This document summarizes a study on using cell therapy to assist in regenerating cartilage in cases of avascular bone necrosis. It discusses how mesenchymal stem cells derived from bone marrow were used in 15 patients with avascular bone necrosis of the femoral head. The stem cells were isolated from patients' bone marrow and fat tissue then reintroduced with platelet rich plasma. Follow-ups over a year found improved symptoms and radiological signs of new cartilage formation in the patients. The role of the stem cell microenvironment in differentiation is also discussed. The study suggests cell therapy is a promising alternative to traditional surgery for certain orthopedic conditions.
Adult Stem cells in Orthopaedics present and future perspectives.
Παρουσίαση του Δρ. Σταύρου Αλευρογιάννη που έγινε στο ξενοδοχείο Χίλτον, στις 12/06/15 στα πλαίσια Ημερίδας της Ελληνικής Εταιρείας Αναγεννητικής Ιατρικής, Αντιγήρανσης και Βιοτεχνολογίας, στο 41ο Πανελλήνιο Ιατρικό Συνέδριο.
"H θέση της αναγεννητική Ιατρικής στις παθήσεις Οστών και Αρθρώσεων"
Regenerative medicine is now an recognized specialty which has evolved from degerative diseases of Orthopaedic Surgery.Orthobiologics is a current terminology for the application of various cells, cytokines, growth factors.Busy people find it to update and this is an update.
Bone and Cartilage regeneration with cells and tissue engineering products - ...Enric Caceres
Bone and Cartilage regeneration with cells and tissue engineering products - Dr. Enric Cáceres - B-Debate 17/02/2015 http://www.bdebate.org/en/forum/advanced-therapies-and-regenerative-medicine-promise-21st-century
Adult Stem cells in Orthopaedics present and future perspectives.
Παρουσίαση του Δρ. Σταύρου Αλευρογιάννη που έγινε στο ξενοδοχείο Χίλτον, στις 12/06/15 στα πλαίσια Ημερίδας της Ελληνικής Εταιρείας Αναγεννητικής Ιατρικής, Αντιγήρανσης και Βιοτεχνολογίας, στο 41ο Πανελλήνιο Ιατρικό Συνέδριο.
"H θέση της αναγεννητική Ιατρικής στις παθήσεις Οστών και Αρθρώσεων"
Regenerative medicine is now an recognized specialty which has evolved from degerative diseases of Orthopaedic Surgery.Orthobiologics is a current terminology for the application of various cells, cytokines, growth factors.Busy people find it to update and this is an update.
Bone and Cartilage regeneration with cells and tissue engineering products - ...Enric Caceres
Bone and Cartilage regeneration with cells and tissue engineering products - Dr. Enric Cáceres - B-Debate 17/02/2015 http://www.bdebate.org/en/forum/advanced-therapies-and-regenerative-medicine-promise-21st-century
Cartilage Repair using Stem cell & OrthobiologicsVaibhav Bagaria
Regenerating Cartilage is a challenge. What's new in this field of cartilage regeneration and the current status of the stem cell use in this field is described.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Proposal to National Science Foundation co-authored by Ian Nieves and James Earthman. It describes using FEA simulation and advanced computer-assisted fabrication techniques to develop materials for bone regeneration.
Bone tissue engineering challenges in oral and maxillofacial surgerySeyed Mohammad Zargar
In this presentation, I talked about maxillofacial deformities, Different Reconstruction methods and at tissue engineering approach.
S.Mohammad Zargar
Biomedical Engineering Student at University of Isfahan, Iran
Engineering bone tissue using human Embryonic Stem CellsBalaganesh Kuruba
Bone defects lead by traumatic injuries, congenital malformations and other surgical rescissions rises the immediate need for a more evolved and safer approaches in tissue repair at alarming rates for the downgrading issues with existing strategies which needs to be addressed. Currently practiced treatment methods addressing the issue with bone defects are invasive, traumatic and are not cost effective. Yet, issues of immune rejection either immediately or in the later stages have been reported claiming its ineffectiveness in some selective case studies.
