helpful for presentation purpose
This Article on WORK STUDY covers Part-I , UNIT-II of Industrial Administration and Financial Mangement Syllabus of BE 4/4(EEE/EIE/ECE) of Osmania University
REDUCTION OF WASTAGES THROUGH PPC TECHNIQUESAsim Aslam
This document discusses production planning and control (PPC) techniques used to reduce wastage. It describes key functions of PPC like planning, routing, loading, scheduling, dispatching, and follow up. For each function, techniques are provided, such as PERT charts for routing, Gantt charts for scheduling, and control boards for follow up. The goal of using these PPC techniques is to efficiently coordinate production activities, monitor progress against plans, and eliminate bottlenecks in order to reduce wastage throughout the manufacturing process.
The document provides information about work study and method study techniques. It discusses that method study aims to analyze and improve work processes by eliminating unnecessary movements and reducing time wastage. The key steps in method study include selecting a process to study, recording the current process using tools like flow diagrams and charts, examining each step critically, developing and approving an improved method, installing the new method, and maintaining the improvements. Common method study tools mentioned are process charts, flow diagrams, Pareto analysis and Gantt/PERT charts. The document also outlines different recording techniques used in method studies.
This document summarizes key findings and recommendations from a study on improving performance and competitiveness in the apparel industry. The study analyzed production and management systems across multiple factories, identifying inefficiencies. Specific case studies found that factories carried 5-16.5% excess dead stock and labor utilization was only 59.5% due to poor line balancing, workflow, and supervision. Recommendations included eliminating dead stock through improved inventory tracking, optimizing fabric usage, establishing standard times, training supervisors, and implementing production monitoring and process improvement systems. The goal was to highlight areas where cost savings could be achieved through operational enhancements.
PRODUCTION PLANNING AND CONTROL-WORK STUDYAttiMurugan
This document discusses work study techniques used to improve productivity and efficiency. It defines work study and describes its objectives of analyzing current work methods, establishing standard times, and improving efficiency. It outlines various work study techniques including method study, work measurement, time study procedures and tools. Principles of motion economy are discussed to reduce ineffective movements and optimize workplace layout, tool design and human motions. The document provides examples and diagrams to illustrate techniques like process charts, therbligs, micro-motion study, work measurement and time study.
it is a WORD FILE for METHOD STUDY.
college btech students specially MECHANICAL ENGNN. and PROFESSORS can access this file.
it is HELPFUL for an idea about the topic, for EDUCATION purpose and for PRESENTATION PAPER WORK IN SEMINARS etc.
The document discusses work study and method study. It provides details on the basic procedures for method study which include selecting work to study, recording the existing method, examining the facts critically, developing a more efficient method, defining the new method, installing it, and maintaining it. It describes different charts that can be used for process recording like operation process charts, flow process charts, two-handed process charts, and multiple activity charts. The principles of motion economy relating to the human body, work place arrangement, and tool/equipment design are also summarized.
The document discusses various recording techniques used in method study analysis. It describes process chart symbols that are used to represent operations, inspections, transport, storage, and combined activities. Several specific recording techniques are covered, including flow process charts, two-handed process charts, multiple activity charts, travel charts, and operation process charts. Motion study techniques like micro and macro motion study and film analysis are also summarized. Finally, common diagramming techniques like flow diagrams, string diagrams, cycle graphs, and chronocycle graphs are defined.
This document provides an overview of various methods engineering tools and techniques for analyzing and improving processes, including Pareto analysis, fishbone diagrams, Gantt charts, PERT charting, job/worksite analysis guides, operation process charts, flow process charts, worker and machine process charts, and gang process charts. It describes the purpose and components of each technique.
Work study is a technique used to examine human work and identify ways to improve efficiency. It involves two main components: method study, which examines and develops more effective work methods, and work measurement/time study which establishes the time required to complete a specified job. The work study process includes selecting a job to study, recording the current process, critically examining it to identify improvements, developing a new method, measuring the new method, installing it, and maintaining the improvements.
This document discusses methods engineering and method study. It describes method study as the systematic analysis and examination of work methods to develop more effective procedures. The key steps of method study include selecting processes to study, recording current methods, examining recordings for inefficiencies, developing improved methods, evaluating changes, defining new standards, installing changes, and maintaining improvements. A variety of charts and diagrams are used to record work including flow diagrams, string diagrams, process charts, and therblings analysis which divides tasks into elemental motions. The overall aim is to eliminate unnecessary steps and make processes more efficient.
A chronocycle graph traces and analyzes the path of motion made by a worker. A flash bulb is attached to an object and a camera records the traces with long exposure, showing the motion pattern as dots spaced in proportion to speed. This allows studying velocity, acceleration, and hesitation at different locations. The principles of motion economy for the human body, workplace arrangement, and tool design aim to minimize unnecessary motion and make work most efficient. A chronocycle graph can verify that these principles are followed.
This document discusses string diagrams and micro and macro motion studies. It explains that string diagrams can be used to record and examine the irregular movements of workers between different work centers. The steps for constructing a string diagram are provided. String diagrams can be used to identify bottlenecks, underutilized paths, and ensure work stations are correctly located. Micro motion study involves analyzing basic hand, arm, and body movements of workers. Therbligs with specific colors and symbols are used to record micro motions. Macro motion study describes basic hand movements using therbligs during a work cycle.
The document provides steps for quickly improving a new department:
1. Create a current state process map to understand the flow.
2. Identify bottlenecks limiting capacity. Address bottlenecks first by implementing OEE and SMED to reduce changeover times.
3. Create department metrics to measure waste like non-value added time, workload variation, and inventory levels. Implement processes like DMAIC or PDCA to continuously improve.
Ergonomics aims to optimize human well-being and system performance through understanding interactions between humans and other system elements. It is concerned with integrating people, including those with specific needs or who are aging, with technology. The RULA method scores observed body positions to identify urgencies for improving ergonomic conditions. Prioritizing higher scoring issues and linking improvements to milestones while empowering stops ensures focusing first on people. Re-evaluating scores with continuous kaizen activities maintains progress.
