Material de estudio para el segundo parcial

1. Module 4: Examining the Network

2. Overview Scope of Networks Basic Connectivity Components Network Topologies Network Technologies Expanding the Network

3. Scope of Networks Local Area Network Wide Area Network

6. Receive electrical signals and convert them into data

7. Determine if the data received is for a particular computer

9. Wireless Communication Devices Infrared Transmission Narrowband Radio Transmission Wireless Communication Devices

11. Bus Topology Segment Terminator Terminator

12. Star Topology Hub

13. Ring Topology

14. Mesh Topology

15. Hybrid Topologies Star-Bus Bus Star-Ring

17. Ethernet Characteristics Description Access Method CSMA/CD Transfer Speed Standard Ethernet – 10 Mbps Fast Ethernet – 100 Mbps Gigabit Ethernet – 1 Gbps (1000 Mbps) Collision Detection Carrier Sense Multiple Access Detects signal Transmits signal Collision detected

18. Token Ring Physical Ring Logical Ring MSAU Characteristics Description Access Method Tokenpassing Transfer Speed 4 to 16 Mbps for all cable types

19. Asynchronous Transfer Mode ATM Switch Cell ATM Switch Cell ATM Switch Characteristics Description Access Method Point-to-point. Transfers fixed-sized packets from one computer to anotherthrough ATM switching equipment Transfer Speed Fiber-optic at 155 Mbps to 622 Mbps

20. Fiber Distributed Data Interface Secondary Ring Primary Ring Characteristics Description Access Method Token passing Transfer Speed Fiber-optic at 155 Mbps to 622 Mbps

21. Frame Relay Characteristics Description Access Method Point-to-point Transfer Speed Dependent upon transmittal capabilities of digital leased lines Main Office Frame Relay Network Frame Branch Offices Frame Frame

23. Repeater Transmits data to all connected computers Repeaters and Hubs Hub Transmits data to all connected computers in a star topology Repeater Hub

24. Bridges Bridge

25. Switches Switch

26. Routers Router Router Router Router

27. Gateways Ethernet Token Ring Gateway

28. Remote Access Connectivity Types Dial-up Remote Access Remote Access Server Remote Access Client Virtual Private Network Internet Tunnel Remote Access Client Windows 2000 VPN Server CorporateIntranet

30. Worldwide Availability

31. Analog Modem

32. 56 KbpsClient Server Analog Modem Analog Modem

34. Digital Transmission

35. Extends over Local Telephone Exchange

36. ISDN Modem

37. 64 Kbps or FasterISDN Modem Client Server ISDN Modem ISDN

39. X.25 Packet Assembler/Disassembler (PAD)

40. Client Configuration

42. Simultaneous Voice and Data Transmission

43. 1.5 to 9 Mbps Downstream Rate

44. 16 to 640 Kbps Upstream Rate

46. Review Scope of Networks Basic Connectivity Components Network Topologies Network Technologies Expanding the Network

47. Module 5: Examining Network Protocols

48. Overview Introduction to Protocols Protocols and Data Transmissions Common Protocols Other Communication Protocols Remote Access Protocols

51. Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) Reference Model Application Layer Presentation Layer Session Layer Transport Layer Network Layer Data Link Layer Physical Layer

52. Protocol Stacks Application Protocols Application Layer Application Layer Application Protocols Presentation Layer Presentation Layer Session Layer Session Layer Transport Protocols Transport Protocols Transport Layer Transport Layer Network Layer Network Layer Network Protocols Network Protocols Data Link Layer Data Link Layer Physical Layer Physical Layer

54. Routable Protocols Non-Routable Protocols Router TCP/IP NetBEUI Router TCP/IP NetBEUI Routable/Non-Routable Protocols

55. Types of Data Transmissions Broadcast Unicast Multicast

57. Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) Routed Network Environment Windows Client Windows Client Segment 1 Segment 2 Router TCP/IP TCP/IP

58. Internetwork Packet Exchange/Sequenced Packet Exchange (IPX/SPX) Router Routed Network Environment Windows 2000 Server NetWare Client Segment 1 Segment 2 IPX/SPX IPX/SPX