Previous work by researchers carried out the "Biomimetic" approach to provide the cells with the microenvironment and in situ conditions for the cells seeded into the 3D Osteogenic scaffolds enriched with growth supplments. Here, we address the issue of non-availability of therapeutic cells - a major problem with current translational medicine by proposing the use of Human Embryonic Stem Cells in generating strong and structurally rigid bone tissue. Inducing the production of Mesenchymal Progenitor cells from Human Embryonic Stem cells in Serum supplemented expansion medium and elimination of bone Fibroblast growth factor produced high quality MPCs which were induced in osteogenic medium to result in bone differentiating cells. Culturing these MPCs produced from three different protocols into 3D Scaffold and 3D-Endoret Osteogenic Scaffold produced tissue constructs which are analysed both biochemically and Histologically to check for the Bone tissue differentiation parameters such as Bone sialoprotein deposition, Osteopontin accumulation and Collagen deposition. Matrix mineralization in these constructs were studied by uCT imaging and safety studies were conducted by studying Orthotopic implantation models in SCID mouse. And the results are expected to be optimistically affirmative which shall lay a new foundation and pioneer a whole new approach in the field of Tissue Engineering.
Advancement in Scaffolds for Bone Tissue Engineering: A Reviewiosrjce
In last decade, Tissue Engineering has moved a way ahead and has proposed solutions by replacing
the permanently or severely damaged tissues of our body. The field has expanded to tissue regeneration of
cartilage, bone, blood vessels, skin, etc. The domain of tissue engineering is very wide and is the combination of
bioengineering, biology & biochemistry. This review is focus on recent research advancement in bone tissue
engineering. Bone grafting techniques are used to replace the severely damaged due to any accident, trauma or
any disease. These are either allograft, autologous or synthetic bone properties similar to bone. Bone Tissue
Engineering is part of a synthetic technique and overcome the limitations faced in other two mentioned
techniques. Bone Tissue engineering is rapidly developing field and has become important due to its remarkable
therapeutic properties. Mesenchymal stem cells are used as starting cells in tissue regeneration. These cells get
differentiated into bone cells and start multiplying to form bone. One inevitable requirement of these growing
human cells is a strong support which helps in the proper growth. This support is known as scaffold, in tissue
engineering. For proper regeneration of cells scaffold materials plays vital importance in the field of bone tissue engineering. This review attempts is illustrate the biology of natural bone, various desirable properties of scaffold, biomaterials used for fabrication of scaffold and various fabrication techniques with examples of bone regenerate.
Cartilage Repair using Stem cell & OrthobiologicsVaibhav Bagaria
Regenerating Cartilage is a challenge. What's new in this field of cartilage regeneration and the current status of the stem cell use in this field is described.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Proposal to National Science Foundation co-authored by Ian Nieves and James Earthman. It describes using FEA simulation and advanced computer-assisted fabrication techniques to develop materials for bone regeneration.
Bone tissue engineering challenges in oral and maxillofacial surgerySeyed Mohammad Zargar
In this presentation, I talked about maxillofacial deformities, Different Reconstruction methods and at tissue engineering approach.
S.Mohammad Zargar
Biomedical Engineering Student at University of Isfahan, Iran
Engineering bone tissue using human Embryonic Stem CellsBalaganesh Kuruba
Bone defects lead by traumatic injuries, congenital malformations and other surgical rescissions rises the immediate need for a more evolved and safer approaches in tissue repair at alarming rates for the downgrading issues with existing strategies which needs to be addressed. Currently practiced treatment methods addressing the issue with bone defects are invasive, traumatic and are not cost effective. Yet, issues of immune rejection either immediately or in the later stages have been reported claiming its ineffectiveness in some selective case studies.
