This document provides an overview of stem cells, including their biology, types, collection, storage, and applications. It discusses embryonic and adult stem cells, how they are collected and cryopreserved, and their use in treating diseases like leukemia, diabetes, Parkinson's, and hair loss. While stem cells show promise for regenerative medicine, adult stem cells have advantages over embryonic stem cells due to being easier to obtain and not raising ethical issues.
Cell cell hybridization or somatic cell hybridizationSubhradeep sarkar
What is Cell-Cell Hybridization?
History
More about Somatic cell Hybridization
Mapping of genes by somatic cell Hybridization
Hybridoma technology
Other Applications of Somatic Cell Hybridization
Cell determination and differentiation are important processes in development. Cell determination involves genes being selectively activated or inactivated, committing an embryonic cell to a specific type. Differentiation then further specializes the cell, changing its size, shape and function. Gene expression plays a key role, with different genes being switched on or off in different cell types. The environment also influences cell fate and specialization.
Morphogenetic movements involve the rearrangement of cells during embryonic development through processes like gastrulation, tubulation, and organogenesis. These movements are caused by large-scale cell movements and changes in cell behavior, and result in changes to embryonic shape and structure. Key morphogenetic processes include cell division, size, shape, adhesion, death, and interactions with the extracellular matrix. Critical examples are the invagination of epithelial sheets during gastrulation and selective outgrowth of limb buds through differential proliferation.
Cell viability assays are used to assess the health of cells and their ability to survive and reproduce. They can measure markers of cellular activity, proliferation, cytotoxicity from drug treatments, and apoptosis. Common assays include dye exclusion, dye uptake, enzyme release of LDH, uptake of radioactive labels, luminescence, and tetrazolium salt reduction assays like MTT. The results of viability assays are important for screening drug effects and ensuring reliable results from cell-based experiments.
The document discusses embryonic development from an embryologist's perspective. It covers the overall view of embryonic development from conception through harvest and techniques. The source and significance of embryonic development is also examined at a high level.
Knockout mice are mice that have had a specific gene inactivated through replacement or disruption with artificial DNA. This allows researchers to study the function of that gene. The technique was awarded the 2007 Nobel Prize in Physiology. The procedure involves isolating the target gene, engineering a modified DNA sequence, introducing this into embryonic stem cells, and implanting the modified stem cells into mouse blastocysts. This generates chimeric mice that can pass the modified gene to offspring. Knockout mice provide insights into gene function in humans and are used as models for diseases. They also enable drug and therapy testing, though some genes cause developmental issues if knocked out.
The document discusses the production of transgenic organisms. It defines key terms like transgenic, transgene, and transgenesis. It explains that a transgene is a foreign gene deliberately inserted into an organism's genome, making it transgenic. The common methods to produce transgenic animals are pronuclear microinjection and embryonic stem cell methods. The document provides examples of important transgenic animals and their applications in medicine, agriculture, and research.
Cell cell hybridization or somatic cell hybridizationSubhradeep sarkar
What is Cell-Cell Hybridization?
History
More about Somatic cell Hybridization
Mapping of genes by somatic cell Hybridization
Hybridoma technology
Other Applications of Somatic Cell Hybridization
Cell determination and differentiation are important processes in development. Cell determination involves genes being selectively activated or inactivated, committing an embryonic cell to a specific type. Differentiation then further specializes the cell, changing its size, shape and function. Gene expression plays a key role, with different genes being switched on or off in different cell types. The environment also influences cell fate and specialization.
Morphogenetic movements involve the rearrangement of cells during embryonic development through processes like gastrulation, tubulation, and organogenesis. These movements are caused by large-scale cell movements and changes in cell behavior, and result in changes to embryonic shape and structure. Key morphogenetic processes include cell division, size, shape, adhesion, death, and interactions with the extracellular matrix. Critical examples are the invagination of epithelial sheets during gastrulation and selective outgrowth of limb buds through differential proliferation.
Cell viability assays are used to assess the health of cells and their ability to survive and reproduce. They can measure markers of cellular activity, proliferation, cytotoxicity from drug treatments, and apoptosis. Common assays include dye exclusion, dye uptake, enzyme release of LDH, uptake of radioactive labels, luminescence, and tetrazolium salt reduction assays like MTT. The results of viability assays are important for screening drug effects and ensuring reliable results from cell-based experiments.
The document discusses embryonic development from an embryologist's perspective. It covers the overall view of embryonic development from conception through harvest and techniques. The source and significance of embryonic development is also examined at a high level.
Knockout mice are mice that have had a specific gene inactivated through replacement or disruption with artificial DNA. This allows researchers to study the function of that gene. The technique was awarded the 2007 Nobel Prize in Physiology. The procedure involves isolating the target gene, engineering a modified DNA sequence, introducing this into embryonic stem cells, and implanting the modified stem cells into mouse blastocysts. This generates chimeric mice that can pass the modified gene to offspring. Knockout mice provide insights into gene function in humans and are used as models for diseases. They also enable drug and therapy testing, though some genes cause developmental issues if knocked out.
The document discusses the production of transgenic organisms. It defines key terms like transgenic, transgene, and transgenesis. It explains that a transgene is a foreign gene deliberately inserted into an organism's genome, making it transgenic. The common methods to produce transgenic animals are pronuclear microinjection and embryonic stem cell methods. The document provides examples of important transgenic animals and their applications in medicine, agriculture, and research.
Stem cells can be derived from embryonic stem cells, adult stem cells, or induced pluripotent stem cells. Stem cells are undifferentiated cells that have the potential to differentiate into other cell types. There are several types of stem cells including totipotent, pluripotent, multipotent, oligopotent, and unipotent stem cells, which differ in their ability to differentiate. Stem cells offer potential for treating diseases but also raise ethical issues that require more research.
Types of animal cell culture; characterization & Their preservation.Santosh Kumar Sahoo
This document provides an overview of animal cell culture, including the different types (primary and secondary cell culture, cell lines), techniques used for primary culture, and characterization and preservation of animal cells. It discusses how primary cell culture involves separating cells directly from tissue and allowing them to grow under controlled conditions. Secondary cell culture refers to sub-culturing primary cells by transferring them to new vessels with fresh media. Cell lines can be propagated repeatedly and sometimes indefinitely. The document also describes cryopreservation as a method for preserving live cells and tissues at ultra-low temperatures in liquid nitrogen.
Introduction.
Properties of Stem Cells.
Key Research events.
Embryonic Stem Cell.
Stem cell Cultivation.
Stem cells are central to three processes in an organism.
Research & Clinical Application of stem cell.
Research patents.
Conclusion.
Reference.
