Westminster Abbey is an architectural masterpiece built between the 13th and 16th centuries that contains over 3,000 burials and memorials. It has undergone several reconstructions, including under Henry VII when it was rebuilt on a grander scale in a new Gothic style. Notable features include flying buttresses, a lady chapel with a fan-vaulted ceiling, and the chapter house, one of the largest in England. Westminster Abbey continues to play an important role in British coronations and royal weddings.
One of the most important buildings by architect Le Corbusier from the 17 that have been to UNESCO's World Heritage List is Villa Savoye, the top-heavy weekend retreat created as a Modernist version of the French country house
One of the most important buildings by architect Le Corbusier from the 17 that have been to UNESCO's World Heritage List is Villa Savoye, the top-heavy weekend retreat created as a Modernist version of the French country house
“London Travel Guide”: Students are exposed to various London power point presentations and information .Based on this data and on their background knowledge they create their own travel guide of London either on word document or PowerPoint presentation and as a follow up activity on coloured cardboard for their school notice board.
ENGLISH RENAISSANCE
Renaissance architecture arrived in England during the reign of Elizabeth I, through the Netherlands, where it acquired versions of the Dutch gable, and Flemish strap work in geometric designs adorning the walls. The new style tended to manifest itself in large square tall houses such as Hardwick hall.
The first great exponent of Renaissance architecture in England was Inigo Jones (1573–1652), who had studied architecture in Italy under the influence of Palladio.
Jones returned to England full of enthusiasm for the new movement and immediately began to design such buildings as the Queen's House at Greenwich in 1616 and the Banqueting House at Whitehall three years later.
These works with their clean lines and symmetry , were revolutionary in a country still obsessed with mullion windows, crenellations and turrets.
English Renaissance are divided into:-
1. Elizabethan (A.D. 1558-1603)
2. Jacobean (A.D. 1603-1625)
3. Anglo- Classic or Baroque (1625 – 1702)
4. Georgian Period (1702 – 1830)
INIGO JONES
Inigo Jones was first responsible for popularizing this in England. Eg. Queens house & the Banqueting house.
He was followed by Robert Adam in the later period who redefined Palladianism , with Neo-classism.
CHRISTOPHER WREN
Sir Christopher Wren was influenced by Bernini & Mansard in Paris.
The great fire of London offered Wren a grand opportunity & he became the architect of rebuilding St.Pauls Cathedral.
He also designed the palaces at Hampton court & Greenwich.
This is a presentation by Dada Robert in a Your Skill Boost masterclass organised by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan (EFSS) on Saturday, the 25th and Sunday, the 26th of May 2024.
He discussed the concept of quality improvement, emphasizing its applicability to various aspects of life, including personal, project, and program improvements. He defined quality as doing the right thing at the right time in the right way to achieve the best possible results and discussed the concept of the "gap" between what we know and what we do, and how this gap represents the areas we need to improve. He explained the scientific approach to quality improvement, which involves systematic performance analysis, testing and learning, and implementing change ideas. He also highlighted the importance of client focus and a team approach to quality improvement.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
The Indian economy is classified into different sectors to simplify the analysis and understanding of economic activities. For Class 10, it's essential to grasp the sectors of the Indian economy, understand their characteristics, and recognize their importance. This guide will provide detailed notes on the Sectors of the Indian Economy Class 10, using specific long-tail keywords to enhance comprehension.
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Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
How to Split Bills in the Odoo 17 POS ModuleCeline George
Bills have a main role in point of sale procedure. It will help to track sales, handling payments and giving receipts to customers. Bill splitting also has an important role in POS. For example, If some friends come together for dinner and if they want to divide the bill then it is possible by POS bill splitting. This slide will show how to split bills in odoo 17 POS.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
1. WESTMINSTER ABBEY
SUBMITTED BY :
SUSHMITA(2010UAR148)
ADITYA NIGAM(2010UAR149)
DIKSHIT VARA(2010UAR145)
HISTORY OF
ARCHITECTURE
2. HISTORY
•. It's an architectural masterpiece of the
thirteenth to sixteenth centuries and contains
countless memorials and effigies.
• Over three thousand people are either buried or
memorialised in Westminster Abbey from
Medieval Kings and their Queens, to the tomb of
the Unknown Warrior, which in recent times has
become a place of pilgrimage.
•It is said that a church was founded on the site of
Westminster Abbey by Serbert, King of the East
Saxons who died in AD616, and this was overseen
by Mellitus, the first Bishop of London, but there is
no evidence of this building.