Previous work by researchers carried out the "Biomimetic" approach to provide the cells with the microenvironment and in situ conditions for the cells seeded into the 3D Osteogenic scaffolds enriched with growth supplments. Here, we address the issue of non-availability of therapeutic cells - a major problem with current translational medicine by proposing the use of Human Embryonic Stem Cells in generating strong and structurally rigid bone tissue. Inducing the production of Mesenchymal Progenitor cells from Human Embryonic Stem cells in Serum supplemented expansion medium and elimination of bone Fibroblast growth factor produced high quality MPCs which were induced in osteogenic medium to result in bone differentiating cells. Culturing these MPCs produced from three different protocols into 3D Scaffold and 3D-Endoret Osteogenic Scaffold produced tissue constructs which are analysed both biochemically and Histologically to check for the Bone tissue differentiation parameters such as Bone sialoprotein deposition, Osteopontin accumulation and Collagen deposition. Matrix mineralization in these constructs were studied by uCT imaging and safety studies were conducted by studying Orthotopic implantation models in SCID mouse. And the results are expected to be optimistically affirmative which shall lay a new foundation and pioneer a whole new approach in the field of Tissue Engineering.
Advancement in Scaffolds for Bone Tissue Engineering: A Reviewiosrjce
In last decade, Tissue Engineering has moved a way ahead and has proposed solutions by replacing
the permanently or severely damaged tissues of our body. The field has expanded to tissue regeneration of
cartilage, bone, blood vessels, skin, etc. The domain of tissue engineering is very wide and is the combination of
bioengineering, biology & biochemistry. This review is focus on recent research advancement in bone tissue
engineering. Bone grafting techniques are used to replace the severely damaged due to any accident, trauma or
any disease. These are either allograft, autologous or synthetic bone properties similar to bone. Bone Tissue
Engineering is part of a synthetic technique and overcome the limitations faced in other two mentioned
techniques. Bone Tissue engineering is rapidly developing field and has become important due to its remarkable
therapeutic properties. Mesenchymal stem cells are used as starting cells in tissue regeneration. These cells get
differentiated into bone cells and start multiplying to form bone. One inevitable requirement of these growing
human cells is a strong support which helps in the proper growth. This support is known as scaffold, in tissue
engineering. For proper regeneration of cells scaffold materials plays vital importance in the field of bone tissue engineering. This review attempts is illustrate the biology of natural bone, various desirable properties of scaffold, biomaterials used for fabrication of scaffold and various fabrication techniques with examples of bone regenerate.
Autologous Mesenchymal Stem Cells in OrthopaedicsVladimir Bobic
Nuffield Health, The Grosvenor Hospital Chester, UK
27 June 2013. GP and Physiotherapy Seminar: Autologous Stem Cell Therapies in Orthopaedics. Moderator and Presenter: Vladimir Bobic, Chester Knee Clinic
Introduction
Anatomy and Physiology of bone
Bone Tissue Engineering
Recent studies related to bone tissue engineering
Commercialized products and ongoing clinical trials
Biomedical start-ups
Concluding remarks
Introduction
Anatomy and Physiology of bone
Bone Tissue Engineering
Recent studies related to bone tissue engineering
Commercialized products and ongoing clinical trials
Biomedical start-ups
Concluding remarks
Introduction
Anatomy and Physiology of bone
Bone Tissue Engineering
Recent studies related to bone tissue engineering
Commercialized products and ongoing clinical trials
Biomedical start-ups
Concluding remarks
Dedifferentiation is a term used to suggest that differentiated epithelial cells revert to a previous developmental stage before their subsequent differentiation into an alternative cell fate. Hereby we discuss about the phenomenon and their impact in medical applications.
Craniomaxillofac trauma reconstruction bone graft in cranifacial surgery/oral...Indian dental academy
Indian Dental Academy: will be one of the most relevant and exciting training center with best faculty and flexible training programs for dental professionals who wish to advance in their dental practice,Offers certified courses in Dental implants,Orthodontics,Endodontics,Cosmetic Dentistry, Prosthetic Dentistry, Periodontics and General Dentistry.
Craniomaxillofac trauma reconstr bone graft in cranifacial surgeryIndian dental academy
Indian Dental Academy: will be one of the most relevant and exciting training center with best faculty and flexible training programs for dental professionals who wish to advance in their dental practice,Offers certified courses in Dental implants,Orthodontics,Endodontics,Cosmetic Dentistry, Prosthetic Dentistry, Periodontics and General Dentistry.