This document discusses different substrates used for animal cell culture, including glass, plastics, and metals. It also describes two types of cell suspension culture: batch culture and continuous culture. Batch culture involves growing cells in a fixed volume of medium until growth limiting factors are reached. Continuous culture maintains constant culture conditions through continuous addition of fresh medium and removal of used medium and cells. The chemostat and turbidostat are two common systems used for continuous culture that maintain steady state growth. Cell suspension culture is important for studies of cell physiology, biochemistry, and production of secondary metabolites.
This document discusses effective protocols for superovulation when undergoing IVF treatment. It compares different ovarian stimulation protocols including long and short protocols using gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) agonists or antagonists. It also examines the use of human menopausal gonadotropin (hMG) versus recombinant follicle-stimulating hormone (r-FSH), as well as adding luteinizing hormone (LH) to stimulation. Key factors discussed include number of eggs retrieved, egg and embryo quality, risk of ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome, and pregnancy rates. The document provides guidance on optimizing protocols based on patient characteristics and treatment goals.
1. There are four main types of regeneration: stem cell mediated, epimorphosis, morphallaxis, and compensatory regeneration.
2. Epimorphosis involves de-differentiation of cells forming a blastema which then re-differentiates, as seen in salamander limb regeneration.
3. Morphallaxis involves re-patterning of existing tissues with little new growth, as seen when hydra fragments regenerate entire organisms.
Introduction
Definition
History
Why are the transgenic animals being produced
Transgenic mice
Mice: as model organism
Methods of creation of transgenic mice
knock-out mice
Application of transgenic mice
Conclusion
References
Stem cells
Undifferentiated cells capable of self-renew and to differentiate into different cell types or tissues during embryonic development and throughout adulthood.
Have possibility to become a specialised cell.
Have the ability to divide continuously and develop into various other kinds of cells.
Have immune potential and can help to treat a wide range of medical problems.
Discovery of stem cells lead to a whole new branch of medicine known as Regenerative medicine.
Polyspermy describes an egg that has been fertilized by more than one sperm. Diploid organisms normally contain two copies of each chromosome, one from each parent. The cell resulting from polyspermy
The first issue that an egg and a sperm of any organism type face in successfully producing an embryo is the possibility of polyspermy. Polyspermy is the fertilization of an egg by multiple sperm, and the results of such unions are lethal.
If multiple sperm fertilize an egg, the embryo inherits multiple paternal centrioles. This causes competition for extra chromosomes and results in the disruption of the creation of the cleavage furrow, thus causing the zygote to die. As an important model organism in the study of fertilization and embryonic development, polyspermy in sea urchins has been studied in detail. The sea urchin’s methods of polyspermy prevention have been broken down into two main pathways. These two primary pathways are known as the fast block and the slow block to polyspermy
After the sperm’s receptors come into contact with the egg’s jelly layer and the acrosomal enzymes are released and break down the jelly layer, the sperm head comes into contact with the vitelline and plasma membranes of the egg. When the two plasma membranes contact one another, signals in the egg are initiated.
First, Na+ channels in the egg open, allowing Na+ to flood into the egg. This causes a depolarization of the egg from it’s normal resting potential of -70 mV.
While depolarization is occurring, the remainder of the jelly layer is dissolving. With the dissolution of the jelly layer and the depolarization of the plasma membrane, the first block to preventing fertilization by multiple sperm is put into place.
These two simple changes are part of the first block to polyspermy, known as the fast block. Within 1/10th of a second of contact, the fast block t
The document summarizes Drosophila development and genetics. It discusses Drosophila's life cycle, egg polarity genes that establish the dorsal-ventral and anterior-posterior axes, segmentation genes that determine body segments, and homeotic genes that specify segment identity. It also mentions genetic mutations in Drosophila that are named after their phenotypes, such as brown eye color (bw) and vestigial wings (vg). Drosophila has been a useful model organism for genetic analysis due to its short life cycle, large progeny numbers, and techniques like balancer chromosomes that help preserve gene linkages.
This document discusses various applications of animal biotechnology. It outlines how transgenic animals can be used to improve biomass production, disease resistance, recombinant vaccine development, and production of pharmaceutical proteins. Specifically, it mentions that transgenic salmon can grow up to 6 times faster than wild salmon due to a growth hormone gene insertion. It also provides examples of using transgenic cattle and goats to produce therapeutic proteins in their milk for human disease treatments.
Gene mapping involves determining the physical location of genes on chromosomes. There are two main types of gene mapping: genetic mapping and physical mapping. Genetic mapping uses genetic techniques like linkage analysis to construct maps showing relative gene positions based on recombination frequencies. Physical mapping uses molecular biology techniques to directly examine DNA and determine absolute positions of genes and sequences. Key methods in physical mapping include restriction mapping, fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH), and sequence tagged site (STS) mapping. Gene mapping is important for understanding genetic diseases and developing gene therapy methods.
Maxam-Gilbert method of DNA sequencingmaryamshah13
Maxam-Gilbert sequencing uses chemicals to cut DNA fragments at specific bases, allowing the sequence to be determined. It involves separating DNA strands, radioactively labeling one, then breaking it up in four reactions that specifically cleave at adenine, cytosine, guanine, or thymine. The labeled fragments are run on a gel and their sizes reveal the sequence. Though it directly sequences DNA without cloning, it uses toxic chemicals and radioactivity, has a short read length, and is technically complex.
What are stem cells? This presentation provides an overview of multiple different stem cells including embryonic stem cells, mesenchymal stem cells, cancer stem cells, induced pluripotent stem cells, hematopoietic stem cells and neural stem cells.
Amphibian development begins with fertilization and cortical rotation that establishes dorsal-ventral polarity. Cleavage is holoblastic but unequal, forming a blastula with large yolky cells in the vegetal pole. Gastrulation involves bottle cell invagination, dorsal mesoderm involution, and ectoderm epiboly. The organizer tissue directs body axis formation through beta-catenin signaling in the dorsal region. Left-right asymmetry results from nodal gene expression induced by cilia rotation in the organizer. Amphibians like Xenopus laevis are widely used models for studying these developmental processes.
Cloning involves producing genetically identical copies of biological material such as DNA, cells, or whole organisms. The main steps of DNA cloning are: 1) cutting the DNA fragment to be cloned and the vector DNA with the same restriction enzymes, 2) joining the fragment to the vector via ligation, 3) introducing the recombinant DNA into host cells via transformation, 4) selecting transformed cells using antibiotic resistance markers on the vector, and 5) screening clones to identify those containing the inserted DNA fragment. Common cloning vectors include plasmids, which are small extra-chromosomal DNA molecules that replicate within host bacteria or yeast cells.
Fate maps diagrammatically represent the prospective fate of embryonic regions at an early developmental stage. They indicate which tissues or organs specific parts of the early embryo will develop into. Fate maps change over time as cells move and multiply. Different labeling techniques are used to construct fate maps, including natural cell markers, vital dyes, carbon particles, radioactive tracers, and transgenic techniques. Comparing fate maps across stages reveals cell lineage and morphogenetic movements during development. Fate maps have been instrumental for understanding embryonic development.
