White blood cells, also known as leukocytes, come in various types classified by their granule presence and cytoplasm staining. The five main types are granulocytes (neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils) and agranulocytes (lymphocytes, monocytes). Leukocytes are formed in bone marrow and live around 13-20 days, playing important roles in immunity and fighting infection and disease. Leukocyte disorders include increased or decreased cell counts caused by various infections, cancers, drugs, or medical conditions.

1. White blood cells
Dr. Sanjeev shrivastava

2. White Blood cells are also known as
Leucocytes as they are colorless due to
lack of Haemoglobin.
There are about 4000-11000/cumm of
blood.
These are also called Scavengers &
Microscopic policemen
White Blood Corpuscles

3. WBC’s
 Five Types
 Classified according to the presence or
absence of granules and the staining
characteristics of their cytoplasm.
 Leucocytes appear brightly colored in
stained preparations, they have a nuclei
and are generally larger in size than
RBC’s.

5. Type of WBC’s
 Granulocytes—have large
granules in their cytoplasm
 Neutrophils
 Eosinophils
 Basophils

7. Types of WBC’s
 Agranulocytes—do not have
granules in their cytoplasm
 Lymphocytes
 Monocytes

9. Granuloctyes
 Neutrophils
 Stain light purple with neutral dyes
 Granules are small and numerous—(fine)
 Several lobes in nucleus
 50-70% of WBC count
 Highly mobile/very active
 Diapedesis—Can leave blood vessels and
enter tissue space
 Phagocytosis (eater), contain several
lysosomes (janitor)

11. Granulocytes
 Eosinophils or Acidophils:
 Large, numerous granules
 Nuclei with two lobes
 1-4% of WBC count
 Found in lining of respiratory and digestive tracts
 Important functions involve protections against
infections caused by parasitic worms and
involvement in allergic reactions
 Secrete anti-inflammatory substances in allergic
reactions

13.  Basophils
 Least numerous-- 0-1%
 Diapedesis—Can leave blood vessels and
enter tissue space
 Contain histamine,serotonin,heparin—
inflammatory chemical

15. Agranulocytes
 Lymphocytes
 Smallest WBC
 Large nuclei/small amount of cytoplasm
 Account for 25-30% of WBC count
 Two types—T lymphocytes—attack an
infect or cancerous cell, B lymphocytes—
produce antibodies against specific
antigens (foreign body)

17. Agranulocytes
 Monocytes
 Largest of WBCs
 Dark kidney bean shaped nuclei
 Highly phagocytic

19. Formation of WBC’s
 Leucocytes are formed in the red
marrow of many bones.
 They can also be formed in lymphatic
tissue.
 They live for about 13-20 days.

21. Myelopoeisis
 HSC: hemopoeitic stem cell, HPG: hemopoeitic progenitor cells, CMP:
committed myeloid progenitor cell, CLP: committed lymphoid progenitor
cells, CFU: colony forming unit

25. White blood cells disorders
I. Leukocytosis
increased number of leucocytic count above
upper range of normal(11,000/cmm in adult).

26. Neutrophilia
 Neutrophils > 7500/cumm
 Pathological
1. Acute pyogenic infection
2. Acute hemorrhage or hemolysis
3. Tissue damage: Truma or infarction
4. Malignancy
5. Myeloproliferative disorders : CML
6. Drugs: digitalis, Cortisone
7. t/t with myeloid growth factors
8. Asplenia

27. NEUTROPHILIA

28. Eosinophilia
 Eosinphils >
500/mm3 .
 Causes:
1. Allergic diseases
2. parasitic diseases
3. certain skin
diseases
4. Drug sensitivity

29. Basophilia
 Basophils > 100/mm3.
 Causes:
1. CML,MF.
2. Reactive:
3 small box or chicken box

30. Monocytosis
 Monocytes > 800/mm3
 Causes:
1. Chronic bacterial
infection e.g. T.B,
brucllosis, typhoid.
2. Conective tissue disease
3. Chronic neutropenia
4. Malignancies

31. Lymphocytosis
 Relative Lymphocytosis:
PMN leucocytes are
decreased, so the
lymphocytes are
relatively increased
without change in their
absolute number.
 Absolute lymphocytosis
>3500/cmm in adult.

32.  Causes:
1. Viral infection
CMV
Measels
2. Bacterial infection
TB
Pertusis
Brucellosis
3. Chronic lymphocytic leukemia
4. Postsplenectomy

33. Leucopenia
 Decrease in leucocytic count below
4000/cmm
I. neutropenia:
<2000/cmm
 Causes:
1. Drugs:
anti inflammatory
anti bacterial
anti convalsant

34. 2. Infection:
Viral: Hepatitis, HIV
Bacterial: TB, brucellosis
some protozoal and fungal infections
3. Immune:
systemic lupus erythematosis
Felty’s syndrome
4. Part of general pan cytopenia

35. Agranulocytosis
 Marked reduction of neutrophils below
500/cumm.
 Associated with acute febrile illness and
necrotic lesions in the mouth and the
throat.

36. Lymphopenia
 Lymphocytes <1500/cumm
 Causes:
1. Irradiation
2. Steroids and Immunosuppressive drugs
3. Hodgkin’s disease
4. Blood diseases: e.g. myelocytic leukemia

37. leukemias
 The leukemia are a group of disorders
characterized by the accumulation of
malignant white cells in the bone marrow
and blood.

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