59. NetBIOS Enhanced User Interface (NetBEUI) Routed Network Environment Routed Network Environment Windows Client Windows Client Windows Client Windows Client Segment 1 Segment 2 Segment 1 Segment 2 Router Router NetBEUI NetBEUI NetBEUI NetBEUI

60. AppleTalk Routed Network Environment Windows 2000 Server Macintosh Client Segment 1 Segment 2 Router AppleTalk AppleTalk

62. Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) Transmission of Video, Audio, or Data by Using ATM ATM Switch ATM Switch

63. Infrared Data Association (IrDA) Wireless Communication by Using IrDA Windows Client Laptop Mouse

65. Dial-up Protocols TCP/IP PPP Internet NetBEUI TCP/IP or IPX/SPX PPP TCP/IP SLIP Local Area Network Remote Access Server Windows 2000 Server Remote Access Client Windows 2000 Professional Remote Access Server Windows 2000 Server UNIX SLIP Server

67. Header compression

68. No tunnel authentication

69. Uses MPPE encryption

70. Internetwork can be IP, frame relay, X.25, or ATM-based

71. Header compression

72. Tunnel authentication

75. Review Introduction to Protocols Protocols and Data Transmissions Common Protocols Other Communication Protocols Remote Access Protocols

76. Module 6: Examining TCP/IP

77. Overview Introduction to TCP/IP TCP/IP Protocol Suite Name Resolution Examining the Data Transfer Process Routing Data

79. The Communication Process Post Office Post Office Post Office Post Office Name Name Name Address Address Address Name Address

80. TCP/IP Layers Application Layer Application Layer FTP HTTP Transport Layer Transport Layer UDP TCP Internet Layer Internet Layer IP ICMP IGMP ARP Network Interface Layer Network Interface Layer Ethernet ATM

81. Identifying Applications IP Address + TCP Port or UDP Port = Socket TCP Port 20, 21 FTP HTTP FTP Server UDP TCP TCP Port 80 192.168.2.150 HTTP Server

83. Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) UDP TCP IP ICMP IGMP ARP

84. User Datagram Protocol (UDP) UDP TCP IP ICMP IGMP ARP

85. Internet Protocol (IP) Router UDP TCP IP ICMP IGMP ARP

86. Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP) Router UDP TCP IP ICMP IGMP ARP

87. Internet Group Management Protocol (IGMP) UDP TCP IP ICMP IGMP ARP

88. Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) 1 5 ARP Cache ARP Cache 2 B 3 6 A UDP TCP 4 C 1. ARP cache is checked 2. ARP request is sent 3. ARP entry is added 4. ARP reply is sent 5. ARP entry is added 6. IP packet is sent IP ICMP IGMP ARP

89. TCP/IP Utilities Arp Hostname Ipconfig Nbstat Netstat Ping Tracert Ftp Connectivity Utilities Diagnostic Utilities Telnet Tftp TCP/IP Printing Service Server-based Software Internet Information Services

90. Lab A: Using TCP/IP Utilities

93. 255 characters in length

94. Can contain alphabetic and numeric characters, hyphens, and periods

95. Can take various forms

96. Alias

98. Used to represent a single computer or group of computers

99. 15 of the characters may be used for the name

100. 16th character is used by the services that a computer offers to the network NetBIOS Names

102. Multiple host names can be assigned to the same IP address

104. A part of the Lmhosts file is pre-loaded into memoryLmhosts File

106. DNS naming system is organized in a hierarchical fashion

107. Maps domain names to IP address

109. WINS maps NetBIOS names to IP addressesWINS Server

110. Name Resolution in Windows 2000 Host Name Resolution NetBIOS Name Resolution LMHOSTS File Host Name Resolution LMHOSTS File 8 1 Enter Command 1 8 1 Enter Command Enter Command Broadcast 7 2 Local Host Name 7 DNS Server HOSTS File Broadcast 2 NetBIOS Name Cache 3 6 WINS Server 2 7 Local Host Name HOSTS File 5 6 4 DNS Server NetBIOS Name Cache HOSTS File 3 WINS Server 1 Enter Command 7 DNS Server 6 WINS Server 3 2 NetBIOS Name Cache HOSTS File LMHOSTS File 6 NetBIOS Name Resolution 5 Broadcast 4 5 3 WINS Server DNS Server NetBIOS Name Cache 4 LMHOSTS File 5 Broadcast 4