The document discusses the basic motion elements or "therbligs" used in work measurement and analysis. It describes the 18 standardized therbligs which represent fundamental manual motions. These include elements like reach, grasp, transport, hold, release, position, use, assemble, etc.
It then provides an example of how therbligs can be used to analyze the motions in a simple task like shaving. Each motion, such as locating the razor, selecting it, grasping it, and positioning it on the face, is represented by a therblig.
Finally, it introduces the concept of work factor analysis which breaks down manual tasks into standardized motion elements and assigns time values in order to set productivity standards.
Work study techniques like method study and work measurement are used to systematically examine human work to improve efficiency and reduce costs. Method study involves systematically recording the current work method, critically examining it to identify alternatives, developing an improved method, installing it, and maintaining the new standard. It aims to simplify work processes, reduce fatigue, optimize resource usage, and improve productivity. Various charts can be used to record work including process charts, two-handed process charts, and micro-motion study (SIMO) charts. Macro-motion studies examine overall processes while micro-motion studies analyze individual motions and gestures.
This document discusses work study and method study. It provides:
- An overview of work study and its objectives of efficiently utilizing resources to achieve quality work.
- Details on method study, which systematically examines work methods to develop easier and more effective techniques.
- The objectives of method study, which include improving processes, working conditions, and reducing effort.
- The basic procedure for method study, which involves selecting work, recording existing methods, examining facts critically, developing improved methods, defining and installing new methods, and maintaining changes.
Time study is a technique for measuring and analyzing the time required to complete each element of a specified job under normal conditions. It involves breaking down jobs into individual elements, observing workers complete elements using a stopwatch, and analyzing the data to determine time standards. There are three main timing methods - flyback uses a stopwatch that resets between elements, cumulative records continuous time and subtracts to find element times, and differential times small elements by timing groups with and without the element. While flyback avoids calculations, continuous method provides total time and some unions prefer it to avoid potential lost time from flyback resets.
This document discusses work measurement techniques including method study, work measurement, micro-motion study, and therbligs. Micro-motion study involves filming operations to analyze motions, recording data using SIMO charts, and identifying unnecessary movements. It aims to standardize efficient work methods. Principles for efficient work include using both hands simultaneously, employing momentum, continuous curved motions, and designing tools for easy access and mechanical advantage.
method study is the branch of an industrial Engg. specially the sub branch of mechanical engg.
those who r the college students of engg. specially mechamnical 8mechanical can download this .it is very helpful for presentation purpose
This Article on WORK STUDY covers Part-I , UNIT-II of Industrial Administration and Financial Mangement Syllabus of BE 4/4(EEE/EIE/ECE) of Osmania University
REDUCTION OF WASTAGES THROUGH PPC TECHNIQUESAsim Aslam
This document discusses production planning and control (PPC) techniques used to reduce wastage. It describes key functions of PPC like planning, routing, loading, scheduling, dispatching, and follow up. For each function, techniques are provided, such as PERT charts for routing, Gantt charts for scheduling, and control boards for follow up. The goal of using these PPC techniques is to efficiently coordinate production activities, monitor progress against plans, and eliminate bottlenecks in order to reduce wastage throughout the manufacturing process.
The document provides information about work study and method study techniques. It discusses that method study aims to analyze and improve work processes by eliminating unnecessary movements and reducing time wastage. The key steps in method study include selecting a process to study, recording the current process using tools like flow diagrams and charts, examining each step critically, developing and approving an improved method, installing the new method, and maintaining the improvements. Common method study tools mentioned are process charts, flow diagrams, Pareto analysis and Gantt/PERT charts. The document also outlines different recording techniques used in method studies.
This document summarizes key findings and recommendations from a study on improving performance and competitiveness in the apparel industry. The study analyzed production and management systems across multiple factories, identifying inefficiencies. Specific case studies found that factories carried 5-16.5% excess dead stock and labor utilization was only 59.5% due to poor line balancing, workflow, and supervision. Recommendations included eliminating dead stock through improved inventory tracking, optimizing fabric usage, establishing standard times, training supervisors, and implementing production monitoring and process improvement systems. The goal was to highlight areas where cost savings could be achieved through operational enhancements.
PRODUCTION PLANNING AND CONTROL-WORK STUDYAttiMurugan
This document discusses work study techniques used to improve productivity and efficiency. It defines work study and describes its objectives of analyzing current work methods, establishing standard times, and improving efficiency. It outlines various work study techniques including method study, work measurement, time study procedures and tools. Principles of motion economy are discussed to reduce ineffective movements and optimize workplace layout, tool design and human motions. The document provides examples and diagrams to illustrate techniques like process charts, therbligs, micro-motion study, work measurement and time study.
Work study investigates work methods in an organization to find the most efficient use of resources. Method study systematically examines work methods to develop easier and more effective ways of working. Common method study tools include process charts, flow diagrams, and string diagrams which record work sequences and movements to identify areas for improvement. The goal is to improve processes, working conditions, layouts and safety while reducing effort, material handling and costs.
Work Study: Definition, objective and scope of work study. Human factors in work study. Work study and management.
Method Study: Definition, objective and scope of method study, activity recording index aids. Charts to record moments in shop operation – process charts, flow process charts, travel charts and multiple activity charts.
The document discusses work study and method study. It provides details on the basic procedures for method study which include selecting work to study, recording the existing method, examining the facts critically, developing a more efficient method, defining the new method, installing it, and maintaining it. It describes various charts that can be used for process recording like operation process charts, flow process charts, two-handed process charts, and string diagrams. The objectives and principles of motion study are also summarized.
The document discusses work study and method study. It provides definitions and objectives of method study, which includes improving processes, working conditions, and reducing human effort. The basic procedure for method study is outlined as selecting work, recording facts, examining critically, developing efficient methods, defining the new method, installing, and maintaining it. Various charts used for process study are described such as operation process charts, flow process charts, two-handed process charts, and their applications to improve material and information flow. Common symbols used in process charts are also defined.