Tissue reaction to dentofacial orthopedic appliances /certified fixed orthodo...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
An update on stem cell technologies, prp and orthobiologics. Nuffield Health, The Grosvenor Hospital Chester and Chester Knee Clinic GP Seminar, Ewloe, Wales, UK 6th May 2017
Stem cell therapy for the bladder has been conducted mainly on an experimental basis in the areas of bladder dysfunction. The therapeutic efficacy of stem cells was originally thought to be derived from their ability to differentiate into various cell types. For more details visit: http://www.cryobanksindia.com/moms-corner/case-studies/
Stem cell therapy for the bladder has been conducted mainly on an experimental basis in the areas of bladder dysfunction. The therapeutic efficacy of stem cells was originally thought to be derived from their ability to differentiate into various cell types. For more details visit: http://www.cryobanksindia.com/moms-corner/case-studies/
What is Stem Cell ?
History of Stem Cells ?
Stages of Embryogenesis
Blastocyst Diagram
Three types of stem cells
Differentiation of ESC
Adult Stem Cells
Bone Marrow
Umbilical cord stem cells
Factors known to affect stem cells
Niche cells activates Stem cells
Regenerative Medicine : Indian Scenario
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
MANAGEMENT OF ATRIOVENTRICULAR CONDUCTION BLOCK.pdfJim Jacob Roy
Cardiac conduction defects can occur due to various causes.
Atrioventricular conduction blocks ( AV blocks ) are classified into 3 types.
This document describes the acute management of AV block.
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
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2. RESEARCH PAPER
A study of Cell Therapy Assisted Regeneration of Cartilage in Avascular Bone Necrosis.
1* 1 1 1 1 2
Mahajan P. V. , Bandre A. , Patil C. , Wagh V. , More A. and Desai N. S.
Abstract
Application of 'regenerative medicine' has given a new hope to
surgeons for the treatment of several chronic diseases and disorders
including severe orthopedic conditions. There are a myriad of
orthopedic conditions and injuries that presently have limited
therapeutic treatments and could benefit from new developing
[1]
therapies in regenerative medicine with the help of stem cells .
Regenerative medicine therapies are mainly based on the applications
of stem cells. Stem cells play a vital role in orthopedic treatments and
the studies have shown promising results in repair of bone, tendon,
cartilage including AVN, Spondylitis etc. Bone and Cartilage
regeneration ability of stem cells has been demonstrated clinically;
however success rate may not be same in every case and it depends on
patient to patient. Several factors can be responsible for the same
including patient's immune response, the type and the grade of the
disease which altogether decide the fate of the treatment. In this paper
we have presented some of the orthopedic case studies performed
throughautologoustransplantationofthestemcells.
Keywords: AVN (Avascular Bone Necrosis), ECM
(Extracellular Matrix), cytokines and chemokines, bone
marrow mononuclear cells, adipose tissue, PRP (Platelet rich
plasma)
Introduction
Stem cells- known as the building blocks of the body represent
unspecialized cells, which have the ability to differentiate into
different types of adult stem cells. The differentiation depends
on the type of the stem cell and the niche. Niche and several
signaling pathways are responsible for the differentiation of the
[2, 3]
stem cells into particular lineage of the cell . Broadly, stem
cells are classified as 'embryonic' and 'adult stem cells'. Being
truly pluripotent, embryonic stem cells (ESC) can renew
indefinitely and differentiate into cells of all three germ layers
[2, 3]
thereby can regenerate a part or even a complete organ .
Embryonic stem cells are not easy to harvest and have many
ethical and legal issues associated so attempts were started to
induce pluripotency in somatic cells to make them function like
ESC's. Takahashi and Yamanaka in 2006 first reported the
[4]
concept of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPS cells) .
However because of the teratogenic potential of induced
pluripotent stem cells, the technique is yet in the frame of
[5,6]
question mark for its commercial use in the mass . However,
in contrast, a variety of multipotent adult stem cells exist in
almost all tissues of the organisms which reside in a specific
niche in vivo where various microenvironmental cues form an
intertwined signaling regulatory network that maintains stem
cells fate and functions. In this niche there are different
regulators such as ECM molecules (Extra Cellular Matrix)
molecules, biochemical cues such as soluble growth factors and
cytokines and mechanical cues such as intrinsic matrix stiffness
and extrinsic forces which play a major role in deciding the fate
ofthestemcell.