113. Message

114. Datagram

116. Data Flow CRC CRC Data Data Data Data Data Data Data Data Data Data Data FTP HTTP FTP HTTP FTP HTTP FTP HTTP FTP HTTP FTP HTTP Application Application Transport Transport UDP TCP UDP TCP UDP TCP UDP TCP UDP TCP UDP TCP Internet Internet IP ICMP IGMP ARP IP ICMP IGMP ARP IP ICMP IGMP ARP IP ICMP IGMP ARP IP ICMP IGMP ARP IP ICMP IGMP ARP Preamble Preamble Ethernet ATM Ethernet ATM Ethernet ATM Ethernet ATM Ethernet ATM Ethernet ATM

118. IP Routing Portion of Routing Table 192.168.1.0 255.255.255.0 192.168.1.1 192.168.2.0 255.255.255.0 192.168.2.1 192.168.3.0 255.255.255.0 192.168.3.1 192.168.4.0 255.255.255.0 192.168.4.1 192.168.5.0 255.255.255.0 192.168.5.1 192.168.6.0 255.255.255.0 192.168.6.1 192.168.7.0 255.255.255.0 192.168.7.1 192.168.8.0 255.255.255.0 192.168.8.1 Router IP Routing

119. Data Transfer Across Routers Verify packet Verify IP address Send the packet up to the next layer Is destination local? Yes, add the destination MAC address No, add the router’s MAC address Always add the destination’s IP address Is destination local? Yes, add the destination MAC address No, add the Router’s MAC address Always add the destination’s IP address Verify packet Decrease TTL Is destination local? Yes, add the destination MAC address No, add another Router’s MAC address Verify packet Verify IP address Send the packet up to the next layer Verify packet Decrease TTL Is destination local? Yes, add the destination MAC address No, add another router’s MAC address Router 1 A B C D Router 2

120. Lab B: Identifying Processes and Protocols in TCP/IP

121. Review Introduction to TCP/IP TCP/IP Protocol Suite Name Resolution Examining the Data Transfer Process Routing Data

122. Module 7: Examining IP Addressing

123. Overview Classful IP Addressing Subnetting a Network Planning IP Addressing Assigning TCP/IP Addresses

125. IP Addresses IP Address 192.168.1.100 192.168.2.100 192.168.3.100 192.168.1.0 192.168.3.0 192.168.2.0 Network ID 192.168.1.100 192.168.2.101 Host ID

126. IP Address Classes Class A Network ID Host ID Class B Network ID Host ID Class C Network ID Host ID w x y z

128. Subnet 1 Subnet 2 1 2 Subnets Hub Hub Router

129. Subnet Masks IP Address IP Address IP Address Subnet Mask 10. 50.100.200 10.50. 100.200 10.50.100. 200 255.255. 0.0 Subnet Mask Subnet Mask Subnet Mask 255. 0.0.0 255.255. 0.0 255.255.255. 0 IP Address 192.168. Network ID Network ID Network ID 2.200 192.168. 10. 0.0.0 10.50. 0.0 10.50.100. 0 Host ID Network ID

130. Determining Local and Remote Hosts Example 1 Example 2 1 2 1 2 Local Hosts Remote Hosts A D A D 192.168.1.100 192.168.1.100 192.168.2.100 Subnet Mask Subnet Mask 255.255.0.0 255.255.255.0 B E B E 192.168.2.100 Router Router C F C F

131. Lab A: Determining Class Addresses and Subnet Masks

133. Addressing Guidelines The First Number in the Network ID Cannot Be 127 The Host ID Cannot Be All 255s The Host ID Cannot Be All Zeros The Host ID Must Be Unique to the Local Network ID

