1. The document discusses hematopoiesis, the formation and maturation of white blood cells (WBCs) including granulocytes, monocytes, and lymphocytes from stem cells in the bone marrow. 2. It describes the stages of development for granulocytes and monocytes, from stem cell to mature cell, including the changes in physical characteristics at each stage. 3. Lymphocytes develop from stem cells in the bone marrow and various lymph tissues, with T cells maturing in the thymus and B cells maturing in lymph nodes and spleen. Mature lymphocytes circulate in the blood and lymphatic systems.

1. Developed by: Abdelwahab Khalid Ibrahim
HONOR DEGREE IN HEMATOLOGY
Lecture 5

3.  Def: Formation and maturation of white blood
cells.
 Granulocytopoiesis
 Agranulocytopoiesis
–Monocytopoiesis
–Lymphoctye maturation

4.  There are 3 different areas in our body
where different WBCs reside:
1. Marrow pool: 90% neutrophils
2. Blood pool: 3%
3. Tissue pool: 7%

5.  In bone marrow → PHSC (Pluripotential
hemopoietic stem cells) differentiates →
committed stem cells → CFU-GM
 Granulocytes & monocytes are formed only in
bone marrow.
 lymphocytes & plasma cells are produced in
various lymphogenous tissues

7.  Granulocytes and monocytes are formed from bone
marrow, which is derived from CFU-GM(colony forming
units of granuloctyes and monocytes)
 The progenitor cells [CFU-GM] forming different cells
are further named as;
- CFU-G= neutrophil forming units
- CFU-E= eosinophil forming units
- CFU-B= basophil forming units
- CFU-M= monocyte forming units

8.  Development of granulocytes-includes various
stages called
Myeloid series
 Development of monocytes –includes various stages
called
Monocytes-macrophages series

10.  Process of granulopoiesis-12 days
 Granulocytes are formed and stored in the bone
marrow –when needed it is released in the circulation
 Regulated by growth factors, CSF & Interleukins
 Granulocyte maturation divide into six stages.
 All of the granulocyte derive from myeloblast

11.  Structural Changes during differentiation &
maturation:
A. A decreased in cell size
B. Condensation of nuclear chromatin
C. Changes in nuclear shape
D. An accumulation of cytoplasmic granule

13. 6
5
4
3
2
1

14.  It is the earliest recognizable cell of the granulocyte
series:
 Size:16-20um
 Cytoplasm: basophilic
 Present as thin rim aroundthe Nucleus
 Devoid of granules

15. Nucleus: Large nearly filling the cells round to oval,
Fine chromatin, 2-5 well defined pale nucleoli
Mitosis: marked [+++].

16.  Size: 14-18um
 Cytoplasm : increased in amount
 Presence of azurophil granules [primary
Non specific granules]
 Gives +ve reaction with the peroxidase
Staining

17.  Nucleus: round or oval
 Slightly smaller than myeloblast nucleus
condensed fine chromatin
 Nucleoli present-less prominent
 Mitosis: characteristic feature{+++}

19.  Size: 12-16um
 Cytoplasm : specific secondary granules present identified
at this stage as;
- Neutrophil myelocyte
- Eosinophil myelocyte
- Basophil myelocyte
 Primary granules are also presentat this stage but their
formation is stopped

20.  Nucleus: eccentric, round-oval
 Coarse nuclear
chromatin .
 No, nucleoli present
 Mitosis: continues up to this stage
 Multiplication of these cells are maximum

21.  Size: 10-14um
 Cytoplasm: increased in amount
- More liquid
- Primary and secondary granules are present according to
secondary granules it is distinguished as;
• Neutrophil metamyelocyte
• Eosinophil metamyelocyte
• Basophil metamyelocyte

22.  Nucleus: decrease in size
 Lobed (horse shoe shaped)
 Nuclear chromatin is dense and
clumped nucleoli are absent
 Mitosis: stopped at this stage.

23.  Also called juvenile granulocytes
 Size: smaller than metmyelocytes
 Cytoplasm: pink and fine evenly distributed
granules
 Nucleus: further condensation of
chromatin
- Shape: band configuration [v shaped] of
uniform thickness which may be twisted.