Multipotent adult stem cells derived from bone marrow also
known as mesenchymal stem cells are considered as most
competent stem cells. These MSCs can be induced in vitro and
in vivo to differentiate into a variety of cell lineages including
[7]
bone, cartilage, tendon, muscles and other similar tissues .
However their differentiation into other types of tissue-specific
cells, such as cardiac myoblasts, endothelial cells, hepatocytes
and neural cells has also been demonstrated in experimental
[8,9]
studies .
Stem Cells in the treatment of Orthopedic Conditions.
Mesenchymal stem cells derived from bone marrow are able to
differentiate into different lineages as they come in contact with
specific niches. MSCs are known to be capable of osteogenic,
chondrogenic differentiation. Bone marrow is aspirated from
the region of posterior superior iliac spine and the stem cells are
isolated and processed to prepare the dose for the
[10]
transplantation . Modern day orthopedics with the use of
cellular medicine for rejuvenation therapies looks promising
and have overcome the traditional surgical therapies.
Traditional replacement therapies involve the use of artificial
joints with invasive operative procedures which take longer
time to heal properly. There are numerous problems associated
with the use of biological grafts including donor site morbidity,
scarcity, and tissue rejection These types of problems can be
solved by using stem cell transplant as they are based on less
*Corresponding author: Mahajan P. V., E-mail: drpvmahajan@gmail.com
1 StemRx Bioscience Solution, Mahajan Hospital ,Thane-Belapur Road,
Rabale, Navi Mumbai - 400 708.
2 Department of Biotechnology & Bioinformatics,
Padamashree Dr. D Y Patil University, Navi Mumbai - 400 706.
DYPJHS Volume 2, Issue 1 : Jan-Mar. 2014 ISSN (Print) 2347-3665
D Y Patil Journal of Health Sciences ISSN (Online) 2347-8020
41
3. invasive applications of cellular medicine. Most of the
orthopedic problems are because of the degeneration of the
cartilage. When we transplant mesenchymal stem cells locally,
these cells try to move in the micro-environment of the bones
[11]
and tend to convert into osteogenic, chondrogenic cells .
These cells help in regenerating the damaged area by forming
new hyaline cartilage and bone. In Non-unions, avascular
necrosis (AVN), bone fractures and bone defects, tendinitis and
cartilage defects stem cells and regenerative medicine have a
definiterole.
Bonefractures
Bone has a natural tendency to reform when fractured or
damaged and while doing so it may show a development of the
fibrous cartilage. MSCs having osteogenic potential tend to
differentiate along the osteogenic pathway in response to the
niche factors stimulation. Niche is usually composed of growth
regulators, cell adhesion molecules, niche cells and extra
cellular matrix which govern the differentiation of the stem
[11, 12]
cells . The process of the entire regeneration of the bone at
the damaged site after the application of the stem cells can
dependent on the factors like area of the dislocation or grade of
the fracture. The cellular medicine with the use of grafts was
studied by Fernandez et al. to study the effect of autologous
bone marrow mononuclear cells (BM-MNCs) on
pseudoarthrosis. They concluded that by coupling autologous
BM-MNCs and allogenic bone graft could constitute and easy,
safe, inexpensive and efficacious attempt to treat long-bone
[13]
pseudoarthrosis . These studies showed how stem cells are
helpful in promoting union in cases of non-unions when they
areusedaloneorincombination.