The document discusses work study and method study. It defines them, outlines their objectives and basic procedures. Work study aims to utilize resources efficiently while method study examines work processes to develop more effective methods. The key steps in method study are selecting work, recording the current method, examining it critically, developing an improved method, defining and installing the new method, and maintaining it. Various charts and diagrams used in method study are also described such as process charts, flow diagrams and string diagrams.
The document discusses work study and method study. It provides details on the basic procedures for method study which include selecting work to study, recording the existing method, examining the facts critically, developing a more efficient method, defining the new method, installing it, and maintaining it. It describes different charts that can be used for process recording like operation process charts, flow process charts, two-handed process charts, and multiple activity charts. The principles of motion economy relating to the human body, work place arrangement, and tool/equipment design are also summarized.
The document discusses work study and method study. It describes the basic procedures for method study which include selecting work to study, recording the existing method, examining the facts critically, developing a more efficient method, defining the new method, installing it, and maintaining it. It provides examples of different types of charts that can be used for process recording like operation process charts, flow process charts, two-handed process charts, and multiple activity charts. It also discusses principles of motion economy for efficient work methods.
The document discusses work study and method study. It provides definitions and objectives of method study, which includes improving processes, working conditions, and reducing human effort. The basic procedure for method study is outlined as selecting work, recording facts, examining critically, developing efficient methods, defining the new method, installing, and maintaining it. Various charts used for process study are described such as operation process charts, flow process charts, two-handed process charts, and their applications to improve processes and layouts. Common symbols used in process charts are also defined.
The document discusses work study and method study. It provides definitions and objectives of method study, which includes improving processes, working conditions, and reducing human effort. The basic procedure for method study is outlined as selecting work, recording facts, examining critically, developing efficient methods, defining the new method, installing, and maintaining it. Various charts used for process study are described such as operation process charts, flow process charts, two-handed process charts, and their applications to improve production. Common symbols used in process charts are also defined.
Unit 2-IE6605 & PRODUCTION PLANNING AND CONTROLMohanumar S
The document discusses work study and method study. It provides details on the basic procedures for method study which include selecting work to study, recording the existing method, examining the facts critically, developing a more efficient method, defining the new method, installing it, and maintaining it. It describes various charts that can be used for process recording like operation process charts, flow process charts, two-handed process charts, and multiple activity charts. The principles of motion economy relating to the human body, work place arrangement, and tool/equipment design are also summarized.
Punjab technical University - scheme and syllabus of Masters in Business Administration (MBA) Batch 2012 onwards, course code MBA 202, production & operation Management. UNIT 2, ch.1 Facility Layout ch. 2 Production Planning & Control(PPC), ch.3 Method Study ch. 4 Capacity Planning
The document discusses work study, which aims to increase productivity through efficient use of resources. It defines key elements like method study and work measurement. The objectives of work study are listed as improving methods, standardizing processes, and determining time requirements. Method study procedures are outlined as selection, recording, examination, development, definition, installation and maintenance of methods. Common recording techniques like charts and diagrams are also described.
1. Work-study is a technique used to systematically examine human work to identify factors that affect efficiency and lead to improvements. It involves method study, which examines existing and proposed work methods, and work measurement, which establishes standard times for jobs.
2. The document discusses various work-study techniques including flow process charts, operation process charts, multiple activity charts, micro-motion study, therbligs, SIMO charts, time study, allowances, and work sampling.
3. The goal of work-study is to establish the most efficient way of performing a job by eliminating unnecessary tasks and establishing time standards for setting production targets and incentives.
The document discusses method study, which is a technique for observing and analyzing work processes to identify opportunities for improvement. It aims to develop more efficient methods that enhance productivity and reduce costs. The methodology involves selecting a work process, recording details, critically examining the current process, developing new methods, defining the new method, installing it, and maintaining it. Common charts used in method study include outline process charts, flow process charts, two-handed process charts, and multiple activity charts. Flow process charts specifically map the sequence of operations, movements, inspections and delays for a process.
This document discusses work study and related concepts. It defines work study as the study of human work to increase efficiency. The key elements of work study are method study and work measurement. Method study aims to develop more effective work methods, while work measurement determines the time required for jobs. Work study techniques like process charts, diagrams, and time studies are described to analyze jobs and set productivity standards. The overall goal of work study is to improve productivity through analyzing work methods and setting accurate performance metrics.
This document discusses work study and related concepts. It defines work study as the study of human work to increase efficiency. The key elements of work study are method study and work measurement. Method study aims to develop more effective work methods, while work measurement determines the time required for jobs. Work study techniques like process charts, diagrams, and time studies are described to analyze jobs and set productivity standards. The overall goal of work study is to improve productivity through analyzing work methods and setting efficient performance standards.
How to Setup Warehouse & Location in Odoo 17 InventoryCeline George
In this slide, we'll explore how to set up warehouses and locations in Odoo 17 Inventory. This will help us manage our stock effectively, track inventory levels, and streamline warehouse operations.
How to Make a Field Mandatory in Odoo 17Celine George
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Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
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3. Outline
July 16, 2015 Sri Sai Ram Institute of Technology 3
1. Work Study1. Work Study
2. Method Study2. Method Study
3. Various Charts3. Various Charts
4. Work Study
Work Study is a generic term for management services and
system engineering techniques, used to investigate:
– Methods of performing work (Method Study).
– The time taken to do it (Work Measurement).
July 16, 2015 Sri Sai Ram Institute of Technology 4
6. Method Study
Method study is a technique to reduce the work content
mainly by eliminating unnecessary movements by workers,
materials, or equipments.
However, even after that, there could be substantial
unnecessary time taken for the process because of lack of
management control or inaction of worker.
Method Study approaches and tools of Method Analyst:
– Flow Diagrams & Process Charts etc.
– Critical questioning techniques.
July 16, 2015 Sri Sai Ram Institute of Technology 6
7. Method Study
Method study is the systematic recording and critical
examination of existing and proposed ways of doing work, as
a means of developing and applying easier and more effective
methods and reducing costs.
Used to analyze
Movement of body, people, or material
Activities of people & machines
July 16, 2015 Sri Sai Ram Institute of Technology 7
8. Method Study Objectives
Improvement of processes and procedures.