Somatic cell hybridization involves fusing cells from two different species, such as human and mouse cells, to form hybrid cells containing chromosomes from both species. This technique allows genes to be mapped to specific chromosomes. It works by using selective growth conditions that require the hybrid cell to retain certain human chromosomes in order to survive. Over successive cell divisions, human chromosomes are eliminated at random except for those required for survival. This allows the creation of cell lines containing partial sets of human chromosomes that can be analyzed to correlate genes with specific chromosomes. The technique has been important for mapping the human genome.
Stem cells are the foundation cells that can differentiate into specialized cell types and can self-renew to produce more stem cells. There are several types of stem cells including embryonic, adult, and induced pluripotent stem cells. Stem cell therapy uses stem cells or their derivatives to replace or repair damaged tissues. Current stem cell therapies include blood stem cell transplants, but challenges remain in isolating the right stem cells, avoiding rejection issues, and ensuring the stem cells integrate properly in the body.
A stem cell is a "blank" cell that can give rise to multiple tissue types such as a skin, muscle, or nerve cell.
Under certain physiologic or experimental conditions, they can be induced to become tissue- or organ-specific cells with special functions.
Stem cells can be derived from embryonic stem cells, adult stem cells, or induced pluripotent stem cells. Stem cells are undifferentiated cells that have the potential to differentiate into other cell types. There are several types of stem cells including totipotent, pluripotent, multipotent, oligopotent, and unipotent stem cells, which differ in their ability to differentiate. Stem cells offer potential for treating diseases but also raise ethical issues that require more research.
Types of animal cell culture; characterization & Their preservation.Santosh Kumar Sahoo
This document provides an overview of animal cell culture, including the different types (primary and secondary cell culture, cell lines), techniques used for primary culture, and characterization and preservation of animal cells. It discusses how primary cell culture involves separating cells directly from tissue and allowing them to grow under controlled conditions. Secondary cell culture refers to sub-culturing primary cells by transferring them to new vessels with fresh media. Cell lines can be propagated repeatedly and sometimes indefinitely. The document also describes cryopreservation as a method for preserving live cells and tissues at ultra-low temperatures in liquid nitrogen.
Introduction.
Properties of Stem Cells.
Key Research events.
Embryonic Stem Cell.
Stem cell Cultivation.
Stem cells are central to three processes in an organism.
Research & Clinical Application of stem cell.
Research patents.
Conclusion.
Reference.
This document discusses different substrates used for animal cell culture, including glass, plastics, and metals. It also describes two types of cell suspension culture: batch culture and continuous culture. Batch culture involves growing cells in a fixed volume of medium until growth limiting factors are reached. Continuous culture maintains constant culture conditions through continuous addition of fresh medium and removal of used medium and cells. The chemostat and turbidostat are two common systems used for continuous culture that maintain steady state growth. Cell suspension culture is important for studies of cell physiology, biochemistry, and production of secondary metabolites.
This document discusses effective protocols for superovulation when undergoing IVF treatment. It compares different ovarian stimulation protocols including long and short protocols using gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) agonists or antagonists. It also examines the use of human menopausal gonadotropin (hMG) versus recombinant follicle-stimulating hormone (r-FSH), as well as adding luteinizing hormone (LH) to stimulation. Key factors discussed include number of eggs retrieved, egg and embryo quality, risk of ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome, and pregnancy rates. The document provides guidance on optimizing protocols based on patient characteristics and treatment goals.
1. There are four main types of regeneration: stem cell mediated, epimorphosis, morphallaxis, and compensatory regeneration.
2. Epimorphosis involves de-differentiation of cells forming a blastema which then re-differentiates, as seen in salamander limb regeneration.
3. Morphallaxis involves re-patterning of existing tissues with little new growth, as seen when hydra fragments regenerate entire organisms.
Introduction
Definition
History
Why are the transgenic animals being produced
Transgenic mice
Mice: as model organism
Methods of creation of transgenic mice
knock-out mice
Application of transgenic mice
Conclusion
References
Stem cells
Undifferentiated cells capable of self-renew and to differentiate into different cell types or tissues during embryonic development and throughout adulthood.
Have possibility to become a specialised cell.
Have the ability to divide continuously and develop into various other kinds of cells.
Have immune potential and can help to treat a wide range of medical problems.
Discovery of stem cells lead to a whole new branch of medicine known as Regenerative medicine.
Polyspermy describes an egg that has been fertilized by more than one sperm. Diploid organisms normally contain two copies of each chromosome, one from each parent. The cell resulting from polyspermy
The first issue that an egg and a sperm of any organism type face in successfully producing an embryo is the possibility of polyspermy. Polyspermy is the fertilization of an egg by multiple sperm, and the results of such unions are lethal.
If multiple sperm fertilize an egg, the embryo inherits multiple paternal centrioles. This causes competition for extra chromosomes and results in the disruption of the creation of the cleavage furrow, thus causing the zygote to die. As an important model organism in the study of fertilization and embryonic development, polyspermy in sea urchins has been studied in detail. The sea urchin’s methods of polyspermy prevention have been broken down into two main pathways. These two primary pathways are known as the fast block and the slow block to polyspermy
After the sperm’s receptors come into contact with the egg’s jelly layer and the acrosomal enzymes are released and break down the jelly layer, the sperm head comes into contact with the vitelline and plasma membranes of the egg. When the two plasma membranes contact one another, signals in the egg are initiated.
First, Na+ channels in the egg open, allowing Na+ to flood into the egg. This causes a depolarization of the egg from it’s normal resting potential of -70 mV.
While depolarization is occurring, the remainder of the jelly layer is dissolving. With the dissolution of the jelly layer and the depolarization of the plasma membrane, the first block to preventing fertilization by multiple sperm is put into place.
These two simple changes are part of the first block to polyspermy, known as the fast block. Within 1/10th of a second of contact, the fast block t
The document summarizes Drosophila development and genetics. It discusses Drosophila's life cycle, egg polarity genes that establish the dorsal-ventral and anterior-posterior axes, segmentation genes that determine body segments, and homeotic genes that specify segment identity. It also mentions genetic mutations in Drosophila that are named after their phenotypes, such as brown eye color (bw) and vestigial wings (vg). Drosophila has been a useful model organism for genetic analysis due to its short life cycle, large progeny numbers, and techniques like balancer chromosomes that help preserve gene linkages.
This document discusses various applications of animal biotechnology. It outlines how transgenic animals can be used to improve biomass production, disease resistance, recombinant vaccine development, and production of pharmaceutical proteins. Specifically, it mentions that transgenic salmon can grow up to 6 times faster than wild salmon due to a growth hormone gene insertion. It also provides examples of using transgenic cattle and goats to produce therapeutic proteins in their milk for human disease treatments.
