Stem cell Therapy in Neurological diseases Ibad khan
Stem cell Therapy in Neurological diseases
difinition
mechanism
types
history
advantages or disadvantages
in this presentation all theses information include ,
Stem cell Therapy in Neurological diseases Ibad khan
Stem cell Therapy in Neurological diseases
difinition
mechanism
types
history
advantages or disadvantages
in this presentation all theses information include ,
Dr. David Steenblock has been specializing in regenerative medicine for over 40 years. This power point discusses how stem cells can regenerate the body and help you heal. To learn more about stem cell treatments, call 1-800-300-1063.
From Bench to Bedside: Research and Clinical Applications of Induced Pluripot...TheresaGold
Since the isolation of embryonic stem cells in 1998, stem cell research has been considered the most promising research platform for developmental studies, disease treatment, tissue repair engineering, and regenerative medicine. However, embryonic stem cell research has been widely regulated and restricted due to the ethical issues surrounding research using embryonic tissue. Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPS cells) are stems cells that are derived through the genetic reprogramming of a somatic cell. iPS cells are nearly identical to embryonic stem cells, possessing the potential to give rise to every cell type in an organism, with the exception of extraembryonic tissues. Consequently, induced pluripotent stem cells promise the same research and clinical benefits as embryonic stem cells, without the ethical concerns. This presentation explores the process of generating induced pluripotent stem cells and investigates potential applications of induced pluripotent stem cells in both a research and clinical setting.
EXTRACTION AND CLASSIFICATION OF BLEBS IN HUMAN EMBRYONIC STEM CELLdbpublications
A main objective of this paper is
to extract bleb from the human
embryonic stem cells. Blebbing is an
important biological indicator in
determining the health of human
embryonic stem cells (hESC). Especially,
areas of a bleb sequence in a video are
often used to distinguish two cells
blebbing behaviours in HESC; dynamic
and apoptotic blessings. Here analyses
active contour segmentation method for
bleb extraction in hESC videos and
introduces a bio-inspired score function
to improve the performance in bleb
extraction. The full bleb formation
consists of bulb expansion and retraction.
Blebs change their size and image
properties dynamically in both processes
and between frames. Therefore, adaptive
parameters are needed for each
segmentation method. A score function
derived from the change of bleb area and
orientation between consecutive frames with cuckoo optimization is proposed
which provides adaptive parameters for
bleb extraction in videos and classified
using artificial neural networks (ANN).
Stem cells and nanotechnology in regenerative medicine and tissue engineeringDr. Sitansu Sekhar Nanda
Alexis Carrel, winner of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1912 and the father of whole-organ transplant, was the first to develop a successful technique for end to end arteriovenous anastomosis in transplantation.
Tissue engineering and regenerative medicine Suman Nandy
Tissue engineering is the use of a combination of cells, engineering and materials methods, and suitable biochemical and physicochemical factors to improve or replace biological tissues. Tissue engineering involves the use of a scaffold for the formation of new viable tissue for a medical purpose.
A Stem Cell is a Cell from the embryo ,fetus or adult that has, under certain conditions ,the ability to reproduce itself for long periods.
In the case of adult stem cells , it has the potential to reproduce through the life of an organism.
It can also give rise to specialized cells that makeup the tissues and organs of the body.
Dr. David Steenblock has been specializing in regenerative medicine for over 40 years. This power point discusses how stem cells can regenerate the body and help you heal. To learn more about stem cell treatments, call 1-800-300-1063.
From Bench to Bedside: Research and Clinical Applications of Induced Pluripot...TheresaGold
Since the isolation of embryonic stem cells in 1998, stem cell research has been considered the most promising research platform for developmental studies, disease treatment, tissue repair engineering, and regenerative medicine. However, embryonic stem cell research has been widely regulated and restricted due to the ethical issues surrounding research using embryonic tissue. Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPS cells) are stems cells that are derived through the genetic reprogramming of a somatic cell. iPS cells are nearly identical to embryonic stem cells, possessing the potential to give rise to every cell type in an organism, with the exception of extraembryonic tissues. Consequently, induced pluripotent stem cells promise the same research and clinical benefits as embryonic stem cells, without the ethical concerns. This presentation explores the process of generating induced pluripotent stem cells and investigates potential applications of induced pluripotent stem cells in both a research and clinical setting.