Improvement in the design of plant and equipment.
Improvement of layout.
Improvement in the use of men, materials and machines.
Economy in human effort and reduction of unnecessary
fatigue.
Development of better working environment.
July 16, 2015 Sri Sai Ram Institute of Technology 8
9. Method study - Methodology
Procedure to accomplish method study, called "SREDIM" shall
be as follow:
1. Select: the job or operation that needs improvement,
2. Record: all facts, how work is done by chart methods,
3. Examine: every aspect of the job by asking; what, why,
where, when, who and how
4. Develop: review ideas, eliminate, simplify, combine, re-
arrange, make new method which more safe, chart new
method, submit for approval,
5. Install: the new method, consider best time to introduce,
convince all, train users,
6. Maintain: check frequently, match results, correct deviations.
July 16, 2015 Sri Sai Ram Institute of Technology 9
10. Methodology (Cont.)
July 16, 2015 Sri Sai Ram Institute of Technology 10
Select
Record
Examine
OK?
Develop
Install
Maintain
11. Method Study Tools
Exploratory Tools
– Pareto Analysis
– Fish & Bone Diagrams
– Gantt and PERT charts
Recording and Analysis Tools
– Operation Process Chart
– Flow process chart
– Flow diagram
– Worker and Machine Process Charts
– Gang Process charts
– Synchronous Servicing
July 16, 2015 Sri Sai Ram Institute of Technology 11
12. Method Study Applications
The need for methods analysis can come
from a number of different sources :
Changes in tools and equipment.
Changes in product design or new products.
Changes in materials or procedures
Other factors (e.g. accidents, quality problems)
July 16, 2015 Sri Sai Ram Institute of Technology 12
13. Recording Techniques
Charts
1. Outline process chart.
2. Flow process chart (man-type, material-type and equipment-
type): This is the use of symbols and description to chart the
sequence of work. The process, then, show what is
happening at different stages. The distances and time may be given.
3. Two hands process charts.
4. Multiple activity charts: This technique is used to solve problems
where a number of items are dependent on each other. The aim is
to reduce idle times by using the optimum number of each item. It
depicts the occupied times-broken down into the number of
different activities and the idle times both for the original and
proposed methods of doing the job.
July 16, 2015 Sri Sai Ram Institute of Technology 13
14. Recording Techniques (Cont.)
Diagrams and models (2-D and/or 3-D)
1. Flow diagrams, which is the use of symbols for flow process
charts, superimposed on drawings and the "descriptions" are
not necessary.
2. String diagrams, which is used for solving movement
problems since it shows congestions and excessive distances.
3. Cut-out templates (2-D models).
4. 3-D models.
Photography
1. Photographs,
2. Films,
3. Video.
July 16, 2015 Sri Sai Ram Institute of Technology 14
15. Assembly Chart
It is an analog model of the assembly process.
Circles with a single link denote basic components,
circles with several links denote assembly
operations/subassemblies, and squares represent
inspection operations.
The easiest method to constructing an assembly
chart is to begin with the original product and to
trace the product disassembly back to its basic
components.
July 16, 2015 Sri Sai Ram Institute of Technology 15
18. Operation Process Chart
The operation process chart shows the chronological
sequence of all operations, inspections, time
allowances, and materials used in a manufacturing or
business process, from the arrival of raw material to
the packaging of the finished product.
The chart depicts the entrance of all components
and subassemblies to the main assembly.
Two symbols are used in constructing the operation
process Chart : an operation and an inspection.
July 16, 2015 Sri Sai Ram Institute of Technology 18
19. Operation Process Chart (Cont.)
Operations charts show the introduction of raw
materials at the top of the chart on a horizontal line.
Some parts require no fabrication steps. These parts
are called buyouts. Buyouts are introduced above
the operation
July 16, 2015 Sri Sai Ram Institute of Technology 19
Tape
Carton
Operation
Number
Pieces / Hr
Hours / 1000
20. Operations Chart Steps
Step by Step Procedures For Preparing an
Operations Chart:
Identify the parts to be manufactured and purchased
Determine the operations required to fabricate each part and
sequence them
Determine the sequence or assembly for buyouts and
fabricated parts
Draw the operations chart as explained
Put time standards, operation numbers and descriptions
Calculate and write down the total hours required per 1,000
units
July 16, 2015 Sri Sai Ram Institute of Technology 20
23. Flow Diagrams
A flow diagram is essentially a flow process chart drawn to:
1. Show the layout of a facility.
2. Show the flow of work through that area
3. Show overcrowding areas, crossing worker paths, total travel.
4. Identify how layout can be redesigned to reduce travel,
motion, collisions, etc.
5. Store materials near where they are used.
6. Increase efficiency and safety.
Usually, the objective is to look for spatial relationships.
It depicts the probable movement of materials in the floor
plant. The movement is represented by a line in the plant
drawing.
July 16, 2015 Sri Sai Ram Institute of Technology 23
26. Flow Process Charts
A flow process chart is a chart of all the activities
involved in a process.
It is similar to an operations process chart, except that
more detail is shown by including transportations and
delays as well as operations, inspections, and storages.
Not usually used for entire assemblies, it is used for just
one component (or operator)
Add in information on:
Operation duration (time to complete)
Distance traveled (for transport operations)
Good for showing savings of a new method.
July 16, 2015 Sri Sai Ram Institute of Technology 26
27. Flow Process Charts (Cont.)
Process charts summarizes the whole process
They are used to compare the existing and the
proposed methods
Process is observed, who, what, where, when, and
how questions are asked
Every detail is understood and the chart of the
existing situation is drawn
July 16, 2015 Sri Sai Ram Institute of Technology 27
28. Flow Process Charts (Cont.)
Quantity:
Operations: Pieces per hour
Transportation: How many are moved at a time
Inspection: How many pieces per hour if under
time standard and/or frequency of inspection
Delays: How many pieces in a container
Storage: How many pieces per storage unit
July 16, 2015 Sri Sai Ram Institute of Technology 28
29. Flow Process Charts (Cont.)
Time in Hours per Unit
If 250 pieces are processed in an hour then 1 unit
is processed in 0.00400 hours. Record 400
If 200 units are moved in 1 minute, then 1/200 =
0.005 minutes per part, and 0.005/60 hours/part
=0.00008 hrs/part. Record 8.