Stem cells in the treatment of avascular necrosis of femoral
headandbonygaps
Avascular necrosis (AVN) of the femoral head is a pathologic
process that results from interruption of blood supply to the
bone. Loss of vascularity means the blood supply for these
bones enters through very restricted spaces & there is limited
collateral circulation which ultimately leads to the death of the
osteocytes and collapse of the femoral head with change in
shape of the femoral head associated with pain, limp and
[14]
restriction of movements . The rate of avascular necrosis of
the femoral head is found higher in young patients following
trauma, steroid intake, alcohol consumption etc. Treatment
options available till date primarily focused on reducing the
intra osseous pressure by drilling channels into the head
through the neck. In advanced disease, replacement
arthroplasty is commonly opted but now surgeons are looking
forward to cellular medicine as an effective treatment over
traditional surgical procedures. Recently, Wang et al.
concluded bone-marrow mononuclear cells implantation as an
effective procedure in patients with early-stage AVN of the
[15]
femoral head . The additive application of concentrated bone
marrow aspirates, ex vivo expanded mesenchymal stem cells,
[16]
holds great potential to improve bone regeneration . Similarly
using autologous mesenchymal stem cells from bone-marrow,
Park et al and Zamzam et alhave succefully treated voids (gaps)
[17,18]
insimplebonecysts .
Stem Cells to treat cartilage defects with scaffolds
Marcacci et al, used autologous MSCs used in combination
with hydroxyl-appatite scaffolds for filling of cartilage defects
[19]
and reported good integration of the grafts . Cartilage once
damaged has a very poor ability to repair itself so application of
new chondrocytes at the damaged site may give rise to
formation of new hyaline cartilage. Autologous chondrocyte
transplantation have been used by Jager et al, to treat cartilage
[20]
and bone defects . Abrasion chondroplasty in which drill
holes are made into the bone showed good results with
processed cells in the combination with biodegradable gels.
Wakitani et al used MSCs harvested from iliac crest in vitro and
then cultured in the lab for 1 month and then transplanted them
to the site of cartilage defect using collagen gel and covered the
[21]
defect with a periosteal flap . Similarly Buda et al, reported
the use of MSC's for the treatment of osteochondral lesions of
[22]
thefemurandtalus .
All above findings make it very clear that stem cells have the
potential to treat several orthopedic conditions due to their
ability to get differentiated into osteocytes, chondrocytes and
muscle cells. Our study further shows that how patients got
recovered from AVN by using autologous chondrocyte
transplantation.
MaterialsandMethods
Here we present some of the case studies performed at the
laboratory where application of stem cells in the patients of
AVN of femur head were performed.Aprospective randomized
trial on 15 patients of different age group undergoing treatment
for AVN of femur head was conducted (Table 1). All of them
underwent stem cells therapy by which stem cells from their
bone marrow, adipose tissue were isolated in the laboratory and
later after processing were injected back in the body. After
taking the follow-ups we found these patients were recovering
thatthesuccessratioofrecoverydependsonvariousfactors.
42
4. AVNinbasicallygradedat4stagesaspertheFicatStaging
lStag e 0
ØX-ray : normal
ØMRI: normal
Øclinical symptoms : nil
lStage I
ØX-ray : normal or minor osteopaenia
ØMRI : oedema
Øbone scan: increased uptake
Øclinical symptoms: pain typically in the groin
lStage II
ØX-ray : mixed osteopenia &/or sclerosis &/or
subchondral cysts, without any subchondral lucency
(crescent sign - see below)
ØMRI : geographic defect
Øbone scan : increased uptake
Øclinical symptoms: pain and stiffness
lStage III
ØX-ray : crescent sign & eventual cortical collapse
ØMRI : same as Xray
Øclinical symptoms : pain and stiffness+/- radiation to
knee and limp
lStage IV
ØX-ray : end stage with evidence of secondary
degenerative change
ØMRI : same as Xray
Øclinical symptoms : pain and limp
Table 1: No of patients treated forAVN of Femur head with
AutologousCellTherapy.
Subjects Sex Age BMI Stage Treatment
1 M 27 24.3 1
2 M 26 26.9 1
3 M 45 31 3 Autologous
4 M 26 23 2 Cell
5 M 46 28.3 4 Therapy
6 M 27 25 1
7 F 32 26 1
8 F 47 28.3 3
9 F 34 22 2
10 F 26 25 2 Autologous
11 F 38 27.1 2 Cell
12 F 27 22 1 Therapy
13 F 33 26 3
14 F 55 30.2 4
15 F 54 29.3 4
Methodology
For all 15 patients case history was taken and all were eligible
for undergoing this treatment as per the standard eligibility
criterion confirmed after clinical diagnosis. Consents were
taken from all the 15 patients at the time of their autologous
stem cells therapy. Following procedure was performed for
everypatient.