EXTRACTION AND CLASSIFICATION OF BLEBS IN HUMAN EMBRYONIC STEM CELLdbpublications
A main objective of this paper is
to extract bleb from the human
embryonic stem cells. Blebbing is an
important biological indicator in
determining the health of human
embryonic stem cells (hESC). Especially,
areas of a bleb sequence in a video are
often used to distinguish two cells
blebbing behaviours in HESC; dynamic
and apoptotic blessings. Here analyses
active contour segmentation method for
bleb extraction in hESC videos and
introduces a bio-inspired score function
to improve the performance in bleb
extraction. The full bleb formation
consists of bulb expansion and retraction.
Blebs change their size and image
properties dynamically in both processes
and between frames. Therefore, adaptive
parameters are needed for each
segmentation method. A score function
derived from the change of bleb area and
orientation between consecutive frames with cuckoo optimization is proposed
which provides adaptive parameters for
bleb extraction in videos and classified
using artificial neural networks (ANN).
Stem cells and nanotechnology in regenerative medicine and tissue engineeringDr. Sitansu Sekhar Nanda
Alexis Carrel, winner of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1912 and the father of whole-organ transplant, was the first to develop a successful technique for end to end arteriovenous anastomosis in transplantation.
Tissue engineering and regenerative medicine Suman Nandy
Tissue engineering is the use of a combination of cells, engineering and materials methods, and suitable biochemical and physicochemical factors to improve or replace biological tissues. Tissue engineering involves the use of a scaffold for the formation of new viable tissue for a medical purpose.
A Stem Cell is a Cell from the embryo ,fetus or adult that has, under certain conditions ,the ability to reproduce itself for long periods.
In the case of adult stem cells , it has the potential to reproduce through the life of an organism.
It can also give rise to specialized cells that makeup the tissues and organs of the body.
What are stem cells?
Stem Cells Technologies
Growth of Stem Cells Research
Stem Cells Research History
Types of Stem Cells
Stem Cells Application
Benefits of stem cells
Ethical Issue Of Technologies In Stem Cells
What are stem cells?
Stem Cells Technologies
Growth of Stem Cells Research
Stem Cells Research History
Types of Stem Cells
Stem Cells Application
Benefits of stem cells
Ethical Issue Of Technologies In Stem Cells
A Brief History of Regenerative MedicineJohn Makohen
In the presentation ISREGEN outlines the history of regenerative medicine fro it's earliest days when Robert Briggs and Thomas King began cloning frogs to the present medicinal advancements in stem cell research and repair.
Imagine that you have been told you have an illness that cannot be cured or what if your body has been irreversibly paralysed. There is no hope. But there is a science that could change that. It’s Called Stem Cell Research and it’s an important step in the medical revolution. But it comes with controversies as it uses Human Embryos’ as Raw Material.
But something astounding happened in the year 2006 that removed the usage of surplus embryos from the equation altogether. It’s about a brand new technology that can turn back the clock on your body cells. This is cutting edge of science where new developments are happing all the time. The iPSCs could be the potential medicine of 21st century. So what are stem cells? Why do they Matter? What are iPSCs and how it changed the biological rules?
For better view, press F5.
As we go through our lives each of us will have very different needs for our own healthcare.
Scientist's are constantly researching to make medical care treatment more personalized.
One way they are doing this is by-
Stem Cells therapy
Stem-cell therapy is the use of stem cells to treat or prevent a disease or condition.
It is also known as regenerative medicine, promotes the reparative response of diseased, dysfunctional or injured tissue using stem cells or their derivatives.