Gene mapping involves determining the physical location of genes on chromosomes. There are two main types of gene mapping: genetic mapping and physical mapping. Genetic mapping uses genetic techniques like linkage analysis to construct maps showing relative gene positions based on recombination frequencies. Physical mapping uses molecular biology techniques to directly examine DNA and determine absolute positions of genes and sequences. Key methods in physical mapping include restriction mapping, fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH), and sequence tagged site (STS) mapping. Gene mapping is important for understanding genetic diseases and developing gene therapy methods.
Maxam-Gilbert method of DNA sequencingmaryamshah13
Maxam-Gilbert sequencing uses chemicals to cut DNA fragments at specific bases, allowing the sequence to be determined. It involves separating DNA strands, radioactively labeling one, then breaking it up in four reactions that specifically cleave at adenine, cytosine, guanine, or thymine. The labeled fragments are run on a gel and their sizes reveal the sequence. Though it directly sequences DNA without cloning, it uses toxic chemicals and radioactivity, has a short read length, and is technically complex.
What are stem cells? This presentation provides an overview of multiple different stem cells including embryonic stem cells, mesenchymal stem cells, cancer stem cells, induced pluripotent stem cells, hematopoietic stem cells and neural stem cells.
Amphibian development begins with fertilization and cortical rotation that establishes dorsal-ventral polarity. Cleavage is holoblastic but unequal, forming a blastula with large yolky cells in the vegetal pole. Gastrulation involves bottle cell invagination, dorsal mesoderm involution, and ectoderm epiboly. The organizer tissue directs body axis formation through beta-catenin signaling in the dorsal region. Left-right asymmetry results from nodal gene expression induced by cilia rotation in the organizer. Amphibians like Xenopus laevis are widely used models for studying these developmental processes.
Cloning involves producing genetically identical copies of biological material such as DNA, cells, or whole organisms. The main steps of DNA cloning are: 1) cutting the DNA fragment to be cloned and the vector DNA with the same restriction enzymes, 2) joining the fragment to the vector via ligation, 3) introducing the recombinant DNA into host cells via transformation, 4) selecting transformed cells using antibiotic resistance markers on the vector, and 5) screening clones to identify those containing the inserted DNA fragment. Common cloning vectors include plasmids, which are small extra-chromosomal DNA molecules that replicate within host bacteria or yeast cells.
Fate maps diagrammatically represent the prospective fate of embryonic regions at an early developmental stage. They indicate which tissues or organs specific parts of the early embryo will develop into. Fate maps change over time as cells move and multiply. Different labeling techniques are used to construct fate maps, including natural cell markers, vital dyes, carbon particles, radioactive tracers, and transgenic techniques. Comparing fate maps across stages reveals cell lineage and morphogenetic movements during development. Fate maps have been instrumental for understanding embryonic development.
Somatic cell hybridization involves fusing cells from two different species, such as human and mouse cells, to form hybrid cells containing chromosomes from both species. This technique allows genes to be mapped to specific chromosomes. It works by using selective growth conditions that require the hybrid cell to retain certain human chromosomes in order to survive. Over successive cell divisions, human chromosomes are eliminated at random except for those required for survival. This allows the creation of cell lines containing partial sets of human chromosomes that can be analyzed to correlate genes with specific chromosomes. The technique has been important for mapping the human genome.
Stem cells are the foundation cells that can differentiate into specialized cell types and can self-renew to produce more stem cells. There are several types of stem cells including embryonic, adult, and induced pluripotent stem cells. Stem cell therapy uses stem cells or their derivatives to replace or repair damaged tissues. Current stem cell therapies include blood stem cell transplants, but challenges remain in isolating the right stem cells, avoiding rejection issues, and ensuring the stem cells integrate properly in the body.
A stem cell is a "blank" cell that can give rise to multiple tissue types such as a skin, muscle, or nerve cell.
Under certain physiologic or experimental conditions, they can be induced to become tissue- or organ-specific cells with special functions.
Stem cells are undifferentiated cells that can differentiate into specialized cells and divide to produce more stem cells. There are two main types - embryonic stem cells isolated from blastocysts and adult stem cells found in tissues. Adult stem cells act as a repair system, replenishing tissues. Stem cells can be extracted from bone marrow, adipose tissue, and blood. They are characterized by their ability to self-renew and differentiate into other cell types. Embryonic stem cells are derived from embryos and cultured on feeder layers where they can proliferate indefinitely. Stem cells have potential uses in research, drug testing, and regenerative cell therapy for conditions like heart disease, diabetes, and spinal cord injury.
Stem cells are master cells that can differentiate into many other cell types and have the properties of plasticity and potency. There are several types of stem cells including totipotent, pluripotent, and multipotent cells. Stem cell research holds promise for developing regenerative medicine treatments for diseases like diabetes, heart disease, and spinal cord injuries. However, embryonic stem cells research faces ethical issues regarding embryo destruction.
This document discusses stem cells and stem cell therapy. It defines stem cells as the raw material from which all mature cells in the body are generated. There are several types of stem cells including totipotent stem cells found in early embryos, pluripotent stem cells in blastocysts, and multipotent adult stem cells. Sources of stem cells discussed include embryos, fetuses, umbilical cords, and adult tissues. The document outlines how stem cell therapy works by using stem cells to generate healthy cells to replace damaged or diseased cells. Potential applications mentioned are for diseases like Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, spinal cord injury, heart disease, burns, and diabetes. The document also notes there is an ethical debate around stem
This document provides an overview of stem cell research, including:
1) It defines embryonic and adult stem cells, and their potential uses in research and therapies.
2) It describes how embryonic stem cells are harvested from the inner cell mass of blastocysts and cultured, and the challenges of doing so.
3) It discusses the debate around stem cell research in the US and other countries, noting both support and restrictions on the use of embryonic stem cells and human cloning.
This document discusses stem cell banking and its benefits. It explains that stem cell banking involves extracting, processing and storing stem cells that can potentially treat over 80 diseases. Stem cells have the ability to transform into any tissue or organ and can benefit not just the baby but also siblings and family members. The document provides information on what stem cells are, where they come from, how they work and the potential of stem cell therapy for regenerative medicine. It discusses private and public stem cell banking options available in India. The overall goal is to create awareness of stem cell banking and its ability to provide a healthy future for families.
(1) Stem cells can be embryonic, adult, or induced pluripotent. Embryonic stem cells are pluripotent while adult stem cells are multipotent.
(2) Cancer stem cells are a small fraction of tumor cells that can self-renew and differentiate to form the heterogeneous tumor mass. They rely on signaling pathways like JAK/STAT, Hedgehog, Wnt, and Notch to maintain their stem-like properties.
(3) Targeting these pathways and surface markers on cancer stem cells is a promising strategy for cancer treatment, though more research is still needed to develop effective therapies.