25. - Diameter = 10-12 m
- Cytoplasmic granules stain pale lavender
- Lobed nuclei (3-5 lobes)
- % of total leukocytes: 50-70%
- Drumstick: inactive X-chromosome
Granules contain lysosomal enzymes and
defensins
Neutrophils are quick acting phagocytes (1st
responders)
They are quick but weak!
Typical Neutrophil
1. NEUTROPHIL (POLYMORPHONUCLEAR CELL)

26.  Diameter = 10-14 m
 Large granules which stain red (major basic protein)
 Bilobed nucleus
 Represent 2-4% of the total WBC count
Granules contains and functions:
Granules contain digestive enzymes
Are antiparasitic
Phagocytize immune complexes
Anti-allergy
2. EOSINOPHIL

27.  Diameter = 8-10m
 Large granules which stain blue
 U or S shaped nucleus
 0.5 – 1% of total WBC
Granules contain:
histamine which induces inflammation and vasodilatation
heparin an anticoagulant
3. BASOPHIL

29.  All of the granulocyte derive from myeloblast
 Myelocyte is the stage when three types of granulocyte
can be recognized
 The maturation process of granulocyte characterized by :
– synthesis of azurophilic and specific granules
– Condensation of nucleus
 Mature granulocyte leave the bone marrow then enter the
circulation connective tissue

30. 1
2
3
4

31.  It is the larger cell, similar to myeloblast

32. 1

33.  It is an young monocyte
 Size: 20um
 Nucleus: larger
- Kidney shaped one nucleoli
- Nuclear chromatin: arranged in aloose
network
 Cytoplasm: basophilic
- No azurophilic granules
-They have fine granules which is larger than mature
monocytes

34. 2

35. Are phagocytes – slow but strong
Develop into macrophages when they migrate into
connective tissue
3. MONOCYTES
Diameter = 18 m
Nucleus is U shaped or kidney shaped
Abundant pale blue cytoplasm
3 – 8 % of the total WBC

36.  Once the monocyte enters
the tissues, it becomes a
macrophage
 Size:15-80µm
 Cytoplasm
▪ Gray-blue and abundant
▪ Ragged edges
▪ Vacuoles common
Nucleus
Round with netlike
appearance
Purplish with finer
clumped chromatin
 Nucleoli appear

40. 2
1
3
4
B. lymphocyte

41.  Cell size: 10-20µm
 Cytoplasm
▪ Blue/scanty
▪ No granules, Auer rods are never present
 Nucleus
▪ Purple, smooth chromatin
▪ Round, central or eccentric
▪ 1-2 nucleoli
 N:C ratio = 4:1

42.  Size: 9-18µm
 Cytoplasm
▪ Blue, scanty
▪ Usually granules are absent, but a few azurophilic granules may be
present
 Nucleus
▪ Purple, condensed chromatin
▪ Round or indented, eccentric
▪ 0-1 nucleoli
 N:C ratio = 4:1

43.  LYMPHOCYTES T-LYMPHOCYTES
 LYMPHOCYTES B-LYMPHOCYTES
 LYMPHOCYTES B-LYMPHOCYTES
Thymus
Liver
Bone

44.  Diameter 5-8 m (small), 10-12 m (medium) or 14-17 m (large)
 20-25 % of the total WBC count
 Large, deep blue or slightly indented nucleus
 Thin rim of pale blue cytoplasm
1. T lymphocyte (T cells) fight antigens directly
2. B lymphocytes (B cells) divide to produce plasma cells that
secrete antibodies
LYMPHOCYTES

45.  Function is the synthesis and excretion of
antibodies (immunoglobulins)
 Normally not present in the peripheral blood;
comprise 2% of bone marrow cells.
 May be seen in the peripheral blood in the disease
called multiple myeloma, a disease of uncontrolled
production of immunoglobulins.
 End stage of the B lymphocyte

46. ▪ Size: 10-18µm
▪ Cytoplasm is dark blue with perinuclear halo and
may contain vacuoles indicating antibody
synthesis
▪ Nucleus is round, eccentric, dark purple with
dense clumped chromatin

47. 1. Grape or Mott cell -
cytoplasm completely filled
with red, pink or colorless
globules called Russell
bodies
2. Flame cell - cytoplasm stains
bright red-staining
proteinaceous material
Flame cell

48.  CFU-Ly divides form the CFU-LyB and CFU-LyT
 CFU-LyB migrate to “bursa-equivalent location”,
divided  B lymphocytes
 CFU-LyT undergo mitosis migrate to the Thymus T
lymphocytes

49. Monocytes:
 72 hrs in blood.
 Once in tissue they swell up to much larger size to
become tissue macrophage → in this form they can live
for months.
Lymphocytes:
 Life span for week or months depending on body’s need.
 They continually circulate in blood & move from blood to
tissues & from tissues to blood and again blood to tissues.

51.  The cytokines which control the formation of different
types of granulocytes are called colony stimulating factor
[CSF]
 CSF is a glycoprotein formed by T and B lymphocytes
 Also forms:
 G-CSF: stimulate granulocyte precursors
 M-CSF: stimulate monocytic precursors
 GM-CSF: both granulocytes and monocytic precursors

52.  The cytokines that control lymphocyte formation
are called interleukins.
- E.g.; IL-1, IL-3 etc….
 The interleukins are formed by MONOCYTES,
MACROPHAGES & ENDOTHELIAL CELLS.