It is the next chapter of organ transplantation and uses cells instead of donor organs, which are limited in supply.
What are Stem cells?
Stem cells are called “master cells”
Stem cells are cells that are undifferentiated.
What are Stem cells?
Steam cells have the potential to become all other kinds of cells in our body.
What are Stem cells?
Types of Stem cells
How stem cell therapy works?
Disease cured by stem cell therapy.
Spinal Cord Injuries
Stem cell treatment of Diabetes mellitus type 1 & 2
Stem cell treatment of Stroke
Cancer treatment
Heart damage
Baldness
Tooth implanting
Deafness and blindness
Have stem cells already been used to treat diseases?
Ethical Consideration of Stem Cell Therapy
As the research method mainly focused on Embryonic Stem Cells, which involves taking tissue from an aborted embryo to get proper material to study. This is typically done just days after conception or between the 5th and 9th week.
Since then, researchers have moved on to more ethical study methods, such as Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells (iPS). iPS is artificially derived from a non-pluripotent cell, such as adult somatic cells.
Nowadays stem cell treatment has been spreaded throughout the world. It has also been grown commercially in developed countries.
It is thought that one day it may be the major key to treat various diseases.
Using stem cells to conduct medical research and treat disease is acceptable?
Don’t know
No
Yes
Do you approve of the extraction of stem cells from human embryos for medical research?
Don’t know
No
Yes
If the cell is able to form all cell types of the embryo & adult (Fertilized egg cell) Totipotent stem cell
Stem cell able to differentiate into all 3 germ layers Pluripotent stem cell (Embryonic stem cell)
Multipotent stem cell Differentiate to form cells of some but not all 3 germ layers (Bone, cartilage, connective tissue)
Unipotent stem cell Able to form just one other cell type (Spermatogonia)
Embryos created in vitro fertilization
Aborted embryos
Limited tissues (bone marrow, muscle, brain)
Discrete populations of adult stem cells generate replacements for cells that are lost through normal wear and tear, injury or disease
Placental cord
Baby teeth
Diabetes patients lose the function of their insulin-producing beta cells of the pancreas
Human embryonic stem cells may be grown in cell cultures and stimulate to form insulin-producing cells , that can be transplanted into the patients
Pancreas is digested with collagenase that frees islets from surrounding cells
Centrifugation of isolates containing mainly alpha and beta cells, purified islets beta cells
Transplanted through a catheter into the liver where they become permanently established Caused when key brain cells that produce message carrying chemical/neurotransmitter (dopamine) die off.
Symptoms start with the patients trembling and can end up paralyzed
Harvesting of stem cells from patients bone marrow, foetus or any other source
Culturing of harvested stem cells in lab conditions - to get high concentrations of stem cells
Then purified and high concentration of stem cells are surgically injected in the brain of patient.
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
263778731218 Abortion Clinic /Pills In Harare ,sisternakatoto
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Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
Acute scrotum is a general term referring to an emergency condition affecting the contents or the wall of the scrotum.
There are a number of conditions that present acutely, predominantly with pain and/or swelling
A careful and detailed history and examination, and in some cases, investigations allow differentiation between these diagnoses. A prompt diagnosis is essential as the patient may require urgent surgical intervention
Testicular torsion refers to twisting of the spermatic cord, causing ischaemia of the testicle.
Testicular torsion results from inadequate fixation of the testis to the tunica vaginalis producing ischemia from reduced arterial inflow and venous outflow obstruction.
The prevalence of testicular torsion in adult patients hospitalized with acute scrotal pain is approximately 25 to 50 percent
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
1. STEM CELLS, TISSUE
ENGINEERING AND APPLICATIONS
IN OTORHINOLARYNGOLOGY
Presenter
Dr Chunu Darnal
Resident, ORL&HNS
Bir Hospital, NAMS
Kathmandu, Nepal
2. Introduction
What is cell?
Latin word “cella’ meaning
"small room”
Smallest , basic structural,
functional, and biological
unit of all known
organisms.
