Whooping cough (pertussis) is a highly contagious respiratory tract infection. In many people, it's marked by a severe hacking cough followed by a high-pitched intake of breath that sounds like "whoop." Before the vaccine was developed, whooping cough was considered a childhood disease.
this chart comprises all the major aspects of whooping cough / pertussis
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Group B Streptococcus (group B strep) is a type of bacteria that causes illness in people of all ages. Also known as GBS or baby strep, group B strep disease in newborns most commonly causes sepsis (infection of the blood), pneumonia (infection in the lungs), and sometimes meningitis (infection of the fluid and lining around the brain). The most common problems caused by group B strep in adults are bloodstream infections, pneumonia, skin and soft-tissue infections, and bone and joint infections.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention:
http://www.cdc.gov/groupbstrep/about/index.html
A brief discussion on different Viral ex anthems especially measles. In a simple and easy manner, the measles virus is explained with its clinical features, treatment, investigations, and vaccination. Helpful for clinicians, dermatologists and pediatricians. Helpful for exam preparation for FCPS, MCPS, MRCP and USMLE in the field of dermatology. Also helpful for med students and nurses.
Group B Streptococcus (group B strep) is a type of bacteria that causes illness in people of all ages. Also known as GBS or baby strep, group B strep disease in newborns most commonly causes sepsis (infection of the blood), pneumonia (infection in the lungs), and sometimes meningitis (infection of the fluid and lining around the brain). The most common problems caused by group B strep in adults are bloodstream infections, pneumonia, skin and soft-tissue infections, and bone and joint infections.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention:
http://www.cdc.gov/groupbstrep/about/index.html
A brief discussion on different Viral ex anthems especially measles. In a simple and easy manner, the measles virus is explained with its clinical features, treatment, investigations, and vaccination. Helpful for clinicians, dermatologists and pediatricians. Helpful for exam preparation for FCPS, MCPS, MRCP and USMLE in the field of dermatology. Also helpful for med students and nurses.
Pertussis : Highly contagious respiratory infection caused by Bordetella pertussis
Outbreaks first described in 16th century
Bordetella pertussis isolated in 1906
Estimated >300,000 deaths annually worldwide
Before the availability of pertussis vaccine in the 1940s, public health experts reported more than 200,000 cases of pertussis annually.
Since widespread use of the vaccine began, incidence has decreased more than 75% compared with the pre-vaccine era.
In 2012, the last peak year, CDC reported 48,277 cases of pertussis.
Extremely contagious-attack rate 100%
Immunity is never complete
Protection begins to wane in 3-5 yrs after vaccination
Tuberculosis (TB) is an infectious disease usually caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) bacteria. Tuberculosis generally affects the lungs, but can also affect other parts of the body
Here's a little information about a very common pathogen in human diseases Streptococcus pyogenes. This presentation consists of the history of the organism, its introduction, its morphology, the cell antigens and proteins, the diseases caused by this organism its diagnosis and treatment. I hope it is helpful for the people studying medical microbiology.
Whooping cough is a highly contagious disease caused by pertussis bacteria and may lead to death, particularly in infants less than 12 months of age. Whooping cough is preventable but Although it can be prevented by routine vaccination, it still affects many people, it can have serious complications including death. Management is only supportive. The majority need to be vaccinated to help protect those too young to be vaccinated.
Pertussis : Highly contagious respiratory infection caused by Bordetella pertussis
Outbreaks first described in 16th century
Bordetella pertussis isolated in 1906
Estimated >300,000 deaths annually worldwide
Before the availability of pertussis vaccine in the 1940s, public health experts reported more than 200,000 cases of pertussis annually.
Since widespread use of the vaccine began, incidence has decreased more than 75% compared with the pre-vaccine era.
In 2012, the last peak year, CDC reported 48,277 cases of pertussis.