July 16, 2015 Sri Sai Ram Institute of Technology 29
30. Flow Process Types:
Product or Material type
Worker (Man) type
Machine type
July 16, 2015 Sri Sai Ram Institute of Technology 30
31. July 16, 2015 Sri Sai Ram Institute of Technology 31
32. Flow Process Chart Symbols
July 16, 2015 Sri Sai Ram Institute of Technology 32
Operation
Transportation
Inspection
Delay
Storage
33. Occurs when an object is intentionally changed in
one or more of its characteristics
Usually occurs at a machine or a work station
Drilling, Painting, Data Entry, Cutting, Sorting, etc.
July 16, 2015 Sri Sai Ram Institute of Technology 33
Operation
34. Occurs when an object is moved from one place to
another
except when the movement is part of an operation
or an inspection
Using elevator, carrying, moving with material
handling devices
July 16, 2015 Sri Sai Ram Institute of Technology 34
Transportation
35. Occurs when an object is examined for identification
or is compared with a standard as to quantify or
quality
Examine the quantity or quality, read steam gauge
on boiler, detect the defectives
July 16, 2015 Sri Sai Ram Institute of Technology 35
Inspection
36. Occurs when the immediate performance or the next
planned action does not take place
Work In Process inventory waiting to be processed,
Employee waiting for an elevator, Waiting for
accumulation of a certain quantity for packaging
July 16, 2015 Sri Sai Ram Institute of Technology 36
Delay
37. Occurs when an object is kept under control such
that its withdrawal requires authorization
Bulk storage of raw material, finished products
inventory, archived documents
July 16, 2015 Sri Sai Ram Institute of Technology 37
Storage
38. Combined Symbols
Two symbols may be combined when two activities
are performed concurrently.
July 16, 2015 Sri Sai Ram Institute of Technology 38
Operation and Inspection
39. Flow Process Chart-An Example
Flow Process Chart Example
July 16, 2015 Sri Sai Ram Institute of Technology 39
40. Flow Process Chart-An Example
July 16, 2015 Sri Sai Ram Institute of Technology 40
1 X Enter emergency room, approach patient window
2 X Sit down and fill out patient history
3 X Nurse escorts patient to ER triage room
4 X Nurse inspects injury
5 X Return to waiting room
6 X Wait for available bed
7 X Go to ER bed
8 X Wait for doctor
9 X Doctor inspects injury and questions patient
10 X Nurse takes patient to radiology
11 X Technician x-rays patient
12 X Return to bed in ER
13 X Wait for doctor to return
14 X Doctor provides diagnosis and advice
15 X Return to emergency entrance area
16 X Check out
17 X Walk to pharmacy
18 X Pick up prescription
19 X Leave the building
0.50 15
10.0 -
0.75 40
3.00 -
0.75 40
1.00 -
1.00 60
4.00 -
5.00 -
2.00 200
3.00 -
2.00 200
3.00 -
2.00 -
1.00 60
4.00 -
2.00 180
4.00 -
1.00 20
Process: Emergency room admission
Subject: Ankle injury patient
Beginning: Enter emergency room
Ending: Leave hospital
Step
no.
Time
(min)
Distance
(ft)
Summary
Number
of stepsActivity
Time
(min)
Distance
(ft)
Step description
Insert Step
Append Step
Remove Step
Transport 9 11 815
Operation 5 23 —
Inspect 2 8 —
Store — — —
Delay 3 8 —
41. Material Type - Example
July 16, 2015 Sri Sai Ram Institute of Technology 41
42. Man Type - Example
July 16, 2015 Sri Sai Ram Institute of Technology 42
43. Left-Hand-Right-Hand Charts
Useful in analyzing the work performed by one
person at one specific workstation. As the name
implies, the chart follows the motion of the left and
right hands of one operator .
Each hand of the worker is treated as an activity.
Each hand’s activities are broken into work elements
and plotted side by side on a time scale.
July 16, 2015 Sri Sai Ram Institute of Technology 43
44. Left-Hand-Right-Hand Charts (Cont.)
Lists the work performed simultaneously by
each hand
– To assist in finding a better method of performing
the task and
– To train the operator in the preferred method.
July 16, 2015 Sri Sai Ram Institute of Technology 44
45. Symbols
Two symbols are used in this chart:
– Transportation (either an arrow or a small circle)
– Action (e.g., grasp, position, use, release)
A sketch of the workplace is drawn, indicating the
contents of the bins and the location of tools and
materials.
– Record the motions of one hand at a time
– Usually necessary to redraw the chart
July 16, 2015 Sri Sai Ram Institute of Technology 45
47. L-R Hand Chart of Signing a Letter
LEFT HAND RIGHT HAND
Hold Letter
Reach for pen
Grasp pen
Carry pen to
paper
Sign letter
Return pen to
holder
Release pen in
holder
Move hand back
to letterJuly 16, 2015 Sri Sai Ram Institute of Technology 47
48. LEFT HAND RIGHT HAND
Reach for
bolt in bin 1
Grasp bolt
Carry bolt to
work area
Position bolt
Hold Bolt
Carry
assembly to
bin 3
Reach for nut
in bin 2
Grasp nut
Carry nut to
work area
Position nut
Assemble nut
Release nut
July 16, 2015 Sri Sai Ram Institute of Technology 48
49. Man-machine chart
The worker and machine process chart (Man-machine chart)
is used to study, analyze, and improve one workstation at a
time.
The chart shows the exact time relationship between the
working cycle of the person and operating cycle of the
machine.
These facts can lead to utilization of both worker and
machine time, and a better balance of the work cycle.