What are
tissues?
3. Cell cycle phases
G1: enzymes, nucleic acids
S: DNA
replication/synthesis
G2: cell growth and
duplication
M: replication
G0: resting state
4. Types of cells according to ability of
cell proliferation
Labile cells: skin
epithelium, mucosal lining
of GIT, haematopoietic
cells
Quiescent cells: hepatic,
kidney, pancreas
Permanent cells: nerve
cells, skeletal, cardiac
muscle cells
5. Introduction
Stem cells
An unspecialised cells of
human body
Ability to differentiate
into any type of cell of an
organism and have the
ability of self renewal
Exists in both embryos
and adult cells (somatic)
6. Stem cells : unique properties
Capable of dividing and renewing themselves for
long periods
“Unspecialized’ and can give rise to specialized
cell types, differentiation specificity determined by
environmental signals
“Uncommitted’ until it receives a signal to develop
into a specialized cell
7. Introduction : History of Stem
cells
1956 : 1st successful bone marrow transplant performed by Dr
E. Donnall Thomas in Cooperstown, New York among
identical twins for leukaemia.
1960 : key properties of a stem cell 1st defined by Ernest
McCulloch and James Till
1981: Mouse beginnings
Martin Evans of Cardiff University, UK at the University of
Cambridge, first identified embryonic stem cells in mice.
8. History of stem cells
1997: Dolly the sheep was
unveiled by Ian Wilmut and
his colleagues at the Roslin
Institute, Edinburgh as the
first artificial animal clone.
Human cloning : ethical
issues
9. History of Stem cells
1998: James Thomson
(University Of Wisconsin
Madison) isolated cells
from the inner cell mass of
the blastocyst, and
developed the 1st human
embryonic stem cell line in
culture.
1998: Johns Hopkins
University derived human
embryonic cells from fetal
gonadal tissue.
10. Evolution of concept of stem
cells therapy
Studies showing
particular cell surface
markers in
haematopoietic
system-clonogenic in
vitro
Have ability to
completely restore the
haematopoietic system
in mice whose bone
marrow destroyed by
irradiation
Such properties later
on identified in most
normal and malignant
tissues as
adult/somatic stem
cells
14. Embryonic stem cells
Derived from the
undifferentiated inner mass
cells of a human embryo
Pluripotent
15. Embryonic stem cells
Can provide unlimited source of relevantly
differentiated cells
Issues:
Ethical background as generated by destruction of
living human blastocyst
As histocompatibility antigens expressed by cells,
immunologically may be compatible to restricted
immune privileged sites
16. Somatic/adult stem cells
Undifferentiated cells,
throughout the body that divide
to replenish dying cells and
regenerate damaged tissues.
Examples:
Bone marrow
Neural tissues
Haematopoietic cells
Skin-keratinocytes
17. Somatic stem cells
Advantages
Readily expanded in vitro, usually maintaining stable
differentiation pattern
Can be expanded from autologous tissue, initiate no immune
rejection
Examples
Transplantation of donor haematopoietic stem cells for
treatment of leukaemia
Epithelial cells for treatment of burns or repair corneal
damage
Neural stem cells grafting for treatment of spinal cord injuries
18. Induced pluripotent stem cells
(iPSCs)
Study of Embryonal cells
led to identification of
genes associated with
maintainence of stemness
Induced expression of stem
cell genes Oct4,Sox2, c
Myc and Klf4 in
differentiated cells
Thus, artificially generated
from somatic cells and
function similarly to PSCs
19. Induced pluripotent stem
cells(iPSCs)
Ability to regenerate a wide
range of tissue types
Can be generated from
autologous adult tissues
thus a matter of research
for clinical use in
genetically defective or
damaged tissues
Concerns: potential
carcinogenic effects of
genetic alterations
20. Mesenchymal stem cells
Multipotent stem cells identified and isolated from adult and