134. Assigning Network IDs Router 1 2 3 10.0.0.0 192.168.2.0 172.16.0.0

135. Assigning Host IDs Router 172.16. 0.1 10.0.0.1 1 2 172.16. 0.10 10.0.0.10 192.168.2.1 192.168.2.10 172.16. 0.11 10.0.0.11 192.168.2.11 172.16. 0.12 10.0.0.12 3 10.0.0.0 192.168.2.0 172.16.0.0

136. Lab B: Identifying Valid IP Addresses

138. Static IP Addressing Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) Properties General You can get IP settings assigned automatically if your network supports this capability. Otherwise, you need to ask your network administrator for the appropriate IP settings. Obtain an IP address automatically Use the following IP address: 192 . 168 . 1 . 200 IP address: 255 . 255 . 255. 0 Subnet mask : 192. 168 . 1 . 1 Default gateway: Obtain DNS server address automatically Use the following DNS server addresses: Preferred DNS server: Alternate DNS server: Advanced... OK Cancel

139. Automatic IP Addressing Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) Properties General You can get IP settings assigned automatically if your network supports this capability. Otherwise, you need to ask your network administrator for the appropriate IP settings. Obtain an IP address automatically Use the following IP address: IP address: Subnet mask : Default gateway: Obtain DNS server address automatically Use the following DNS server addresses: Preferred DNS server: Alternate DNS server: Advanced... OK Cancel

140. Viewing TCP/IP Configuration Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) Properties General You can get IP settings assigned automatically if your network supports this capability. Otherwise, you need to ask your network administrator for the appropriate IP settings. Obtain an IP address automatically Use the following IP address: 192 . 168 . 1 . 200 IP address: 255 . 255 . 255. 0 Subnet mask : 192. 168 . 1 . 1 Default gateway: Obtain DNS server address automatically Use the following DNS server addresses: Preferred DNS server: Alternate DNS server: Advanced... OK Cancel

141. Viewing TCP/IP Configuration Using Ipconfig Command Prompt Microsoft Windows 2000 [version 5.00.2195] (C) Copyright 1985-1999 Microsoft Corp. C:amp;gt;ipconfig Windows 2000 IP Configuration Ethernet adapter Local Area Connection: Connection-specific DNS Suffix . : IP Address. . . . . . . . . . . . : 192.168.1.200 Subnet Mask . . . . . . . . . . . : 255.255.255.0 Default Gateway . . . . . . . . . : 192.168.1.1 C:amp;gt;_

142. Lab C: Examining the Configuration of TCP/IP

143. Review Classful IP Addressing Subnetting a Network Planning IP Addressing Assigning TCP/IP Addresses

144. Module 8: Optimizing IP Address Allocation

145. Overview Classless Inter-Domain Routing (CIDR ) Binary IP Addresses Binary Subnet Masks IP Address Allocation Using CIDR

146. Classless Inter-Domain Routing (CIDR) Limitations of Classful IP Addressing Defining CIDR

147. Limitations of Classful IP Addressing Wastes IP Addresses Adds Multiple Entries to Routing Tables 2000 Allocated 63,534 Wasted Class B Class C Network ID Host ID Network ID Host ID 255 0 255 0 255 255 255 0 w x y z w x y z Company Network IDs Internet 192.168.1.0 192.168.2.0 Network of 2000 Computers Assigned 65,534 IP Addresses 192.168.3.0 Portion of Internet Routing Tables 192.168.1.0 255.255.255.0 192.168.1.1 192.168.2.0 255.255.255.0 192.168.2.1 192.168.3.0 255.255.255.0 192.168.3.1 192.168.4.0 255.255.255.0 192.168.4.1 192.168.5.0 255.255.255.0 192.168.5.1 192.168.6.0 255.255.255.0 192.168.6.1 192.168.7.0 255.255.255.0 192.168.7.1 192.168.8.0 255.255.255.0 192.168.8.1 192.168.4.0 192.168.5.0 192.168.6.0 192.168.7.0 192.168.8.0