This document discusses stem cells, their properties and applications. It defines stem cells as unspecialized cells that can renew themselves and differentiate into specialized cell types. The three main types of stem cells discussed are embryonic stem cells, adult stem cells, and induced pluripotent stem cells. Potential applications of stem cells include developing cell-based therapies for diseases, screening new drug treatments, and studying early human development.
saptarshi pangrahi (BCDA COLLEGE OF PHARMACY & TECHNOLOGY)saptarshi panigrahi
1. The document discusses a breakthrough on stem cells presented by four students under the guidance of Dr. NRIPENDRA NATH BALA.
2. It defines stem cells as undifferentiated cells that can differentiate into specialized cells and can divide to produce more stem cells. There are two main types - embryonic stem cells and adult stem cells.
3. The document outlines the history of stem cell research from 1978 to 1997 and describes the properties and characteristics of ideal stem cells as well as embryonic and adult stem cells. It discusses potential applications of stem cells in tissue repair and treatment of diseases like Parkinson's, diabetes, and baldness.
Regenerative medicine aims to repair damaged organs and tissues using stem cells. Stem cells have the unique ability to renew themselves and differentiate into other cell types. The two main types are embryonic stem cells found in early embryos, and adult stem cells found in tissues like bone marrow. Stem cells are characterized by their ability to self-renew and differentiate. Regenerative medicine uses stem cells to treat diseases like leukemia, Parkinson's, heart disease, and thalassemia. Tissue engineering also plays a role by developing biological substitutes using principles of chemistry, biology, materials science and engineering. Cells used can come from autologous, allogenic, cell line, or xenogenic sources.
STEM CELLS ARE THE UNDIFFERENTIATED CELLS LATER THEIR DIFFERENTIATION TAKES PLACE WHICH LET THEM TO CONVERT INTO SPECIALIZED CELLS CALLED AS STEM CELLS.
Dr. B. Victor presented on stem cell technology. He discussed different types of stem cells including embryonic stem cells, which are pluripotent and derived from embryos, and adult stem cells, which are multipotent and found in adult tissues. Stem cells can differentiate into specialized cell types and have potential applications in cell therapy and tissue engineering to treat diseases. However, the use of embryonic stem cells is considered ethically controversial as it requires embryo destruction.
Adult stem cells are undifferentiated cells found in the body after development that have the abilities of self-renewal and multipotency. They are mostly found in blood and bone marrow and can be used to treat degenerative diseases, autoimmune disorders, injuries, and cosmetic conditions. A stem cell transplant for leukemia involves finding a donor, extracting their stem cells, clearing the recipient's body of cancerous cells through chemotherapy or radiation, and transplanting the donor's healthy stem cells to repopulate the recipient's blood and immune system.
Adult stem cells are undifferentiated cells found in the body after development that have the abilities of self-renewal and multipotency. They are mostly found in blood and bone marrow. Adult stem cells can be used to treat degenerative diseases, autoimmune diseases, musculoskeletal injuries, cosmetic issues, and more. A stem cell transplant replaces a leukemia patient's abnormal white blood cells with healthy ones from a donor by extracting the donor's stem cells, clearing out the patient's body, and then transplanting the new cells.
Stem cells have unique properties that allow them to renew themselves and differentiate into other cell types. There are two main sources of stem cells: embryonic stem cells derived from embryos and adult stem cells found in tissues. Embryonic stem cells are grown in laboratories using nutrient solutions and feeder cell layers. Tests to identify stem cells examine transcription factors, cell markers, and differentiation potential. Applications of stem cell research include tissue regeneration, treatment of diseases like cardiovascular and brain disorders, replacing deficient cells, and treating blood disorders.
Stem cells are undifferentiated cells that can differentiate into specialized cells and divide to produce more stem cells. There are two main types: embryonic stem cells derived from blastocysts, and adult stem cells found in mature tissue. Stem cell research offers potential treatments for diseases by replacing damaged cells, though it faces ethical issues and technical challenges. The presentation discussed various stem cell applications in diabetes, eye disease, and blood disorders.
Stem cells can be used in a variety of ways including as research tools, for cell therapies, drug target validation, toxicology screening, drug delivery, and as a source for 3D bioprinting. As research tools, stem cells and related materials are used to study areas like cancer stem cells, growth factors, and differentiation. For cell therapies, both allogeneic and autologous stem cell transplants are used to treat diseases. Stem cells also aid in drug development through target validation, toxicity assessment, and serving as vehicles for drug delivery. They show promise as materials for 3D printed tissues and organs.
Gram positive bacteria are a diverse group of microorganisms that have a thick peptidoglycan cell wall layer that stains purple with crystal violet. They are classified into genera including Streptococcus, Staphylococcus, and Bacillus. Gram positive bacteria play important roles in nutrient cycling, bioremediation, and food production, but can also cause diseases like tuberculosis, MRSA, tetanus, and anthrax through adhesion, toxin production, and triggering inflammation. Treatment involves antibiotics, combination therapy, and supportive care, while prevention relies on vaccination, hygiene practices, and infection control measures.
This document provides an overview of the key topics covered in the book "Fundamental Immunology" including: the components and basic principles of the immune system; immune disorders and diseases; and future directions in immunology research. The book explores the immune system from its basic roles and evolution to cutting edge areas like immunotherapy and vaccine development. It aims to convey both the complexity of immunology and its tremendous impact on human health.
Algal biotechnology uses microalgae in applications like food supplements, wastewater treatment, and biofuels. It provides sustainable resources as an alternative to petroleum. Benefits include reduced emissions, improved water quality, and new jobs. Applications include biofuel production, pharmaceuticals, and wastewater treatment. Challenges involve sustainability, costs, and regulations. Future prospects lie in genetic engineering, new algae species, biofuels, agriculture, and industry partnerships.
Microbial taxonomy is the classification and naming of microorganisms. It provides a systematic framework to categorize the incredible diversity of microscopic life. Traditional taxonomy methods used morphological and biochemical characteristics as well as genetic markers like DNA sequences to differentiate microorganisms. Modern tools like high-throughput sequencing and bioinformatics have revolutionized taxonomy by allowing analysis of microbial diversity at large scales. Microbial taxonomy contributes to understanding infectious diseases and developing therapies as well as assessing ecosystem health and enabling biotechnological advancements. Emerging trends like metagenomics and technological advances will continue shaping the future of microbial classification.
Vectors are molecules that can deliver foreign DNA into host cells. Common vectors include plasmids, bacteriophages, cosmids, BACs, and YACs. Vectors must be able to replicate autonomously in host cells and contain selectable markers like antibiotic resistance genes. Key vector features include an origin of replication for autonomous replication, cloning sites for inserting foreign DNA, and markers for identifying recombinant cells. Different vector types have varying maximum insert sizes, ranging from a few kilobases for plasmids to hundreds of kilobases for YACs. Vectors allow genetic material to be artificially introduced, expressed, and studied in host cells and organisms.