Extremely contagious-attack rate 100%
Immunity is never complete
Protection begins to wane in 3-5 yrs after vaccination
Tuberculosis (TB) is an infectious disease usually caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) bacteria. Tuberculosis generally affects the lungs, but can also affect other parts of the body
Here's a little information about a very common pathogen in human diseases Streptococcus pyogenes. This presentation consists of the history of the organism, its introduction, its morphology, the cell antigens and proteins, the diseases caused by this organism its diagnosis and treatment. I hope it is helpful for the people studying medical microbiology.
Whooping cough is a highly contagious disease caused by pertussis bacteria and may lead to death, particularly in infants less than 12 months of age. Whooping cough is preventable but Although it can be prevented by routine vaccination, it still affects many people, it can have serious complications including death. Management is only supportive. The majority need to be vaccinated to help protect those too young to be vaccinated.
prdiatrics notes, croup, upper respiratoty track infection
to download this presentation from this link
https://mohmmed-ink.blogspot.com/2020/11/pediatrics-notes-croup.html
this is brief study describes the aspects of iv cannulation for students and aspirants , this slide briefly comprises all the major aspects of cannulation .......................
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Wilsons disease- A brief medical study. martinshaji
this brief study describes all the basic aspects of Wilsons disease , including management. as this is a congenital abnormality associated with severe complications on the future proper diagnosis management , and lifestyle modifications , …..surgical options are also needed ,if necessary .
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Communicable diseases and causative agents- a detailed chart martinshaji
A communicable disease is one that is spread from one person to another through a variety of ways that include contact with blood and bodily fluids; breathing in an airborne virus or by being bitten by an insect................................................................this chart provides a clear idea regarding almost all communicable disease and their causative agents
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TDM of drugs used in organ transplantation-detailed studymartinshaji
Therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) is testing that measures the amount of certain medicines in your blood. It is done to make sure the amount of medicine you are taking is both safe and effective. Most medicines can be dosed correctly without special testing. the slide explain all the tdm aspects of the drug in detail / Therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) is testing that measures the amount of certain medicines in your blood. It is done to make sure the amount of medicine you are taking is both safe and effective. Most medicines can be dosed correctly without special testing.
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Organophosphate poisoning - a brief toxicological study martinshaji
this is a brief study on organophosphate poisoning , as it being more common problem in the health sector and emergency medicine now a days , this will be much helpful among health professionals .........text me for more topics
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this case study describes about maxillofacial trauma , which details about the treatment, management , diagnosis, surgical options, patient counselling, pharmacist interventions & discussions are followed in this case .
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Sleep disorders - a brief medical study martinshaji
A sleep disorder is any condition that involves difficulty experienced when sleep , such disorders involve daytime fatigue causing severe distress and impairment to work.
SD also have an impact upon social and personal functioning
this is a brief study on all aspects of this ...............
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A case study on Pangastritis with pancreatitis martinshaji
this case study describes about Pangastritis with pancreatitis , which details about the treatment, management , diagnosis, patient counselling, pharmacist interventions & discussions are followed in this case .
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Blood transfusion-MANAGEMENT FOR PEOPLE LIVING WITH SICKLE CELL DISORDER/DISE...martinshaji
Sickle cell disease is caused by a genetic mutation that leads to the production of abnormal hemoglobin known as sickle hemoglobin . Blood transfusion is the transfer of blood from one individual to another ..
Red blood cell transfusions help lessen anemia and reduce the blood’s viscosity, allowing it to flow more freely and ease disease symptoms.
this is a brief study
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Compartment syndrome,- a detailed medical study .martinshaji
Compartment syndrome is a condition that occurs when injury causes generalized painful swelling and increased pressure within a compartment to the point that blood cannot supply the muscles and nerves with oxygen and nutrients. Muscles in the forearm, lower leg and other body areas are surrounded by fibrous bands of tissues. This creates distinct compartments. The fibrous tissue is very inflexible and cannot stretch to accommodate the generalized swelling. If left untreated, muscles and nerves fail and may eventually die.
