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![Ultra-Wideband
Short-range technology for high-speed WPANs
3.1 – 10.6 GHz, 15 MHz channels (up to 5)
10 m
Applications – Cell phones, HDTV, DVD players, audio
players, etc.
39
Source: www.ice.rwth-aachen.de/index.php?id=630&tx_felogin_pi1[forgot]=1&tx_iceprojects_pi1[uid]=155](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/02-wpans-140616002256-phpapp02/75/Wireless-Personal-Area-Networks-39-2048.jpg)
Uploaded byDilum Bandara
Wireless Personal Area Networks
This document provides an overview of wireless personal area networks (WPANs), including Bluetooth, ZigBee, and Ultra-Wideband. It describes the key features and applications of each technology, how their protocols are structured, and how they compare to each other. Bluetooth supports data rates up to 2 Mbps over short ranges and is used in devices like phones, laptops, and printers. ZigBee focuses on low power consumption and supports thousands of nodes in a mesh network for uses like smart homes and buildings. Ultra-Wideband provides high data rates over short ranges and is used in applications like TVs, DVD players, and mobile devices.
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Wireless Personal Area Networks
- 1. Wireless Personal Area Networks CS5440Wireless Access Networks Dilum Bandara Dilum.Bandara@uom.lk Some slides extracted from ZigBee by J. Dohl, F. Diehm, & P. Grosa and ZigBee by E. Ünal CSE 401 Special Topics In Computer Networks
- 2. Outline Bluetooth ZigBee Ultra-Wideband 2
- 3.
- 4. OSI vs. TCP/IP 4 Source:http://blog.anuesystems.com/category/span-and-taps/
- 5. Bluetooth – IEEE802.15.1 Developed by Ericson Now managed by Bluetooth Special Interest Group 2.4 – 2.48 GHz ISM band Range – 10 m Bandwidth – 2.1 Mbps (shared) (version 2.0) Version 4.0 Includes Classic Bluetooth, Bluetooth high speed & Bluetooth low energy protocols Bluetooth high-speed based on Wi-Fi Classic Bluetooth based on legacy Bluetooth protocols Low power consumption Found in mobile phones, laptops, computer peripherals, printers, etc. 5
- 6. Bluetooth Applications Cablereplacement Phone to PC connection Connecting computing devices Digital imaging Smart car systems Multiparty data exchange Exchange business cards, calendar events Share presentation material Synchronize information between multiple terminals Play multi-player games Personal trusted device Reliable e-commerce transactions Local value added services Locking & access control 6 Stick N Find
- 7. Bluetooth Piconet Throughmaster No slave-to-slave communication Up to 7 active slaves 255 parked slaves 7 Source: www.techrepublic.com/article/secure-your-bluetooth- wireless-networks-and-protect-your-data/6139987
- 8. Bluetooth Scatternet Byconnecting 2+ piconets No direct support at Baseband Layer 8 Source: www.techrepublic.com/article/secure-your-bluetooth- wireless-networks-and-protect-your-data/6139987
- 9. Bluetooth Protocol Stack 9 Source:http://withfriendship.com/user/sathvi/bluetooth-stack.php
- 10. Protocols & UsageModels 10 PPP RFCOMM TCP/IP Baseband L2CAP OBEX IrMC TCS-BIN Audio Sync Dial-up net. Usage Models File Transfer AT-commands Fax Headset LAN Access Cordless Phone SDP LMP
- 11. Bluetooth Protocol Stack(Cont.) 11
- 12. Bluetooth Applications/Profiles Setof application protocols Definitions of possible applications & specify general behaviors Resides on top of Bluetooth core specification & (optionally) additional protocols Example profiles Hands-Free Profile (HFP) Basic Printing Profile (BPP) Audio/Video Remote Control Profile (AVRCP) File Transfer Profile (FTP) Human Interface Device Profile (HID) Personal Area Networking Profile (PAN) Generic Object Exchange Profile (GOEP) OBEX 12
- 13. Other Key Layers Link Management Protocol (LMP) Set-up & control of radio link between 2 devices Logical Link Control & Adaptation Protocol (L2CAP) Multiplex multiple logical connections between 2 devices using different higher-level protocols Provides segmentation & reassembly of on-air packets Service Discovery Protocol (SDP) Allows a device to discover services offered by other devices, & their associated parameters Baseband layer Physical layer Manages physical channels & links Error correction, data whitening, hop selection, & security 13