This document discusses several DNA repair mechanisms including photoreactivation, direct repair mechanisms like base excision repair and nucleotide excision repair, mismatch repair, recombination repair, and SOS repair. It provides details on how each repair mechanism works to identify and repair different types of DNA damage like thymine dimers, mismatches, gaps, and damage caused by environmental stress.
Gene regulation ensures that the appropriate genes are expressed at the proper times and helps organisms respond to their environment. It involves mechanisms that increase or decrease production of gene products. The lac operon in E. coli regulates lactose metabolism genes in response to lactose and glucose levels. When lactose is present, it induces the operon by binding the repressor protein and allowing transcription. When glucose is high, cAMP levels are low and transcription is low. The lac operon precisely controls lactose gene expression through a repressor protein and RNA polymerase binding.
Antigen-antibody reactions involve the binding between antigens and antibodies. This document discusses the properties, mechanisms, and types of antigen-antibody reactions. It describes how antigen-antibody complexes form through primary, secondary, and tertiary stages. Precipitation reactions are commonly used serological tests that form visible precipitates when antigens and antibodies bind. Immunodiffusion techniques like single and double diffusion tests in agar gels are also summarized.
This document discusses screening techniques used to isolate microorganisms of interest from a population. It describes primary screening as an initial process to discard many non-useful microbes while detecting a small percentage that may have industrial applications. Secondary screening further tests the capabilities of these isolated microorganisms to determine their real potential value. Some primary screening techniques mentioned include using crowded plates, detecting organic acid production, and screening for antibiotic production. The document also discusses improving crowded plate techniques and the goals and approaches of secondary screening to evaluate a microorganism's potential for industrial use.
Vitamins are essential nutrients that our bodies cannot produce on their own. Many vitamins are produced through fermentation, a process where microorganisms break down or convert carbohydrates into acids, gases and/or alcohol. Common vitamins produced this way include vitamin B12, riboflavin, niacin, biotin and pantothenic acid.
The fermentation process is essential for transforming grape juice into wine. Yeast is added to grape juice which feeds on the natural sugars and converts them to alcohol and carbon dioxide over several weeks. Through this process, the alcohol content increases while the sweetness of the grape juice decreases, creating the final wine product.
Yeasts have various applications in brewing and food production. Brewers yeast is used to produce beer through the fermentation of sugars into alcohol and carbon dioxide. Food yeast is used in baking to produce leavened bread and other baked goods through a similar fermentation process where yeast converts sugars into carbon dioxide gas which causes dough to rise.
Enzymes are proteins that act as catalysts in biochemical reactions and are essential for life. Many industries produce enzymes at large scales for use in food processing, cleaning products, and other applications. Advances in biotechnology have enabled the production of enzymes through fermentation using genetically engineered microorganisms for high yields.
Purines and pyrimidines are organic nitrogenous bases that are essential components of nucleic acids like DNA and RNA. They are synthesized through complex metabolic pathways involving multiple enzymes and organic precursors within living cells. Disruptions to purine and pyrimidine biosynthesis can lead to various genetic disorders and diseases if not properly regulated.
Mutations are changes to an organism's DNA sequence that can occur during cell division or DNA replication. These changes may include substitutions, insertions or deletions of genetic material. Mutations can be caused by errors during DNA replication or by exposure to mutagens like radiation or chemicals.
The genetic code is the set of rules by which information encoded in genetic material (DNA or mRNA sequences) is translated into proteins by living cells. The genetic code is highly similar across all Earth life forms and specifies how sequences of nucleotide bases in nucleic acids (DNA or RNA) correspond to amino acid sequences in proteins. The genetic code consists of three-letter "words" called codons formed from a sequence of three nucleotides, with some redundancy that allows some codons to specify the same amino acid.
Scientists have mapped the entire human genome, determining the precise sequence of DNA base pairs that make up human genes and chromosomes. This landmark achievement provides valuable insights into human evolution and holds promise for advances in medicine, as it allows researchers to pinpoint genetic variations that influence health and disease. The genome project is considered one of the great scientific accomplishments of all time and represents an important step toward understanding our genetic blueprint.
Genetic recombination is the process by which genetic material is exchanged between two organisms or between different parts of the same organism. It involves the breaking and rejoining of DNA strands. Recombination allows for new combinations of genes to arise, increasing genetic diversity in a population.
Fermentation of ABE produces acetone, butanol and ethanol through fermentation. Fermentation of 2,3 butanediol has advantages and its production pathway involves converting pyruvate to 2,3 butanediol. Testing for 2,3 butanediol fermentation can be done using MR VP biochemical tests where MR VP positive organisms are able to produce 2,3 butanediol.
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LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UPRAHUL
This Dissertation explores the particular circumstances of Mirzapur, a region located in the
core of India. Mirzapur, with its varied terrains and abundant biodiversity, offers an optimal
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advanced technologies such as GIS (Geographic Information Systems) and Remote sensing to
analyze the transformations that have taken place over the course of a decade.
The complex relationship between human activities and the environment has been the focus
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population expansion, and economic progress, the effects on natural ecosystems are becoming
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significant role in maintaining the ecological equilibrium of our planet.Land serves as the foundation for all human activities and provides the necessary materials for
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The utilization of land is impacted by human needs and environmental factors. In countries
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centuries, evolving its structure over time and space. In the present era, these changes have
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cover is essential for various planning and management tasks related to the Earth's surface,
providing crucial environmental data for scientific, resource management, policy purposes, and
diverse human activities.
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these patterns indicate shifts in economic and social conditions. Monitoring such changes with the
help of Advanced technologies like Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems is
crucial for coordinated efforts across different administrative levels. Advanced technologies like
Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems
9
Changes in vegetation cover refer to variations in the distribution, composition, and overall
structure of plant communities across different temporal and spatial scales. These changes can
occur natural.
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A review of the growth of the Israel Genealogy Research Association Database Collection for the last 12 months. Our collection is now passed the 3 million mark and still growing. See which archives have contributed the most. See the different types of records we have, and which years have had records added. You can also see what we have for the future.
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Answers about how you can do more with Walmart!"
How to Add Chatter in the odoo 17 ERP ModuleCeline George
In Odoo, the chatter is like a chat tool that helps you work together on records. You can leave notes and track things, making it easier to talk with your team and partners. Inside chatter, all communication history, activity, and changes will be displayed.
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2. OVERVIEW OF STEM CELLS
Stem cell biology
Requirements & Potency definition
Types of stem cell
Stem cell collection
Cryopreservation of stem cell
Stem cell banking
Stem cell therapy-disease treatment
Benefits& limitation of stem cell
Application of stem cell
3. STEM CELL BIOLOGY
The science of stem cells is known as stem cell biology. It has been one of the
fascinating areas of biology today provides cell-based therapies to treat
reparative diseases.