hence this is a medical emergency needed fast and great medical supervision , his study provides a detailed information regarding compartment syndrome
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Muscles -A LONG CHART ON IMAGES OF DIFFERENT MUSCLES- Myology|, kinesiology- ...martinshaji
this is a long chart on different types of muscles of human body with its images , this will be helpful for medical academics and better understanding , along with its names
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P h value- a long chart on different ph. values martinshaji
pH is a measure of how acidic/basic water is. The range goes from 0 - 14, with 7 being neutral. pHs of less than 7 indicate acidity, whereas a pH of greater than 7 indicates a base. pH is really a measure of the relative amount of free hydrogen and hydroxyl ions in the water .
this is a long chart on ph value of different substances
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12 basic facts about tetracyclines - medical information martinshaji
Tetracyclines are a class of broad-spectrum antibiotics used in the management and treatment of a variety of infectious diseases. Naturally occurring drugs in this class are tetracycline, chlortetracycline, oxytetracycline, and demeclocycline. used to treat infections caused by susceptible microorganisms such as gram positive and gram negative bacteria, chlamydiae, mycoplasmata, protozoans, or rickettsiae.
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8 signs and symptoms of breast cancer you - medical information martinshaji
After skin cancer, breast cancer is the most common cancer diagnosed in women in the United States. hence it is necessary to know its major symptoms which will help you to avoid a life threatening condition easily .....
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How to have a Clear Skin....HEALTH INFORMATION martinshaji
Clear skin is possible for everyone if you follow a basic good skincare routine for your unique skin type. these are some common methods for having good clear skin on considering medical aspects ,
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Liver failure is a life-threatening condition that demands urgent medical care.
Alcoholic liver disease (ALD) is a leading cause of cirrhosis, liver cancer, and acute and chronic liver failure and as such causes significant morbidity and mortality.
this is a brief study on liver failure and associated liver conditions and stages of conditions ,
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Natural ways to build healthy bones - health information martinshaji
Bone health is important throughout life. While you can never regain the bone density you had in your youth, you can help prevent rapidly thinning bones, even after your diagnosis. Calcium is a crucial building block of bone tissue. Vitamin D helps the body absorb and process calcium. Together, these two nutrients are the cornerstone of healthy bones.
this is a brief study for healthy bones .................................................
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Sleep According To your Age-health information | images martinshaji
Sleep plays an important role in your physical health. For example, sleep is involved in healing and repair of your heart and blood vessels.
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Doctors once thought bony growths called heel spurs brought on the pain. Now they believe that heel spurs are the result -- not the cause -- of plantar fasciitis.
Plantar fasciitis is inflammation of the thick band of tissue (also called a fascia) at the bottom of your foot that runs from your heel to your toes.
this is a brief study on plantar fasciitis
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NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control programSapna Thakur
NVBDCP was launched in 2003-2004 . Vector-Borne Disease: Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-borne diseases include Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
New Drug Discovery and Development .....NEHA GUPTA
The "New Drug Discovery and Development" process involves the identification, design, testing, and manufacturing of novel pharmaceutical compounds with the aim of introducing new and improved treatments for various medical conditions. This comprehensive endeavor encompasses various stages, including target identification, preclinical studies, clinical trials, regulatory approval, and post-market surveillance. It involves multidisciplinary collaboration among scientists, researchers, clinicians, regulatory experts, and pharmaceutical companies to bring innovative therapies to market and address unmet medical needs.
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
3. What is Pertussis?
Whooping Cough
Whooping cough is a respiratory disease
caused by a bacteria called Bordetella
Pertussis. Very contagious for people who
find themselves not immunized, whooping
cough might be critical in infants and frail
people. The therapy is based on taking
antibiotics. Vaccination can defend you
from pertussis, however, it requires many
reminders as a way to be correctly
protected.