foetal tissues like; bone marrow, umbilical cord, dental pulp
Good expansion and differentiation potentials, immune
modulatory properties
Usually differentiated: osteoblasts, chondrocytes
Non-mesenchymal differentiation: neurons, hepatocytes
Clinical interest: autologous transplant
22. Tissue engineering
Methods for generation of tissues and organs from
cells
Assembling the differentiated cells into functional
tissues and organs
Fundamental premise : regeneration of tissues
and restoration of function of organs through
implantation of cells/tissues outside the body or
stimulating cells to grow into an implanted matrix
25. Tissue engineering : Scaffolds
Where the cells are
seeded prior to
implantation
Types of scaffolds
materials
Natural : collagen,
glycosaminoglycans,
alginates
Synthetic : polymers,
metals, glasses and
ceramics, composites
26. Tissue engineering : scaffolds
Characteristics
High porosity
High surface area
Structural strength
Specific 3D shape
Biodegradability
27. Advantages of tissue
engineering
Tissues can be designed to grow in such a way that precisely
match the requirements interms of :
Size
Shape
Immunologic compatibility
Minimising further treatment
Both non-stem and stem cells can be used for tissue repair
and regeneration
28. Therapeutic uses of Scaffolds in
Otorhinolaryngology
Manufacture of sutures
Hemostatic agents
Blood vessels (collagen tubes)
Dermal regeneration for burns treatment
Peripheral nerve regeneration
29. Therapeutic uses of stem
cells
Regeneration of tissues e.g. cartilage, adult teeth,
skin, cochlear hair cells, dopaminergic cells in
Parkinson’s disease
Organ replacement e.g. bone marrow transplant in
leukaemia
Treat genetic disorders e.g. congenital immune
system disorders, anemias
30. Applications in
Otorhinolaryngology
Ear and nose
Studies on regenerative stem
cells to rectify common
structural or functional
problems of nose and ear
Alternative approach to
produce cartilage using
scaffolds using autologous
stem cells
Reported ear biopsies, rib
tissues successfully used for
nasal reconstruction
Augmented repair of chronic
TM perforation with use of
growth factors
Fig: Fat stem cells for treatment
of skin necrosis
31. Applications in
Otorhinolarngology
Cochlear damage or
degeneration
Various studies on
application of stem cells for
sensorineural hearing loss
Resulting from inner ear
cochlear dysfunction
involving loss of inner hair
cells
32. Application of stem cells-
Sensorineural hearing loss
Kelvin Y. Kwan/Rutgers
University-New Brunswick
2017, A stem cell-derived
neuron grafted onto a
mouse cochlea in the inner
ear that lacked neurons
Taken as a double sword
due to risk of cancer
33. Progenitor Cell Therapy for Sensorineural
Hearing Loss in Infants, Linda et al
(September 2019)
Phase 1 trial done with umbilical cord blood therapy for acquired
SNHL in children
11 children less than 6 years of age, with severe to profound
non-genetic SNHL, were evaluated before treatment and 1, 6 ,
and 12-months post treatment.
No significant adverse events occurred during the study.
Improvements in both ABR thresholds and CN VIII latency were
evident at 1-month follow-up testing and throughout the 12-
month study period.
10 subjects experienced an expected improvement of speech
language pathology test scores over the course of the trial.
34. Development?
Rinri Therapeutics was
spun out of the University
of Sheffield in 2018
Aim of developing a stem
cell therapy for auditory
neuropathy.
Grows embryonic stem
cells into auditory nerve
cells and injects these cells
into the ear, where they are
designed to replace the
damaged hair cells
35. Development ?
Rinri’s stem cell therapy
could be the first treatment
to regenerate inner ear
cells.
This technology has
already improved the
hearing of gerbils in a 2012
study published in Nature.
Aims to test the therapy in
humans within the next
three years.