STEM CELLS
The undifferentiated animal cells that are capable of proliferation and
differentiation to do specialized functions are called stem cells.
1. Actual stem cells
2. Potential stem cells
The body is made up of about 200 different kinds of specialised cells such as
muscle cells, nerve cells, fat cells and skin cells.
All cells in the body come from stem cells (Stem cells are the building blocks
of the blood and immune systems.
Stem cells can self-renew to make more stem cells
differentiate into a specialized cell type
WHY ARE STEM CELLS SPECIAL?
4. CHARACTERISTICS OF STEM CELLS
Stem cells are cells are capable of continuous proliferation for several months.
Sub-culturing the stem cells for more than six months and observing the culture
under a microscope for a clump formation. The stem cells do not form clumps.
They have identical chromosomes as in diploid cells of the adult organisms.
They can be sub-cultured, stored in liquid nitrogen.
They are pluripotent. This is confirmed by allowing the ESCs.
They have no tumour inducing property. When the ESCs are injected into
immunosuppressed mouse, they do not induce tumours in that mouse.
POTENCY DEFINITIONS
Pluripotent: Stem cells that can differentiate into any tissue type except for
placenta tissue.
Multipotent: Stem cells that can differentiate into multiple cells in a closely
related family of cells.
5. MULTPOTENT PLURIPOTENT
blood stem cell
found in
bone marrow
MULTIPOTENT
only specialized types of blood cell:
red blood cells, white blood cells,
platelets
differenti
ation
Stem cells that can become many
types of cells in the body are called
pluripotent
Stem cells that can become only a few
types of cells are called Multipotent
Tissue stem cells
(Multipotent)
Embryonic stem
cells (pluripotent)
6. TYPES OF STEM CELLS
1. EMBRYONIC STEM CELLS
2. ADULT STEM CELLS
EMBRYONIC STEM CELLS
The undifferentiated cells isolated from embryos at blastocyst stage are called
(ESCs).
These cells are capable of continuous proliferation and differentiation, leading to
the development of many different cell types in the adult. Hence, they are said to be
Pluripotent.
ESCs are found as the inner cell mass in the blastocyst.
ESCs (Germ layer)
Endoderm Ectoderm Mesoderm
(Thymus,thyroid,lung, (Skin,nerves,head, (Bonemarrow,blood
liver,pancreas, gastro eyes, ears) cells,muscles, heart,
-intestinal tract) blood vessels)
7. EMBRYONIC STEM (ES) CELL CULTURE
feeder layer
Blastocyst
embryonic stem cells taken from
the inner cell mass
outer layer of cells
= ‘trophectoderm’
cells inside
= ‘inner cell mass’
culture in the lab
to grow more cells
fluid with
nutrients
embryonic stem
cell
PLURIPOTENT
differentiation
All possible types of specialized cells
8. ADULT STEM CELLS
The stem cells isolated from fully developed organs are called adult stem cells (ASCs).
They can be isolated from liver,skin,heart, bonemarrow,blood stream,muscles, pancreas.
In these organs, adult stem cells are found in discrete populations. If a part of these
organs are injured, the adult stem cells regenerate to heal up the injury. Thus they
regenerate tissues lost due to injury, tear or disease.
FEATURES OF ASCs:
They are tissue specific stem cells. Each ASC type gives only a particular cell type
present in the organ from which it was isolated.
Stem cell obtained from one organ may give rise to a cell type of yet other organ. This is
called plasticity.
9. STEM CELL COLLECTION
Peripheral Blood Stem Cell
Collection
Bone Marrow Harvest:
Stem cells can be collected from the
blood. This technique does not require
surgery. It conventional bone marrow
harvest. Prior to the collection, the
donor is given a medication to promote
the growth and release of stem cells
from the bone into the blood. The stem
cells are then collected using a special
machine called a Cell Separator.. Stem
cells are generally collected using this
method here at the Leukemia.
Stem cells can be collected directly
from the bone marrow spaces, most
often from the pelvic bones. Several
puncture sites are made along the bone
and the cells are removed using a
needle. This procedure is known as
a bone marrow harvest. Note that this
technique is used less often here at the
Leukemia.
10. CRYOPRESERVATION
Cell lines (SC) have been selected
for long time storage at -196ºC.
The selected cell lines are
subjected to various test such as
Cytological, biochemical,
physiological & immunological
tests.
COS media 3 contains 100µg/ml
Streptomycin sulfate, 20% Calf
serum, 100 units/ml Penicillin-G,
1% L-Glutamine& Dulbecco’s
Modified Eagle Medium per litre.
During preservation, cells are kept
on Solid carbon dioxide (-79ºC) or
Liquid Nitrogen (-196ºC).
11. STEM CELL (CORD BLOOD)BANKING
An amniotic stem cell bank is a facility that stores stem cells derived from amniotic
fluid for future use. The first private amniotic stem cell bank (life cell) in the US was
opened by Biocell Center in October 2009 in Medford.
Cord blood banking newborn's umbilical cord and placenta and storing it for future
medical use. Cord blood contains potentially lifesaving cells called stem cells. Life cell-
largest private bank 2004 in Chennai.
Cord blood(bio-insurance) is a rich source of blood stem cells.
Stem cells are also found in bone marrow, human embryos, fetal tissue, hair follicles, baby
teeth, fat, circulating blood, and muscle. Every part of the human body contains some
stem cells, but most are not a rich enough source to be harvested for therapeutic
applications.
12. HUMAN EMBRYONIC STEM CELLS
The undifferentiated cells present in the inner cell mass of
human blastocyst embryo are called human embryonic stem
cells (HESCs).
(HESCs) have been used in cell-based therapies to cure several
diseases in man. Stem cell research since 1998.
The HESCs can be used to prepare translating cells to cure
Parkinson’s disease, diabetes, heart disease, vision loss and
hearing loss, autism, Alzheimer's diseases,etc. Cord blood stem
cells have been used successfully to treat more than 70
different diseases.
Researches on stem cells to treat these diseases are progressing
every year towards success.
13. APPLICATIONS IN DISEASE TREATMENT
Pancreas
Pancreas
LEUKEMIA
TYPE 1 DIABETES
HEART DISEASE(MUSCLE REPAIR)
PARKINSON’S DISEASE(PD)
14. LEUKEMIA
Leukemia is cancer of the blood or bone marrow(which produce blood
cells), person suffer abnormal production of blood cells
[Leukocytes(WBC)].
FUNCTION OF THE BONEMARROW:
Marrow-large bones of adults produces blood cells,4% our total
body weight consists of bone marrow.
TWO TYPES OF BONE MARROW:
Red marrow:
WBC - Fight disease
RBC - Carry oxygen
PLATLETS - Essential for blood clotting
Yellow marrow : Inside middle section of the long bones.