July 16, 2015 Sri Sai Ram Institute of Technology 49
50. Worker-Machine Chart for a Gourmet Coffee Store
July 16, 2015 Sri Sai Ram Institute of Technology 50
51. Worker-Machine Chart for a Gourmet Coffee Store
July 16, 2015 Sri Sai Ram Institute of Technology 51
The customer, the clerk, and the coffee grinder (machine) are involved in this
operation. It required 1 minute and 10 seconds for the customer to purchase a pound
of coffee in this particular store. During this time the customer spent 22 seconds, or
31 percent of the time, giving the clerk his order, receiving the ground coffee, and
paying the clerk for it. He was idle during the remaining 69 percent of the time. The
clerk worked 49 seconds, or 70 percent of the time, and was idle 21 seconds, or 30
percent of the time. The coffee grinder was in operation 21 seconds, or 30 percent of
the time, and was idle 70 percent of the time.
52. Multiple Activity Charts
Also known as Gang Process Charts
Used when several workers operate a single
machine or render a single service
Used when a single worker is operating several
machines
Used to show the exact relationship between idle
and operating times of both workers and machines
July 16, 2015 Sri Sai Ram Institute of Technology 52
53. Multiple Activity Charts (Cont.)
An operation performed by one member of the
group may continue while another member is
performing more than one operation.
The chart should cover the complete cycle for the
longest performing member.
July 16, 2015 Sri Sai Ram Institute of Technology 53
54. Activity Chart
July 16, 2015 Sri Sai Ram Institute of Technology 54
Subject: Semi-Auto Machine
Operator MachineTime
1
2
3
4
5
6
Load machine Being loaded
Idle Run
Unload Being Unloaded
Present
55. Activity Chart for Two-Person
July 16, 2015 Sri Sai Ram Institute of Technology 55
56. Activity Chart of Emergency Tracheotomy
July 16, 2015 Sri Sai Ram Institute of Technology 56
57. Principles of Motion Economy
As Related To The Use Of The Human Body
1. The two hands should begin as well as complete
their motions at the same time.
2. The two hands should not be idle at the same
time except during rest periods.
3. Motions of the arms should be made in opposite
and symmetrical directions, and should be made
simultaneously.
4. Hand and body motions should be confined to
the lowest classification with which it is possible
to perform the work satisfactorily.
July 16, 2015 Sri Sai Ram Institute of Technology 57
58. July 16, 2015 Sri Sai Ram Institute of Technology 58
59. 5. Momentum should be employed to assist the
worker whenever possible, and it should be
reduced to a minimum if it must be overcome
by muscular effort.
6. Smooth continuous curved motions of the
hands are preferable to straight-line motions
involving sudden and sharp changes in
direction.
July 16, 2015 Sri Sai Ram Institute of Technology 59
60. 7. Ballistic movements are faster, easier, and
more accurate than restricted (fixation) or
“controlled” movements.
8. Work should be arranged to permit easy and
natural rhythm wherever possible.
9. Eye fixations should be as few and as close
together as possible.
July 16, 2015 Sri Sai Ram Institute of Technology 60
61. As Related To The Work
Place
10.There should be a definite and fixed place for
all tools and materials.
11.Tools, materials, and controls should be
located close to the point of use.
July 16, 2015 Sri Sai Ram Institute of Technology 61
62. July 16, 2015 Sri Sai Ram Institute of Technology 62
63. 12.Gravity feed bins and containers
should be used to deliver material close
to the point of use.
July 16, 2015 Sri Sai Ram Institute of Technology 63
64. 13. Drop deliveries should be used whenever
possible.
14. Materials and tools should be located to
permit the best sequence of motions.
15. Provision should be made for adequate
conditions for seeing. Good illumination is the
first requirement for satisfactory visual
perception.
July 16, 2015 Sri Sai Ram Institute of Technology 64
65. July 16, 2015 Sri Sai Ram Institute of Technology 65
66. 16.The height of the work place and the chair should preferably
be arranged so that alternate sitting and standing at work are
easily possible.
July 16, 2015 Sri Sai Ram Institute of Technology 66
67. 17. A chair of the type and height to permit
good posture should be provided for every
worker.
July 16, 2015 Sri Sai Ram Institute of Technology 67
68. As Related To The Design Of Tools
And Equipment
18.The hands should be relieved of all work that
can be done more advantageously by a jig, a
fixture, or a foot-operated device.
19.Two or more tools should be combined
wherever possible.
20.Tools and materials should be prpositioned
whenever possible.
21.Where each finger performs some specific
movement, such as in typewriting, the load
should be distributed in accordance with the
inherent capacities of the fingers.
July 16, 2015 Sri Sai Ram Institute of Technology 68
69. 22. Levers, hand wheels and other controls
should be located in such positions that the
operator can manipulate them with the least
change in body position and with the greatest
speed and ease.
July 16, 2015 Sri Sai Ram Institute of Technology 69
71. 71
Introduction
• Work measurement is the application of techniques designed
to establish the time for a qualified worker to carry out
specified jobs at a defined level of performance.
• We have seen how total time to manufacture a product is
increased by:
adding undesirable features to product,
bad operation of the processes, and
ineffective time added because of worker and management.
• All this leads to decreased productivity.
72. 72
Introduction
• Method study is one of principal techniques by which work
content in the product manufacture or process could be
decreased.
• It is a systematic method of investigating and critically
examining the existing methods, to develop the improved
ones.
• Method study is, then, a technique to reduce the work content
mainly by eliminating unnecessary movements by workers
and/or materials and/or equipments.
• However, even after that, there could be substantial
unnecessary time taken for the process because of lack of
management control and/or inaction of worker.
73. 73
Introduction
• Work measurement (WM) is concerned with investigating,
reducing and eliminating ineffective time, whatever may be
the cause.
• WM is the means of measuring the time taken in the
performance of an operation or series of operations in such a
way that the ineffective time is shown up and can be separated
out.
• In practice, proving existence of the ineffective time is the
most difficult task.
• After existence is proved, nature and extent is easy to see!
74. 74
Introduction
• WM is also used to set standard times to carry out the work, so
that any ineffective time is not included later.
• Any addition the standard time would show up as excess time
and thus can be brought to attention.
• Since, standard times are set for all the activities through WM,
it has earned bad reputation amongst workers.