100 cc of bone marrow was taken from the iliac bone of the
patient with the help of a bone marrow harvester in the medical
facility and sample was sent to the laboratory in an aseptic
sterile condition.100 cc of adipose tissue was taken from the
patient's body and sample was sent to the laboratory in an
aseptic sterile condition. Similarly 100 cc peripheral blood was
collected from same patient's body and was sent to the
laboratory in an aseptic sterile condition. All samples were
processed by density centrifugation method to isolate
mesenchymal stem cells from bone marrow and adipose tissue
[23]
in separate batches . The isolated cells from bone marrow
were tested for cell count and cell viability after which cells
[24]
were characterized for MSC markers CD73, CD 90, CD 105 .
Molecular characterization of the processed cells confirmed
their identity as MSC's. Similarly isolated MSC's from adipose
tissue were tested for cell count and cell viability and molecular
[24]
characterization with CD13, CD29 confirmed their identity .
Collected peripheral blood was processed and platelet rich
plasma [PRP] was prepared. Bone marrow & adipose tissue
derived stem cells with stromal factor were transplanted
autologously along with PRP. After 3 months, reports showed
the impressive results in all these cases. Follow up was taken for
a year after every 3 months for individual patient. Patients
showed good improvement symptomatically in following
indications.
1. Clinical findings showed that Knee Pain, hip pain
reduced and mobility and flexibility of joint increased
thanbefore.
2. Radiological findings: Restoration Joint space to near
normalcy, articular surface was well defined, sub-
articulor geodes were disappeared with signs of new
cartilageformation.(Figure1)
43
5. Figure 1. X-ray of a patient showing improvement in terms
ofbonegrowthdifferenceaftertreatment.
Role of Niche in stem cells differentiation and
proliferation
X-ray taken after 3 months follow up of the patient showed the
signs of new cartilage formation which indicates the process of
chodrogenesis. Studies have shown that the microenvironment
- also known as 'niche' comprised of ECM (extracellular
matrix), regulators, chemokines and cytokines play an
importantrole in chondrogenicdifferentiation.TGFβs, IGF and
[26]
FGF's have been implicated in chondrogenesis . Beside the
cell-cell signaling, cell-matrix interactions can also alter cell
behavior and thus influence the commitment of MSC's into
[25,26]
chondrocyte lineage . Along with the above-discussed
applications of the stem cells at our laboratory, some other
conditions are also being investigated for their suitability for
stem cell application including ankolysing spondylitis, bone
fractures, non healing fractures, osteoarthritis, sports injuries.
Though application of stem cells is well proven in orthopedic
conditions, the therapy also looks promising for other
neurological and other metabolic disorders and clinical for
[27]
whichclinicaltrialsarebeingperformedworldwide .
Summary
Stem cell therapy based on the principle of the regenerative
medicine is as an attractive option for the treatment of
intractable diseases. However, the use of stem cell therapy in all
the conditions discussed above is subject of individual
treatment. Many of these studies have shown quick good results
but at the same time few cases have shown slow improvement
in the conditions.As discussed earlier, this might also be linked
to the selection of the patient, the type of cells used,
concentration and dose of the cells used, application of cells ,
duration of follow up and evaluation tools among others. Many
more long-term prospective randomized human trials need to
have good results before one may actually recommend the use
of these cells. It is certain that the future is going to be exciting
with the use of stem cells. A paradigm shift from conventional
mode of treatments to the novel stem cells therapy is the need of
the modern healthcare. High-quality research coupled with
practical applications in the cellular medicine has set a stage for
successful tissue engineering in vitro. Stem cell therapy has
brought in a lot of optimistic hope amongst researchers,
doctors, and but obviously for patients. At the same time
establishing the safety profile of these therapies is equally
important to avoid complications as there is a strong
demarcation between hype and hope regarding the potential use
ofthesetherapies.
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