16. STEM CELL TRANSPLANTATION FOR LEUKEMIA:
It is also called Hematopoietic progenitor cell transplantation. S.C collect
from the peripheral blood& umbilical cord blood.
STEM CELL TRANSPLANT: (BONE MARROW)
A stem cell transplant is a procedure to replace diseased bone marrow
with healthy bone marrow. Before a stem cell transplant, receive high
doses of chemotherapy or radiation therapy to destroy diseased bone
marrow. Then receive an infusion of blood-forming stem cells that help to
rebuild bone marrow. May receive stem cells from a donor, or in some
cases may be able to use your own stem cells. A stem cell transplant is
very similar to a bone marrow transplant.
TYPES:
Autologous stem cell transplant
Allogeneic stem cell transplant
17. AUTOLOGOUS STEM
CELL TRANSPLANT
ALLOGENIC STEM CELL
TRANSPLANT
Stem cell collected from the
patients blood
Harvested
Frozen
Stored until needed
(Radiation & Chemotherapy)
Destory the cancer cells
Stem cell taken from matching
donor
Relative& family
Umbilical cord blood
(Sibling)
Donor’s stem cells are the right
match ( HLA test), compare the
patient’s blood & tissue type with
blood samples from the donor.
19. DIABETES
Diabetes mellitus (DM):
It is simply known as diabetes, is a group of metabolic diseases in
which there are high blood sugar levels over a prolonged period. The normal
cells of pancreas that produce insulin are destroyed by the patients own immune
system, leading to diabetes in humans.
TYPES OF DIABETES
There are three main types of diabetes mellitus:
Type 1 DM:
Results from the body's failure to produce enough insulin. This form was
previously referred to as "insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus" (IDDM). Is an
autoimmune disease in which the body attacks beta cells in the pancreas that
secrete the important hormone insulin.
20. Type 2 DM :
Insulin resistance, cells fail to respond to insulin properly. As
the disease progresses a lack of insulin may also develop. This form
was previously referred to as "non insulin-dependent diabetes
mellitus" (NIDDM) or "adult-onset diabetes". The primary cause is
excessive body weight and not enough exercise.(family history).
Gestational diabetes :
Is the third main form and occurs when pregnant women
without a previous history of diabetes develop a high blood glucose
level.
SYMPTOMS:
This high blood sugar produces the symptoms of frequent
urination, increased thirst, and increased hunger. Untreated, diabetes
can cause many complications. Acute complications
include coma. heart disease, stroke, kidney failure, foot
ulcers and damage to the eyes.
21. PREVENTION AND TREATMENT :
Involves a healthy diet, physical exercise, not
using tobacco and being a normal body weight. Blood
pressure control and proper foot care are also important for
people with the disease.
Type 1 -diabetes must be managed with insulin injections.
Type 2- diabetes may be treated with medications with or
without insulin. Insulin and some oral medications can
cause low blood sugar.
Gestational diabetes- usually resolves after the birth of the
baby.
22. STEM CELL BASED THERAPY
Isolated islet cells from pancreas of foetus, purified and introduced
them into pancreas of patients suffering Type-I diabetes.
It increased the insulin concentration for a few days and thereafter
the insulin concentration decreased slowly.(transplanted cells
remained in the pancreas).
The gene PDX1- insulin producing gene in cells. Isolated PDX1
gene& introduced into human embryonic stem cells to differentiate
them into insulin secreting cells (β-cells of pancreas).
Cells were introduced into pancreas using a laparoscopic device. The
introduced cells formed of islets like groups of cells and produced
insulin continuously in the patients.
24. PARKINSON’S DISEASE (PD)
Parkinson's disease is a progressive nervous
system disorder that affects the person moves,
including they speak and write.
The PD is a neurodegenerative disorder
seen in 2% of human population over 65 years
of age. It is due to progressive degeneration
and loss of dopamine-producing neurons.
TREATMENT:
Embryonic stem cell transplantation was used. Lab-differentiated ESCs into
dopamine, producing neurons for transplantation in patient suffering from PD.
The PD cannot be treated with known drugs.
New Technique Could Treat Parkinson’s Using Patient’s Own Brain Cells
Scientists have successfully implanted nerve stem cells into the brain of a
monkey, targeting the area destroyed by Parkinson’s disease.
25. EMBRYONIC STEM CELL TRANSPLANTATION
Nurr 1 gene was introduced into mouse ESCs to differentiate them into
dopamine producing neurons.
Then the differentiated neurons are transplanted into the brain of the
Parkinson's model mouse.
The differentiated neurons reinnervated the brain, released dopamine
and improved the motor function.
Attempts to differentiate dopamine producing neurons from HESCs for
transplantation in Parkinson's patients.
Neurotransplantation for Parkinson's disease available in the near
future.
27. STEM CELL THERAPY FOR HAIR LOSS
Recent technology for the treatment of Alopecia (Baldness) i.e.
Male & female pattern hair loss & hair loss associated with
various disorders.
It is a revolutionary treatment for hair fall. The stem cells
promote new hair growth within 3 to 4 weeks of treatment. The
hair density increases by 30 to 40% by three sessions of
treatment.
On an average six sessions are required once in a week to 10
days along with which supplements are given.
Stem cells activate the dead hair follicles and convert them into
growing healthy new hair follicles.
28.
29. BENEFITS OF ADULT STEM CELL
RESEARCH
• Easy to obtain
Potentially limitless in supply
Patients can use their own stem cells for treatment and
therapy
Adult stem cells are politically neutral
Not offensive to any major interest group nor do they
generate controversy.
30. LIMITATIONS OF ADULT STEM CELL
The isolation of some types of ASC, for example the isolation of
neural cells from a patient's brain, would be impractical.
Where a person suffers from a genetic disorder or some types of
cancers, ASC isolated from that individual will retain the
damaging genetic alterations underlying the disease and so be of
little therapeutic value.
Maintenance in culture is difficult.
31. REFERENCE
www.stemcellcentre.edu.au
www.stemcellchannel.com.au
Hiremath; M. B. and Nerli; R. B. (2008). “Advances in Stem Cell
Research”. CURRENT SCIENCE, VOL. 95, NO. 3, 10 AUGUST 2008.
Bio-Medicine (2009). “Life Cell in India can store Cord Blood Stem Cells
and Save Live”. Retrieved from [Online] Available http://www.bio-
medicine.org/medicine-news/-u2018Life-Cell-u2019-In-India-Can-store--
Cord-Blood- Stem-Cells-and-Save-Live--6033-1/
Gupta, DK et al. Stem cell therapy: Hope and scope in pediatric practice. J
of Indian Assoc Pediatric Surgery. 2005:10;138-41.
Biotechnology- V. Kumaresan.