• Major reason for that has been the initial focus of the WM
methods, which essentially targeted only the worker
controllable ineffective times.
• Management controllable ineffective times were ignored
traditionally.
75. 75
Introduction
Two critical issues in work study:
1. Method study should precede the work measurement,
always.
2. Elimination of management controllable ineffective time
should precede the elimination of the ineffective time within
the control of the workers.
76. 76
Purpose of WM
• To reveal the nature and extent of ineffective time, from
whatever cause,
• So that action can be taken to eliminate it; and then,
• To set standards of performance that are attainable only if all
avoidable ineffective time is eliminated and work is performed
by the best method available.
77. 77
Uses of WM
• To compare the efficiency of alternative methods. Other
conditions being equal, the method which takes the least time
will be the best method.
• To balance the work of members of teams, in association with
the multiple activity charts, so that, as far as possible, each
member has tasks taking an equal time.
• To determine, in association with man and machine multiple
activity charts, the number of machines an worker can run.
78. 78
Uses of time standards
• To provide information on which the planning and scheduling
of production can be based, including the plant and labor
requirements for carrying out the program of work and
utilization of resources.
• To provide information on which estimates for tenders, selling
prices and delivery promises can be based.
• To set standards of machine utilization and labor performance
which can be used for incentive scheme.
• To provide information for labor-cost control and to enable
standard costs to be fixed and maintained.
79. 79
TECHNIQUES OF WORK MEASUREMENT
The different techniques used in work measurement are
1. Stop watch time study.
2. Production study.
3. Work sampling or Ratio delay study.
4. Synthesis from standard data.
5. Analytical estimating.
6. Predetermined motion time system.
80. Procedure for conducting stop watch time study
The following procedure is followed in conducting stop watch
time study:
1. Selecting the job.
2. Recording the specifications.
3. Breaking operation into elements.
4. Examining each element.
5. Measuring using stop watch.
6. Assessing the rating factor.
7. Calculating the basic time.
8. Determining the allowances.
9. Compiling the standard time.
July 16, 2015 Sri Sai Ram Institute of Technology 80
81. Stop watch time study
Measuring Time with a Stop Watch
There are two methods of timing using a stop
watch. They are
1. Fly back or Snap back method.
2. Continuous or Cumulative method.
July 16, 2015 Sri Sai Ram Institute of Technology 81
82. 1. Fly back method
• Here the stop watch is started at the beginning of the
first element. At the end of the element the
• reading is noted in the study sheet (in the WR column).
At the same time, the stop watch hand is
• snapped back to zero. This is done by pressing down
the knob, immediately the knob is released.
• The hand starts moving from zero for timing the next
element. In this way the timing for each
• element is found out. This is called observed time
(O.T.) .
July 16, 2015 Sri Sai Ram Institute of Technology 82
83. 2. Continuous method
• Here the stop watch is started at the beginning of
the first element. The watch runs continuously
• throughout the study. At the end of each
element the watch readings are recorded on the
study
• sheet. The time for each element is calculated by
successive subtraction. The final reading of the
• stop watch gives the total time. This is the
observed time (O.T.).
July 16, 2015 Sri Sai Ram Institute of Technology 83
84. CALCULATION OF STANDARD TIME
• Standard time or allowed time is the total time in which a job should be completed at standard
performance. It is the sum of normal time (basic time) and allowances. Policy allowance is
notincluded.Standard time is worked out in a stop watch time study in the following manner.
Observed time
• This is the actual time observed by using a stop watch. The observed time of an operation is the
total of the elemental times. The time study for the same job is conducted for a number of times.
The average of the Observed times is calculated.
Basic or normal time
• Basic time is the time taken by a worker with standard performance. Basic time is calculated from
• the observed time by applying the rating factor.
• Basic time orNormal time = Observed time ×(Rating of the operator/Standard rating 100)
Allowed time or standard time
• The standard time is obtained by adding the following allowances with the basic or normal time.
• 1. Rest and personal allowance or relaxation allowance.
• 2. Process allowance or unavoidable delay allowance.
• 3. Contingency allowance.
• 4. Special allowance.
• Policy allowance may be added to the standard time if the management wants.
July 16, 2015 Sri Sai Ram Institute of Technology 84
85. 85
Factors affecting rate of working
Factors outside the control of workers include:
• Variation in the quality or other characteristics of the material
used, although they be within the prescribed tolerance limit.
• Changes in the operating efficiency of tools or equipment
within their normal life.
• Minor and unavoidable changes in methods or conditions of
operations.
• Variation in the mental attention for the performance of
elements.
• Changes in the climatic and other conditions.
86. 86
Factors affecting rate of working
Factors within worker’s control:
• Acceptable variation in the quality of the process/product.
• Variation due to worker’s ability.
• Variation due to ability of mind, specifically attitude.
Optimum pace at which the worker will work depends on –
• The physical effort demanded by the work.
• The care required on the part of the worker.
• Training and experience.
87. 87
Rating factor
• The figure 100 represents standard performance.
• If the operator is apparently performing with less effective
speed, than the assigned factor is less than 100.
• If, on the other hand, the effective rate of working is above
standard, the operator gets a factor above hundred.
• Essential idea being:
Observed time x Rating = Constant
88. 88
Rating factor
• This constant is known as the basic time:
• So, depending on the rating assigned for the operator, the
basic time can either be less than or greater than the
observed time.
TimeBasic
RatingStandard
Rating
timeObserved =x
89. 89
Selected time
• The selected time is the time chosen as being representative of
a group of times for which an element or group of elements.
• These times may be either observed or basic times; and should
be denoted as selected observed or selected basic times.
• Theoretically, the results of all the computations of the basic
time for any single constant element should be same.
• However, because of inherent process variations, it happens
rarely!
90. 90
Selected time
• It becomes necessary to select a representative time for each
element from all the basic times which have been entered into
the time study.
• Multiple ways to pick a representative selected time from the
available ones.
• Statistics suggests….. Taking averages!
• There are other ways though!
• Before the selected time is decided, the anomalies in the
sample should be noted.