3. •By the 12th century the
Abbey at Westminster was
flourishing and would have
held between thirty and
sixty monks, with up to
300 other people also
being involved in the
running of the Benedictine
Monastry.
•The Abbey was by now
the wealthiest religious
house in Britain
WEST FAÇADE OF ABBEY
4. •IN 15TH
CENTURY DURING THE REIGN OF HENRY VII ABBEY WAS
RECONSTRUCTED ON A MORE GRANDER SCALE COVERING A SIMILAR
AREA TO THAT OF EDWARD’S AND WAS TALLAR,LIGHTER AND MORE
SPACIOUS.
•ARCHITECT WAS HENRY DE REYNS WITH HIS NEW GOTHIC STYLE.
.
5. •The Abbey today still plays an important role to the
people of this Nation as well as remaining a place of
worship.
• Our Kings and Queens continue to be Crowned here and
have their funerals here, although they are now buried at
St Georges Chapel in Windsor.
•Royal weddings held at the Abbey are are recent
introduction
Reconstruction of Westminster in 1585 by Peter
Jackson
6. •The focal point of the new abbey was the
Church which was dedicated to St Peter and
similar in area to the present building.
• It was built in the Norman-French style
THE CLOISTER AT WESTMINSTER
9. The soaring height of
the roof and the
narrowness of the
nave are typical
features from France
The long nave and
broad trancepts are
thoroughly English, as
are the mouldings of
the arches and
sculptured stone of
polished Purbeck
stone
10. The magnificent
Chapter House
The Chapter House at
Westminster is the second
largest in the country after
Lincoln, but Westminster's
was by far the most
important.
12. 1) The revolutionary flying buttresses made it possible to support the
roof more than 100 feet above the ground without needing massively
thick walls.
SECTION OF CHURCH
13. 2) The Lady Chapel at the east end was a later
addition to the abbey. It has an astonishing fan-
vaulted ceiling.
3 )At the west end, the grey stone towers by
Nicholas Hawksmoor, were not completed until
1745.
4)The visitors' entrance is in the North trancept
under the rose window. Once inside, the high
altar can be seen directly ahead at the heart of
the abbey, and in front is the intricate Cosmati
marble pavement. One of the Latin inscriptions
here states that the world will end after 19,683
years.
5)The windows in the nave have been dedicated
to famous people over the years
14. 6) Outside the west door is a circular memorial to
victims of oppression, violence and war, and just
inside is the Grave of the Unknown Warrior.
Westminster Abbey has not in fact been an
abbey since Henry VIII and the 'dissolution of the
monasteries', and although the name is still used,
it is more correct to call the building a church
(cathedral-sized).
19. •To the sides are blind arcading, remains of 14th-century
paintings and numerous stone benches above which are
innovatory large 4-light quatre-foiled windows.
•The chapter house has an original mid-13th century tiled
pavement.
• A door within the vestibule dates from around 1050 and is
believed to be the oldest in England.
•The exterior includes flying buttresses added in the 14th
century and a leaded tent-lantern roof on an iron frame
designed by Scott.
QUTRE-FOILED
22. THE GRAND CHAPTER HOUSE
•The Chapter house was built
concurrently with the east parts of
the abbey under Henry III, between
about 1245 and 1253.
• It was restored by Sir George
Gilbert Scott in 1872.
•The entrance is approached from
the east cloister walk and includes
a double doorway with a large
tympanum above.
•Inner and outer vestibules lead to
the octagonal chapter house,
which is of exceptional
architectural purity.
•It is built in a Geometrical Gothic
style with an octagonal crypt
below.
• A pier of eight shafts carries the
vaulted ceiling.
23. TILES ON FLOOR
The chapter house has an
original mid-13th century
tiled pavement.
24. CLOISTER AND GARTH
Aristocrats were
buried inside chapels
and monks and
people associated
with the Abbey were
buried in
the Cloisters and
other areas.
28. A statue of Virgin Mary, holding the
child Jesus, above the Great North
Door at Westminster Abbey
The abbey was
built in the reign of
henry VII and
richard II added a
perpendicular
gothic style
dedicated to
blessed Virgin
Mary
29. WEST FACADE
•The Abbey's two western
towers were built between
1722 and 1745 by Nicholas
Hawksmoor, constructed
from Portland stone to an
early example of a Gothic
Revival design.
• Purbeck marble was used
for the walls and the floors of
Westminster Abbey, even
though the various
tombstones are made of
different types of marble.
•Further rebuilding and
restoration occurred in the
19th century under Sir
George Gilbert Scott.