- 14. Physical Channel Requiredto use spread spectrum technology as it’s in ISM band 79 RF channels spaced 1 MHz apart Channel – frequency range in which communication occurs Frequency hoping Channel represented by a pseudo-random hopping sequence hopping through 79 channels Piconet – all devices use same channel Hopping sequence is unique for the piconet & is determined by device address (BD_ADDR) of master 14
- 15. Physical Channel (Cont.) Traffic controlled by master Master clock used for all timing & scheduling activities Master transmissions at even slots, slaves always at odd slots Packet extended over up to 5 slots 15
- 16. Packets Access code Used for timing synchronization, offset compensation, paging & inquiry Header Contains information for packet acknowledgement, packet numbering for out-of-order packet reordering, flow control, slave address, & error check for header Payload Can contain either voice field, data field, or both 16
- 17. ZigBee By ZigBeeAlliance Very low power consumption long battery life Low data rate Low complexity circuits & small size low cost 17
- 18. ZigBee Applications Telecom Services m-commerce info services objectinteraction (Internet of Things) ZigBee Wireless Control that Simply Works TV VCR DVD/CD remote security HVAC lighting control access control irrigation PC& Peripherals asset mgt process control environmental energy mgt Personal Health Care security HVAC AMR lighting control access control patient monitoring fitness monitoring 18 Source: http://zigbee.org/
- 19. ZigBee Protocol Stack IEEE 802.15.4 covers physical layer & MAC layer of low-rate WPAN ZigBee adds network construction, application services, & more on top of IEEE 802.15.4 19 Source: www.sena.com/products/industrial_zigbee/zigbee_summary.php
- 20. IEEE 802.15.4 DevıceTypes LR-WPAN devices defined by IEEE 802.15.4 1. Full Functional Device (FFD) Can work as a PAN coordinator, as a coordinator, or as a simple device Can communicate with either another FFD or a RFD 2. Reduced Functional Device (RFD) For applications that don’t need to transmit large volumes of data & have to communicate only with a specific FFD 20
- 21.
- 22. ZigBee Topologies (Cont.) 1.Star Topology Pros Easy to synchronize Low latency Cons Small scale 2. Mesh/P2P Topology Pros Robust multi-hop communication Multi-path communication Flexible network Lower latency Cons Route discovery is costly Needs to store routing table 22
- 23. ZigBee Topologies (Cont.) 3.Cluster Tree Topology Pros Low routing cost Multi-hop communication Scalable Cons Route reconstruction is costly Latency may be quite long Root node becomes a single point of failure 23
- 24.
- 25. PHY Protocol DataUnit (PPDU) 2 different services Data service Controls radio Management service Energy detection in the channel Clear channel assesment before sending messages Link Quality Indication (LQI) for received packets Preamble for chip & symbol synchronization Frame size 8-127 Octets 25
- 26. MAC Layer 2services Data service Tx & Rx MPDUs Management service If coordinator Manages network beacons, PAN association & disassociation, frame validation, & acknowledgment CSMA/CA for channel access Support device security 26
- 27. Traffic-Modes – Deviceto PAN Coordinator Beacon mode Beacon send periodically Coordinator & end device can go to sleep Lowest energy consumption Precise timing needed Beacon period (ms-min) 27 Source: IEEE 802.15.4 Standard (2006)
- 28. Traffic-Modes – Deviceto PAN Coordinator (Cont.) Non-Beacon mode Coordinator/routers have to stay awake Heterogeneous network Asymmetric power 28 Source: IEEE 802.15.4 Standard (2006)
- 29. Data Transfer FromPAN Coordınator 29 Source: IEEE 802.15.4 Standard (2006)
- 30. MAC Layer –Managing PANs Channel scanning Active, passive PAN ID conflict detection & resolution Starting a PAN Sending beacons Device discovery Device association/disassociation Synchronization (beacon/nonbeacon) Orphaned device realignment 30