148. Defining CIDR IP Address in Dotted Decimal Notation w x y z 10.217.123.7 4 Values Network ID Host ID 32 Values IP Address in Binary Notation 00001010 11011001 0111101100000111

150. Converting to Binary Format Decimal Notation (Base 10) Binary Notation (Base 2) 104 103 102 101 100 27 26 25 24 23 22 21 20 10,000 1,000 100 10 1 8 Bits 128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 2 1 7 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 0*104 2*103 1*102 7*101 1*128 1*64 0*32 1*16 1*8 0*4 0*2 1*1 128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1 128 64 0 16 8 0 0 1 0 200 10 7 Decimal Value 255 Example Example 217 217

151. Calculator Edit View Help 0. Standard Scientific Hex Dec Oct Bin Degrees Radians Grads Hex Decimal Octal Binary F5 F6 F7 F8 Inv Hyp Backspace CE C Sta Sta F-E [ ] MC 7 8 9 / Mod And Degrees Radians Grads F2 F3 F4 MR Or Ave dms Exp In 4 5 6 * Xor Sum sin x^y log MS 1 2 3 - Lsh Not Digit grouping s cos x^3 nl M+ 0 +/- . + = Int Dat tan x^2 1/x pi A B C D E F Converting to Binary Format Using a Calculator

152. Lab A: Using Windows Calculator to Convert Decimal and Binary Numbers

154. Subnet Mask Bits Binary Representation Decimal Representation 11111111 255 w x y z 11111110 254 10 . 217 . 123 . 7 11111100 252 Network ID Host ID 11111000 248 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 11110000 240 11100000 224 11000000 192 255 . 255 . 255 . 0 10000000 128 00000000 0

155. CIDR Notation IP Address 10 . 217 . 123 . 7 00001010 11011001 01111011 00000111 Subnet Mask 255 . 255 . 240 . 0 11111111 11111111 11110000 00000000 Number of Subnet Mask Bits (ones) 8 + 8 + 4 + 0 = 20 IP Address in CIDR Notation 10.217.123.7/20

156. Calculating the Network ID IP Address in CIDR Notation: 10.217.123.7/20 IP Address 10 . 217 . 123 . 7 00001010 11011001 01111011 00000111 Subnet Mask 255 . 255 . 240 . 0 11111111 11111111 11110000 00000000 Network ID 00001010 11011001 01110000 00000000 Network ID in CIDR Notation 10.217.112.0/20

157. Determining Local and Remote Hosts Local Host Example Remote Host Example 1 2 1 2 A A D D 00001010 11011001 01111011 00000111 00001010 11011001 01111011 00000111 10.217.123.7/10 10.217.123.7/ 20 Router Router B B E E 0000101011011010 01100110 00000011 0000101011011010 01100110 00000011 10.218.102.31/20 10.218.102.31/10 C C F F

158. Lab B: Determining Local and Remote Destinations

160. Available Host IDs Subnet Mask Network ID Host ID 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 N Number of Host IDs : 2n - 2

161. Optimizing the Allocation of IP Addresses After Subnetting Routing Table for Router B Routing Table for Router B Before Supernetting: Routing Table for Router B After Supernetting: 220.78.168.0 255.255.252.0 220.78.168.1 220.78.168.0 255.255.252.0 220.78.168.1 220.78.168.0 255.255.255.0 220.78.168.1 220.78.168.0 220.78.169.0 255.255.255.0 220.78.168.1 220.78.168.64 220.78.170.0 255.255.255.0 220.78.168.1 220.78.171.0 255.255.255.0 220.78.168.1 220.78.168.128 Router A 220.78.168.0 220.78.168.192 Router B Router B Router A Router B 220.78.169.0 220.78.169.0 RouterA 220.78.169.64 220.78.168.0 220.78.169.128 220.78.170.0 220.78.169.192 220.78.170.0 220.78.171.0 220.78.170.64

162. Lab C: Allocating IP Addresses

163. Review Classless Inter-Domain Routing (CIDR ) Binary IP Addresses Binary Subnet Masks IP Address Allocation Using CIDR