4. What is pertussis?
Whooping cough is a highly contagious respiratory infectious
disease. It is because of Bordetella pertussis (Bacillus Bordet
and Gengou), a bacterium that incorporates dioxygen. The germ
multiplies on the ciliated respiratory epithelium (floor layer at the
level of the mucosa) of the trachea and the bronchi. It diffuses
several particular toxins that cause the disease. Inserm1
estimates that each year 300,000 children die from this disease
and 40 million are affected worldwide.
Note: in infants, whooping cough can be very critical, even fatal,
and complications (pneumonia, seizures …) are possible in very
children.
5. A particular and serious form: the pertussis of the infant
“From 1996 to 2012, approximately 10,000 cases of
pertussis occurred in babies under 6 months of age in
France, 18% of whom were admitted to the intensive care
unit. Pertussis remains one of the leading causes of death
from a bacterial infection in infants less than 3 months old,
“says the Vaccination infoservice2 site.
From the neonatal period and in an unvaccinated child, the
risk of contamination by the environment, siblings, or parents
with unusual and unidentified pertussis is high. There is no
maternal-fetal immune protection.
Epidemiology
6.
7. Contamination and incubation time
Contamination takes place by interhuman air (projection of
droplets of saliva during coughing), basically within the catarrhal
part of the disease throughout which the medical indicators should
not but attribute. The danger of contagion decreases rapidly
during the paroxysmal phase but can last for 3 weeks. The source
of contamination is mainly constituted by a preschool or school-
age children, and also by adults and elderly subjects whose
symptoms are often poorly identified. The attack rate is 70-80% if
the contact is close.
The incubation can last between 7 days and 3 weeks. Generally, it
is around 10 days.
8. CAN WE HAVE WHOOPING
COUGH SEVERAL TIMES?
Immunity is not definitive after the disease
and it is possible to contract it several times
in your life, hence the importance of making
vaccination reminders according to the
recommendations. The incidence of
pertussis in early childhood has significantly
decreased thanks to the systematic and not
compulsory vaccination of infants.
9. Pertussis symptoms
THE INCUBATION PHASE
This is the phase of the disease during which the clinical
signs are not yet characteristic. It lasts 1 to 2 weeks. There
are non-specific signs of upper airway infection:
Rhinitis;
Sneezing;
Cough;
Fever;
The cough, rebellious, gradually becomes spasmodic, emetic
(giving nausea or vomiting), increases at night.
10. THE PAROXYSTIC PHASE
This period lasts 2 to 4 weeks. There are spontaneous coughing
fits. Between the fifths, the clinical examination is normal. There
is no fever.
WHAT IS A QUINTE DE TOUX?
Typically, the fifth is defined as the succession of shakes of
expiratory cough (5 to 20, more and more carefully spaced),
resulting in apnea of a few seconds in forced expiration
(cyanosis), followed by a long inspiration. The “resumption” –
noisy – prelude to a new succession of exhalation shakes. The
cycle repeats 5 to 15 times and ends with mucous expectoration
leading to vomiting. We note 15 to 30 fifths per 24 hours.
11. THE DECLINE PHASE
Then begins the decline phase, which lasts three to
four weeks. The fifths are less and less frequent and
less intense. Sputum becomes easier and
mucopurulent. We often note for several months the
transient reappearance of coughing Quintus with noisy
resumption because of nonspecific respiratory
infections.
12. Additional diagnosis, examinations and analyzes
The analysis is based mostly on three criteria: the character of
the cough, the course of the disease, and the identification of
contaminators. It is done via the following exams:
Isolation in 5 days of the bacteria on special Bordetelles special
media (Bordet-Gengou or Regan Lowe). Nasopharyngeal
suction is the best method. Culture must be undertaken within
the first 3 weeks of illness. Its sensitivity is 50 to 60% at the start
of the disease and decreases very quickly on antibiotics;
13. An X-ray pulmonary:
there are alterations parallel to the
depth of the paroxysmal part, harm
to the respiratory tract sometimes
localized ventilation disorders;
14. Bacteriology:
it allows identification of the germ or detection of its genetic
material by PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction) in respiratory
secretions (direct examination or immunofluorescence on the
aspiration of the nostril and throat). It is the one organic
examination to diagnose whooping cough reimbursed in
France.
