Stem cells are unspecialized cells that can differentiate into specialized cells and aid in repairing the body. There are four main types of stem cells: embryonic, adult, induced pluripotent, and mesenchymal, each with unique capabilities and applications in medicine. Stem cell therapy can utilize various methods of administration, and the Plexus Neuro and Stem Cell Research Centre in India specializes in autologous mesenchymal stem cell treatments.

2. What are stem cells?
● Stem cells are unspecialized cells of the human body.
● They can transform and/or multiply into specialized cells.
● Through a laboratory procedure known as differentiation stem cells
procured from one part of the body can become/grow into other kinds
of cells.
● They work to repair the body by generating healthy cells that can
replace the cells damaged by disease.

3. The Four Types of Stem Cells
● Embryonic Stem Cells (ESCs)
● Adult Stem Cells (ASCs)
● Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells (iPSCs)
● Mesenchymal Stem Cells (MSCs)

4. Embryonic Stem Cells (ESCs)
● Derived from unused embryos that are from an IVF procedure
● Derived from the inner cell mass of an embryo in its early stages of
development
● Typically grown in laboratory conditions
● Have self-renewing potential
● Can differentiate into clinically relevant cell types like dopamine
neurons, cardiomyocytes, beta cells, etc
● Do not have any specific characteristics like shape, or gene
expression pattern

5. Ban on ECS in 2001
Former US President George W. Bush put a ban on the funding
of research on stem cells derived from human embryos because
it involved the ‘destruction of human life.

6. Adult Stem Cells (ASCs)
● Undifferentiated cells Procured from fully developed tissues
like the brain, bone marrow, etc
● Multipotent cells (limited ability to differentiate into other
types of cells)
● Essential for maintaining the integrity of the tissue in which
they are found
● May be used for tissue repair and regenerative medicine,
like stem cell therapy

7. Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells (iPSCs)
● First developed by Japanese physician and researcher Shinya
Yamanaka in 2006
● Derived from blood cells
● Genetically reprogrammed to exhibit the characteristics of
embryonic stem cells
● Generated by introducing specific types of genes into adult cells
● Can self-renew and also differentiate into any cell type in the body
● Reduced risk of immune rejection (iPSCs are sourced from the
patient’s own cells

8. Mesenchymal Stem Cells (MSCs)
● First found in the bone marrow
● Capable of making bone, cartilage, and even fat cells
● Similar to adult stem cells
● Possess anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, self-renewal, cell-
division, signaling, and differentiation properties
● Can divide and develop into many specialized cell types in specific
organs and/or tissues
● Can become unique stem cell types and create more stem cells
when cultured in a lab
● Can replace cells that are diseased or damaged
Mesenchymal stem cell transplantation can help slow down the
rate of degeneration caused by MND, Parkinson’s and other illnesses.

9. Source of MSCs
● Umbilical cord
● Bone marrow
● Adipose tissue
● Peripheral blood
● Placental tissue
● Synovial fluid (present in joints)
● Dental pulp
MSCs may also be derived from endometrial polyps and menses blood.

10. Differentiation properties of MSCs
MSCs can differentiate into a variety of cell types like -
● Osteoblasts (bone cells)
● Adipocytes (fat cells)
● Chondrocytes (cartilage cells)
Research suggests MSCs can also differentiate into -
● Epithelial cells (found inner and outer surfaces of your body)
● Endothelial cells (found in blood vessels)
● Neurocytes (nerve cells)
● Myocytes (muscle cells)
● Cardiomyocytes (heart muscle cells)
● Hepatocyte (liver cells)
● Pancreatic cells

11. The classification of stem cells
Totipotent
● The first few cells that appear when a zygote starts to divide
● Can differentiate into all possible cell types
● Also called omnipotent stem cells
● Self-renewable
Pluripotent
● The cells from an early embryo
● Can differentiate into almost any cell type
● Self-renewable
Multipotent
● Can differentiate into a closely related family of cells
● Self-renewable

12. The classification of stem cells
Oligopotent
● Adult lymphoid and myeloid stem cells
● Can differentiate into a few different types
of cells
● Self-renewable
Unipotent
● Can only produce their own type of cells
● Self-renewable

13. Types of stem cell therapy
Autologous therapy
● Cells are procured from patient’s own
bone marrow, blood, or fat tissue
Allogeneic therapy
● Cells are procured from external donors

14. Administering stem cells
Stem cells can be administered in the following
ways:
● Intravenous
● Intrathecal (directly into the spinal canal)
● Inject into problem areas like hips, hands,
knees, etc.

15. Stem cell therapy at India’s first ISO-Certified Stem Cell Research
Center
● Plexus Neuro and Stem Cell Research Centre uses autologous
mesenchymal stem cells.
● The procedure is conducted by Dr. Sadiq, India’s no. 1 stem cell
specialist, and his team of highly-skilled and experienced stem cell
specialists.
Book an appointment with us today.
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