- 31. MAC Layer –Frame Security Provided security features Access control Data encryption Frame integrity Sequential freshness Available security modes Unsecured mode ACL mode Secured mode Available security suites AES-CTR AES-CCM AES-CBC-MAC 31
- 32. Network Layer Distributedaddress assignment Tree structure or self managed by higher layer 16-bit network space divided among child routers Child routers divide their space again for their children Depends on Maximum child count per parent Maximum child-routers per parent Maximum network depth 32
- 33. Network Layer (Cont.) Route discovery Find or update route between specific source & destination Started if no active route present in routing table Broadcast routing request (RREQ) packets Generates routing table entries for hops to source Endpoint router responds with Routing response (RREP) packet Routes generated for hops to destination Routing table entry generated in source device 33
- 34. Route Discovery RREQ RREP 1 23 4 2 1 5 34
- 35. Network Layer (Cont.) Routing Check if routing table entry exists Initiate route discovery if possible Hierarchical routing as fallback Route maintenance Track failed deliveries to neighbors Initiate route repair when threshold reached Careful with network load! In case of total connectivity loss Orphaning procedure Re-association with network 35
- 36. ZigBee Profiles Describesa common language for exchanging data Defines offered services Device interoperability across different manufacturers Standard profiles available from the ZigBee Alliance Profiles contain device descriptions Unique identifier (licensed by the ZigBee Alliance) 36
- 37. ZigBee vs. Bluetooth Feature(s)Bluetooth ZigBee Power Profile days years Complexity complex Simple Nodes/Master 7 64000 Latency 10 seconds 30 ms – 1s Range 10m 70m ~ 300m Extendibility no Yes Data Rate 1 Mbps 250 Kbps Security 64bit, 128bit 128bit AES & Application Layer 37
- 38. ZigBee vs. BluetoothSHORT<RANGE>LONG LOW< DATA RATE > HIGH PAN LAN Text Graphic s Internet Hi-fi Audio Streaming Video Digital Video Multi-channel Video 802.15.1 Bluetooth1 802.15.1 Bluetooth 2 802.15.4 ZigBee 802.11b 802.11a/HL2 & 802.11g 38
- 39. Ultra-Wideband Short-range technologyfor high-speed WPANs 3.1 – 10.6 GHz, 15 MHz channels (up to 5) 10 m Applications – Cell phones, HDTV, DVD players, audio players, etc. 39 Source: www.ice.rwth-aachen.de/index.php?id=630&tx_felogin_pi1[forgot]=1&tx_iceprojects_pi1[uid]=155
- 40. Ultra-Wideband (Cont.) Emitlarge no of very-short pluses over a wide bandwidth Few nanoseconds or less Gains few 100s of Mbps Channel capacity proportional to used bandwidth No specific frequency allocation Operate on frequency band allocated to other technologies Secure Like other spread spectrum technologies 40
- 41. Protocol Stack WirelessUSB, Wireless IP, Bluetooth over UWB, & IEEE1394 over UWB can be operated over a common radio platform 41 Source: http://research.nokia.com/page/244
- 42. Summary Bluetooth SpreadSpectrum Moderate rate, short-range (10 m) ZigBee Low rate, low power, short range (10 m – 100 m) Ultra-Wideband High rate, very-short range 42
Editor's Notes
- #9 Device participating in both piconets can relay data between members of both ad hoc networks. However, the basic bluetooth protocol does not support this relaying - the host software of each device would need to manage it
- #10 Sdp – service discovery protocol TCS (Telephone Control protocol Specification
- #11 Mobilkommunikation SS 1998
- #19 HVAC (heating, ventilation, and air conditioning Automatic Meter Reading (AMR)
- #27 GTS – guaranteed time slots
- #30 Transmission from a Coordinator to a Device The coordinator has data to be transmitted to the device. It indicates this in the pending address fields of its beacon. Devices tracking the beacons, decode the pending address fields. If a device finds its address listed among the pending address fields, it realizes it has data to be received from the coordinator. It issues a Data-Request Command to the coordinator. The coordinator replies with an acknowledgement. If there is data to be sent to the device, it would transmit the data. If acknowledgements are not optional, the device would respond with an acknowledgement.