Serology makes it potential to increase the analysis of
certainty if the tradition is defective. Always examine two sera
taken Three or four weeks aside to verify the illness as a
result of anti-pertussis antibodies are comparatively late,
particularly in small infants. Several strategies exist:
15. Agglutination (the physique’s particular protection
response, characterized by the gathering in small clusters
of crimson blood cells, microorganisms, or different
components, within the presence of the corresponding
antibody) is insensitive and meaningless in younger folks
infants.
This approach is bare of curiosity for the detection of anti-
agglutinogen antibodies linked to vaccination with
complete vaccines;
16. The ELISA method is more sensitive and particular however
requires samples spaced 2 to three weeks aside
Possible complications
There are several kinds of issues from pertussis:
Mechanical issues associated to the depth of the cough and
intra-thoracic expiratory hyper pressure: ulceration of the
tongue brake, nasal and subconjunctival hemorrhages, rectal
prolapse, hernias, mediastinal and cervical emphysema,
pneumothorax, and so on .;
Undernutrition, malnutrition, dehydration, through the
repetition of vomiting and eating difficulties;
17. Infectious complications:
suppurative otitis, bronchopulmonary infections, acute purulent
bronchitis, atelectasis, bronchopneumonia, pleurisy;
Neurological complications particularly in young children:
convulsions (2.7%) mainly by anoxia or hyperthermia, intracranial
hemorrhages, neurological sequelae secondary to phases of
cerebral anoxia (0.7%). Pertussis encephalitis occurs after 2 or
three weeks and has an extreme prognosis.
18. Differential diagnosis of pertussis
There may be other causes of rebellious cough, the main
symptom of whooping cough, which should not be confused
with this respiratory illness:
19. THE FACTORS OF GRAVITY OF THE
INFANT WHOOPING COUGH
Several factors can make baby’s pertussis worse:
Age less than 4 months;
Eating difficulties and incoercible vomiting;
Consciousness, convulsions;
Swelling of the abdomen;
Vasomotor disorders of the extremities, mottling;
Pertussis treatments
21. CURATIVE TREATMENT
Antibiotic therapy: despite the germ’s
sensitivity to many antibiotics
(macrolides, tetracyclines,
chloramphenicol),
antibiotic therapy does not modify the
course of the disease. Josamycin 50
mg/kg per day for 14 days causes germ
eradication.
Humidifiers, antitussives, sedatives, are
ineffective and contraindicated in young
children;
22. Corticosteroids:
(hydrocortisone, betamethasone) and salbutamol, even
prescribed late, cut back the depth of fifths: they are not in
common use however useful in severe forms;
Ensure good hydration and nutrition;
Ensure an adequate, fractionated food intake; if necessary
energy supplements.
Promote bronchial evacuation and good pulmonary
ventilation: respiratory physiotherapy if it is well
supported.
Isolation and surveillance.
23. PROPHYLACTIC
TREATMENT
Preventive treatment helps prevent
the onset, unfold, or worsening of
the illness. It is essential in the
presence of a newborn or infant
who has come into contact with a
parent affected by pertussis. It
consists of isolation and antibiotic
prophylaxis for 14 days.
24. THE VACCINE
The pertussis vaccine is
useful from the age of 2
months. The vaccination
schedule consists of 3
injections at 2, 4, and 11
months, with a pertussis
vaccine associated with the
vaccines against tetanus,
diphtheria, poliomyelitis,
Haemophilus B, and hepatitis
B.
You can refer this link for a detailed study on all
the vaccines that are available now
25. Also, recalls are recommended at the age of 6, between 11
and 13, and then at 25. Finally, the vaccine is
recommended for all adults who have not been vaccinated
against pertussis for 10 years, in combination with tetanus,
diphtheria, and polio vaccines.