• Exceptionally high or low points should get some attention.
91. 91
Selected time
Constant element
• A very high or short observed time for a given element of job
should be treated with caution.
• An exceptionally high observed time could be due to incorrect
recording, but most common reason is material or environment
variation.
• In such as case, it should be checked whether such a variation
is frequent or rare.
• Excess observed time because of rarely occurring events is
typically not included as a representative.
92. 92
Selected time
• The average time calculations should exclude this observation.
But, the excess-over-average time is added to the contingency
allowance.
• Frequent large variations indicate that the element is not a
constant one but a variable element.
• Excessively large time for this element could be detected by
corresponding reduction in time for the immediate element.
• Exceptionally short times could be due to human error.
• A rare reason of observation of such short times could also be
a last-minute-process-improvement. In such as case, the job
should be studied again with more detailed attention.
93. 93
Selected time
Variable element
• In general more observations will be necessary of a variable
element than of a constant element before reliable
representative basic times can be established.
• The analysis of factors affecting the time to complete the
element should be closely studied.
• Some relationship should be established between the observed
time and the variable factors.
• Multiple factors could be affecting the observed time variation
and establishing relationships amongst multiple factors is
difficult
94. 94
Work content
• The work content of a job or operation is defined as: basic
time+ relaxation allowance+ any allowance for additional
work (e.g. the part of relaxation allowance that is work
related).
• Standard time is the total time in which a job should be
completed at standard performance – i.e. work content,
contingency allowance for delay, unoccupied time and
interference allowance.
• Allowance for unoccupied time and interference may not be
frequently included in the standard time calculations; however,
the relaxation allowance is.
95. 95
Standard time constituents
• A contingency allowance is a small allowance of time which
may be included in a standard time to meet legitimate and
expected items of work or delays, precise measurement of
which is uneconomical because of their infrequent or irregular
occurrence.
• Contingency allowance for work should include fatigue
allowance; whereas the allowance for delay should be
dependent on the workers.
• Typically contingency allowances are very small and are
generally expressed as percentage of the total repetitive
minutes of the job.
96. 96
Standard time constituents
• Contingency allowance should not be more than 5%, and
should only be given where the contingencies cannot be
eliminated and are justified.
97. 97
Standard time constituents
• Relaxation allowance is an addition to the basic time intended
to provide the worker with the opportunity to recover from the
physiological and psychological effects of carrying out
specified work under specified conditions and to allow
attention to personal needs.
• The amount of the allowance will depend on the nature of the
job.
• One of the major additions to the basic time.
• Industrial fatigue allowance, in turn, forms a major portion of
the relaxation allowance.
• Relaxation allowances are also given as percentages of the
basic times.
98. 98
Standard time constituents
• Typical values of relaxation allowance are 12-20%.
• In addition to including relaxation allowances, short rest
pauses could be added over the period of work for an operator.
99. 99
Other allowances
• Start-up / shut-down allowance
• Cleaning allowance
• Tooling allowance
• Set-up / change-over allowance
• Reject / excess production allowance
• Learning / training allowance
• Policy allowance is an increment, other than the bonus
increment, applied to standard time to provide a satisfactory
level of earning for certain level of performances under
exceptional conditions.
100. 100
Standard time
• Now, we can add all the constituents to arrive at the standard
time for a job.
Standard time = observed time + rating factor + relaxation
allowance + work related contingency allowance + delay
related contingency allowance.
101. ERGONOMICS
• Ergons means ‘work’ and Nomos means ‘Natural
laws’. Ergonomics or its American equivalent
• ‘Human Engineering may be defined as the
scientific study of the relationship between man
and
• his working environments.
• Ergonomics implies ‘Fitting the job to the
worker’. Ergonomics combines the knowledge of
a
• psychologist, physiologist, anatomist, engineer,
anthropologist and a biometrician.
July 16, 2015 Sri Sai Ram Institute of Technology 101
102. Objectives
The objectives of the study of ergonomics is to optimize the
integration of man and machine inorder to increase work
rate and accuracy. It involves
• The design of a work place befitting the needs and
requirements of the worker.
• The design of equipment, machinery and controls in such a
manner so as to minimize mental and physical strain on the
worker thereby increasing the efficiency, and
• The design of a conductive environment for executing the
task most effectively. Both work study and Ergonomics are
complementary and try to fit the job to the workers;
however Ergonomics adequately takes care of factors
governing physical and mental strains.
July 16, 2015 Sri Sai Ram Institute of Technology 102
103. Applications
• In practice, ergonomics has been applied to a
number of areas as discussed below
1. Working environments 2. The work place
and 3. Other areas.
July 16, 2015 Sri Sai Ram Institute of Technology 103
104. 1. Working environments
(a) The environment aspect includes considerations
regarding light, climatic conditions (i.e., temperature,
humidity and fresh air circulation), noise, bad odour,
smokes, fumes, etc., which affect the health and
efficiency of a worker.
(b) Day light should be reinforced with artificial lights,
depending upon the nature of work.
(c) The environment should be well-ventilated and
comfortable.
(d) Dust and fume collectors should preferably be
attached with the equipments giving rise to them.
July 16, 2015 Sri Sai Ram Institute of Technology 104
105. 2. Work place layout
Design considerations
(a) Materials and tools should be available at their predetermined places
and close to the worker.
(b) Tools and materials should preferably be located in the order in which
they will be used.
(c) The supply of materials or parts, if similar work is to be done by each
hand, should be duplicated. That is materials or parts to be assembled by
right hand should be kept on right hand side and those to be assembled
by the left hand should be kept on left hand side.
(d) Gravity should be employed, wherever possible, to make raw materials
reach the operator and to deliver material at its destination (e.g.,
dropping material through a chute).
(e) Height of the chair and work bench should be arranged in a way that
permits comfortable work posture.
July 16, 2015 Sri Sai Ram Institute of Technology 105
Editor's Notes
Shows the path the product moves starting from the receiving part (may be as a raw material) up to the shipping area as a finished good
Several parts can be shown on one flow diagram
Each path is drawn on a layout of the plant