“The regenerative
capacity of inner ear
hair cells and
neurons is zero. You
can’t regenerate the
complement of cells
you’re given at birth”
36. Applications in
Otorhinolaryngology
The trachea
5 year successful clinical
results using tissue
engineering strategy
Bioreactor growth of a
decellularised donor
human trachea repopulated
with cultured autologous
stem cells
Polymeric scaffolds been
transplanted successfully
as airway replacement
after cancer surgery
37. Applications in
Otorhinolaryngology
Larynx and vocal cords
Cell free scaffolds of collagen, hyaluronic acid or
fibrin enhance laryngeal wound healing
MSCs enhance vocal cord remodelling and reduce
scarring
Takes upto 6 months and doubtful about the
persistence
38. Treatment of vocal fold scarring with autologous bone marrow-
derived human mesenchymal stromal cells—first phase I/II
human clinical study, Stellan et al, 20th March 2020
In this open-label phase I/II study, 16 patients with scarred
VFs with severe voice problems were treated with surgical
scar resection followed by local injection of autologous MSCs
into VF.
Patients were monitored 1 year for serious adverse events or
minor complications.
Vibration and elasticity were improved in approximately 2/3rd
of treated patients.
May offer a safe and feasible therapeutic option.
40. Applications…….
Muscle derived MSCs in
peripheral nerve damage-
facial and recurrent
laryngeal nerve
Deficiencies of
maxillofacial skeleton
Autologous stem cells -
olfactory ensheathing cells
assist neural and other
regenerative procedures
Stem cell therapy for
nerve injury, Sara
Sayad et al (2017)
MSCs such as embryonic
stem cells, bone marrow
MSCs, adipose-derived
stem cells, etc. have been
studied and the existence of
beneficial effects on nerve
regeneration after injury has
been confirmed.
41. Cancer stem cells(CSCs)
Dysregulated signalling pathways (e.g. Notch,
Wnt, Sonic hedgehog) lead to shift of CSCs
divisions towards greater self renewal, increasing
the number and thus loss of tumor growth control
CSCs been identified in both HNSCC and non
HNSCCs
Tobacco, alcohol, HPV act to increase the stem
cells and alter the behaviour
42. Cancer stem cells (CSCs)
Many solid tumors respond
poorly to current therapies
and only about 50% of
HNSCC patients survive
longer than 5 years from
diagnosis
CSCs responsible for
tumor growth and
metastasis
Thus, therapy to be
targeted towards the
CSCs for successful
elimination.
43. Stem cell therapy in Nepal
The Binayatara Foundation partnered with the
University of Illinois at Chicago and the Civil
Service Hospital of Nepal to support development
of country’s first bone marrow transplant (BMT)
center
First successful transplant completed in August
2016
Similarly, fat stem cells graft been used widely at
various skin clinics in Nepal for hair loss
44. Challenges in Nepal for stem
cells therapy and tissue
engineering Lack of trained/qualified personnel
Poor economic status, cost and quality which
subdues the use of stem cells as regenerative
therapy for treatment of diseases
Lack of highly sophisticated laboratory set and
costly materials including reagents, media,
and sophisticated equipments
45. Challenges in Nepal…..
Lack of government guidelines for the stem cell use and
legal support
Lack of international collaboration support strategies
No adequate knowledge about stem cell therapy due to
people’s belief in primitive therapy and traditional cultural
issues.
46. References
1. Scott brown’s Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery
volume 1, 8th edition
2. Scott brown’s Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery
volume 1, 7th edition
3. Cummings otolaryngology volume II, 6th edition
4. Stem cells: past, present, and future, Wojciech Zakrzewski et al
5. Tissue Engineering for Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck
Surgery, David G. Lott et al
6. Progenitor Cell Therapy for Sensorineural Hearing Loss in Infants,
Linda Baumgartner et al
7. Stem Cell Therapy in Nepal: Challenges and Opportunities,
Bhuvan et al
8. Stem cell therapy for nerve injury, Sara Sayad et al
9. Treatment of vocal fold scarring with autologous bone marrow-
derived human mesenchymal stromal cells—first phase I/II human
clinical study, Stellan et al.